200 1-8 200 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. 1 1. 1 2. 2. 5 1. 5 1) 5 2) 7 3) 8 4) 13 2. 18 1) 18 2) 20. 27 1. 27 1) 30 2) 32 2. 49 1) 50 2) 53 3) 55 4) 56 5) 57. 63 1. 63 1) 64 2) 66 i
3) 68 4) 73 2. 75 1) 75 2) 80 3) 86 4) 90 5) 96. 101 1. 101 1) 101 2) 102 2. 103 1) 103 2) ( ) 109 3. 123 1) 123 2) 127 3) 134 4. 142 1) (1997 2001) 142 2) 147. 153 1. 153 1) 153 2) 160 2. / 169 1) / 169 2) / 170 3) 176 3. 183 1) 183 2) 191 ii
4. 198 1) 198 2) 200 3) 203. 209 1. 209 1) 209 2) 213 3) 214 2. 215 1) 215 2) 217 3) ( ) 219 4) 220 5) 221 223 Abstract 225 231 1. 2. ( ) 3. ( ) iii
< 1> (2001 10 ) 27 < 2> OECD 28 < 3> 29 < 4> 30 < 5> 1 31 < 6> 32 < 7> ( ) 34 < 8> 35 < 9> ( ) 36 < 10> (2000 12 ) 37 < 11> (2001 10 ) 39 < 12> (2000 12 ) 40 < 13> (2001 10 ) 41 < 14> (2000 12 ) 41 < 15> 42 < 16> (2001 10 ) 43 < 17> 44 < 18> (2000 ) 45 < 19> (2001 10 ) 46 < 20> (2000 ) 47 < 21> 1 / 1 48 < 22> 1,000 / 1 49 < 23> 50 < 24> 52 < 25> 53 < 26> 54 < 27> 55 < 28> 56 < 29> 56 < 30> 57 < 31> 58 iv
< 32> 1 58 < 33> 1 ( ) 59 < 34> 1 ( ) 60 < 35> 1 ( ) 61 < 36> 1 ( ) 61 < 37> 1 72 < 38> ( ) 73 < 39> 76 < 40> 76 < 41> 77 < 42> 78 < 43> 78 < 44> 79 < 45> 80 < 46> 81 < 47> 82 < 48> 83 < 49> 84 < 50> 85 < 51> 86 < 52> 87 < 53> 87 < 54> 88 < 55> 88 < 56> 89 < 57> 90 < 58> 91 < 59> 93 < 60> 94 < 61> 94 < 62> 95 < 63> 96 < 64> 97 < 65> 97 < 66> 98 v
< 67> 99 < 68> 99 < 69> 104 < 70> 105 < 71> 106 < 72> 107 < 73> 1 108 < 74> ( ) 115 < 75> 125 < 76> 128 < 77> / 130 < 78> 132 < 79> 134 < 80> ( ) 135 < 81> ( ) 136 < 82>, / ( ) 137 < 83>, / ( ) 137 < 84> / ( ) 138 < 85> / ( ) 138 < 86> ( ) 139 < 87> ( ) 140 < 88> ( ) 141 < 89> ( ) 142 < 90> 143 < 91> (1997 2001) 145 < 92> (1997 2001) 145 < 93> 5 (1997 2001) 147 < 94> 148 < 95> 149 < 96> / 150 < 97> 151 < 98> 152 < 99> ( 21 ) 194 < 100> 194 < 101> 1 216 v i
< 1> 70 < 2> 71 < 3> 92 < 4> (1997 2001) 144 < 5> 146 < 6> 162 < 7> 209 < 8> 210 < 9> 211 vii
1.,..,. 2..,,,.,.,,. 1970.. 1966. ix
,. 1968. 5 3 1972 1973. 1974 1 5 (1974~1978). 1980 5. 1982 5 (1982~1986), 6 5. 1983 5 5. 1985 (1986~2000), 6 5. 1986 6 5 (1987~1991)., 6 5.. 1990 10 (1990~1999). 1993 5 5. 10. 1998,, 10 x
. 1. 1970~1980 1990. 1970, 1980 1990,,..,.,..,.,... / 1
..,. 2..,,.,,.,.,.,..,.,, 16 / 2
,.... / 3
. 1. 1).,.,,,,,.. 1)...,,.,. 2) 1).. 2).... / 5
..,,,,,,,,.. 3),,.,,,,,. 4),,,,,, (, ),..,,,,,,.,,.,,,.. 3),,,,. 4) 1998. / 6
,.,.,,,,. 2).,,,.,.,,...,,.,,,,,. / 7
..,..,.,,,. 3),,. 1908... (1926), (1939), (1940) (1931), (1933).,,. / 8
1945,,,, 1946. (1946). 1945 1946,. 1950. 6.25 1953, 1972. 1966, 1975, 1979., 1973 5 (1974). 1975 8 20, 1978 1 1. (1984), (1987), (1990), (1994), (1998). (2001) (2002). 1984,, 1991. 5) 5) 1938. 1946 1950.. / 9
(, 1991). 1901. 1901 1905, 1907,. 1906. 1906. 1906.., ( ),,,., (, 1991: 13). (1906), 1908, 1909. 1910, 1911.. 1919,.. 1923 / 10
.,. 3.., 2001 10 427, 222, 51, 86, 101 887,.,. 1, 1 6,297, 1,992. 1,,,,,,. 1 168, 197, 213.. 1, 18,642,,. 1, 1,068, 27,693.,,.,. x i
1,000,,. 1,000,,.,,,. 1, 1 0.0000536,. 4.. :. :. :.,, 3,. 5. 3., x ii
,,,,..,,,.,.,.,,..,.., 1,, 15 1., 1.., 1.,., 2, 10. x iii
6. 1) (1) 3,,.,,,,.,. (2). 50%,..,. (3) x iv
,..,,,,.,,. 2) (1).,,,,.,.,.. 50%., 50%..,. x v
(2),..,. (3) ( ).,,,.,. (4) ( ),..... (5), x vi
,,,. x vii
( ).. 1922. (1920). 1926 4. 1920., 1930. 1932 52 1, 15, 35.. 1945, 6.25 1955. 1963. 1960~1980 1991,.. 1980 1990. 1970, 1973 1978. 1980. 1980 5. / 1 1
... / 1 1983 /. 1988,,, 1989, 1990, 1991,, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995,, 1997 (, 2001: 13). 87 2001 5, 106..,,. 1951 1973, 1978, 1988, 1995,. 1996. 1990,,.. / 12
.,. 1990.,..,.,. 1996,,, 1997 13 2000 32, 2001 24.,. 4) 6) 1970. 6) 7 (1995).. / 13
1945 (, 1995).,. 1948, (1950 1, 1951 4 ), (1950. 5. ).., (1955. 6.) 1961.. 3 (1961. 5.~1972. 10.),,. 1965,.,, 7). 1966.,.,,. 1968. 1970. 7). / 14
5 3 1970 1972, 1973 3. 1974 1 5 (1974~1978). 5,,,.,,. (, 1992). (1973) (1978). 1 2 5 (1979~1983). 1980 5,,.. (1987), (1988), (1986)..., 1 1983 (, 1992: 84). 2 5 1982 5 (1982~1986). 6 5. 1983. / 15
5 5. 1985 (1986~2000), 6 5. 1986 6 5 (1987~1991)., 6 5.. 1983 5 5. 1985,..,,.,,, 5.,,. 1990 10 (1990~1999).. 21. / 16
.,.. 7 5 (1992~1996) 10 10... 1993 5 5. 10 (, 1995: 38).,,,,,. 1998, 5,.,,,,,,,,,,,. 10 8) 8) 10. - 2 1 - - -. / 1 7
.,,. / (2003 350 ), (2003 550 ), (2003 86 ), 1 1,, (2002 500 ).,. 2. 1),,,.. (merit goods).,,. - -,, - - - - / 18
,,.. 9) (, 1994: 252~254)..... 0..,.,.. 10) 9). 10).,.,.. / 19
. (Garrett Hardin) (the tragedy of commons)'. 11), ( ),, (n) ( ) (1/n). ( ) (1/n),.,,,,.. 2) (1),., 11) (Gordon) (Scott)... / 2 0
, 12)..,,,.... (equal) (equitable), 4 (, 1996: 81~83). (equality) :.,. (rights) :. 12).,... / 2 1
,..,..,. (fairness) :.,,.,. (deserts) :.,,.. / 2 2
.. A B,. MBA + MBB = MCz (1) MBA : A MBB : B MCz : Z.,. A MBA B MBB., (Tiebout). (,, ). (foot-voting).,,.,. / 2 3
.. (2)..,,,.. 30 40 (, 1995: 37),.,.,.,.,,,. (3) / 2 4
/ (, 1996: 29).. (Victims Pay Principle)(, 1994)..,,.,,.,,..., 4,,,,.. / 2 5
. 1.. 1990,. < 1> (2001 10 ) 140(17) 39(7) 60(2) 17 19(4) 5(4) 37(7) 21(3) 8(2) 3 2(1) 3(1) 22(3) 12 5-1 4(3) 21(3) 9(2) 3(1) 3 1 5 24(5) 11 5(2) 3 2 3(3) 25(5) 10(2) 10(1) 3 1(1) 1(1) 8(4) 5 1(1) - 1(2) 1(1) 116(28) 52(15) 27(4) 11 11(3) 15(6) 69(11) 36(2) 15(6) - 7(2) 11(1) 46(6) 22(1) 13(2) - 5(1) 6(2) 68(10) 37(1) 16(5) 3 6 6(4) 57(18) 33(2) 10(7) (1) 5(5) 9(3) 62(16) 39(3) 6(5) 3 4(4) 10(4) 84(13) 50(2) 17(3) 1(1) 4(5) 12(2) 74(17) 35(5) 17(2) 2 11(3) 9(7) 34(5) 16(3) 9(1) 2 6(1) 1 887(168) 427(48) 222(44) 51(2) 86(32) 101(42) * ( )., 2001 10 427, 222, 51, 86, 101 887,. 13). / 2 7
. < 2> OECD GDP 1 GDP 1000 1 ( ) (10 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 90 126,187 3,782.8 29,925 1,475 161,694 86 1.3 95 30,438 603.8 19,927 1,045 70,077 29 2.3 95 97,365 415 4,140 5,630 24,167 17 0.2 90 275,802 8,510.7 31,456 34,613-8 0.0 90 8,253 211.9 26,220 2,374 - - - 90 10,236 249.7 24,457 38 29,678 269 2.9 92 10,209 56.4 5,479 6,261 37,570 2 3.7 95 5,266 174.1 32,848 249 31,580 21 6.0 95 5,168 126.5 24,566 439 36,900 12 7.1 95 58,906 1,451.8 24,669 2,315 95,000 25 1.6 95 82,565 2,150.5 26,219 13,032 123,288 6 1.5 94 10,576 120.7 11,476 669 9,558 16 0.9 95 9,870 47.4 4,688 2,956 45,265 3 4.6 94 279 8.3 30,573 176 1,884 2 6.8 95 3,569 83.2 22,486 32 11,599 112 3.2 90 57,230 1,171.9 20,427 106 80,030 540 1.4 90 426 17.4 41,396 2 613 213 1.4 90 15,809 378.4 24,116 606 41,515 26 2.6 95 4,393 145.9 32,933 435 20,411 10 4.6 95 38,693 150.2 3,884 9,505 136,694 4 3.5 96 9,793 106.9 10,827 206 8,664 48 0.9 94 39,783 553.2 14,052 4,301 63,836 9 1.6 95 8,881 226.5 25,592 288 44,177 31 5.0 90 7,370 262.1 36,916 46 27,674 160 3.8 95 64,751 198 3,121 1,171 11,170 55 0.2 94 58,294 1,397.6 23,829 167 129,612 349 2.2 40,004 869 21,393 3,390 51,777 82 2.8 2000 47,976 457 9,628 420 25,264 114 0.5 * : - Statistical Yearbook, UNESCO, 1998. -,, 1996. 13),,,, 5. / 2 8
. OECD., 1995 OECD 1 8 2 1 11 4. OECD 1,000 2 8 5 25%. ( ) (A) < 3> ( ) (B) ( ) (C) 1 1 ( )(C/A) ( )(A/B) 1996 274,028,000 8,964(1,480) 711,013,000 2.59 26,283 1997 58,649,000 169(5,183) 131,690,000 2.25 10,958 1997 58,683,300 1,620(2,577) 89,766,000 1.53 13,982 1995 30,563,000 1,045(3,627) 70,077,000 2.29 6,479 1999 126,281,000 2,585 276,573,000 2.19 48,852 2000 47,976,000 420 25,264,000 0.53 114,228. 1999 2,585 1 48,852 1997 5,183 1 10,958. 1995 3,627 6,497 1. 2000 12 420 1 11 4. OECD 1,.. / 29
< 4> (A) (B) 1 10 (A/B) 1995 30,563,000 1,352 22,605 4.4 1996 274,028,000 4,609 59,454 1.7 1997 58,683,000 1,300 45,140 2.2 1997 82,133,000 4,034 20,360 4.9 1999 126,281,000 2,991 42,220 2.4 1999 38,650,000 551 70,145 1.4 2001.10 47,976,730 222 216,111 0.5 * :,, 2000, p.985..,,,,,, 6 1 4 3, 10 2.8. 1 2, 1 21 6.. 1).., 140., 37, 8. 116, / 3 0
34., 1 74,094 16 11, 1 15,980., 1. 1. ( ) < 5> 1 (A) (B) (C) 1 (A/B) (A/B+C) 10,373,234 140 17 74,094 66,071 3,812,392 37 7 103,037 86,645 2,538,212 22 3 115,373 101,528 2,562,321 21 3 122,015 106,763 1,375,212 24 5 57,300 47,421 1,390,510 25 5 55,620 46,350 1,044,161 8 4 130,520 87,013 9,280,013 116 28 80,000 64,444 1,559,042 69 11 22,594 19,488 1,504,722 46 6 32,711 28,936 1,930,234 68 10 28,385 24,746 2,006,500 57 18 35,201 26,753 2,134,629 62 16 34,429 27,367 2,813,551 84 13 33,494 29,005 3,108,674 74 17 42,009 34,161 543,323 34 5 15,980 13,931. / 3 1
2) (1) 2 1,.,. 2000 420 1 114,000. 1994 304 6 116 38%.,. < 6> ( ) 1 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) (1995) 386 19,113,468 7,335,000 19,002.59 49,516.76 59,668,686 (1997) 223 27,650,324 3,425,759 15,362.15 123,992.48 28,161,146 (1987) 153-3,656,543 23,898.97 - - (1996) 211-7,333,000 34,753.55 - - (1984) 215 4,603,000 3,071,000 14,283.72 21,409.30 - (1997) 384 44,427,225 11,823,561 30,790.52 115,695.90 67,078,044 (1996) 416 27,400,000 8,669,000 20,838.94 65,865.38 2,195,000 (2000.12) 36 4,264,392 10,373,234 288,145.38 118,455.33 16,065,226 (2000.12) 420 25,163,436 47,977,000 114,230.95 59,912.94 84,740,414 * :, 1994, 1998. / 3 2
. 420 180 (43%), 219 (52%) 21 (5%). 1990.,., 1991 70 2000 180 2.5 6... 2 3. 1990. 2000 1 0.53 2.19 6.. / 33
.. ( ) < 7> ( ) 1 1 1 47,420 420 118,855 25,264,425 0.53 4,701 0.10 1,739 27,269 10,321 37 278,945 4,266,132 0.41 868 0.08 328 31,466 3,664 21 174,476 1,637,655 0.45 304 0.08 135 27,141 2,530 12 211,500 1,346,396 0.53 285 0.11 114 22,193 2,545 9 282,778 897,924 0.35 202 0.08 81 31,420 1,390 10 139,000 1,045,217 0.75 187 0.13 81 17,160 1,368 10 152,000 996,451 0.73 215 0.16 79 17,316 1,040 5 208,045 328,764 0.32 118 0.11 40 26,000 8,982 52 179,640 4,473,162 0.34 655 0.07 220 40,827 1,554 36 43,166 1,555,634 0.99 283 0.18 111 14,000 1,497 22 68,045 848,440 0.58 153 0.10 57 26,263 1,921 37 51,919 1,231,540 0.64 183 0.10 59 32,559 2,007 32 62,703 1,070,469 0.53 180 0.09 70 28,671 2,135 37 54,743 1,627,825 0.76 276 0.13 84 25,417 2,820 50 56,406 1,825,862 0.65 357 0.13 123 22,927 3,094 35 88,400 1,521,380 0.40 318 0.10 125 24,752 544 16 34,000 591,584 1.08 118 0.22 32 17,000 * :, 2000 (1999 12 ). / 3 4
.. 1994 6 1. 4. < 8> 330 3, 330 330 1, 6 6 1.. 1970, (, 1970 : 13). 2000 420 4,768 1 11. 1,735 1 4 1 27,652.. / 3 5
1,860 1 4 4,200. 384 3 1997 170 ( ), 24 1999 260 ( ). 54%. 1 3,886, 1996 1 57,000 6.8%. < 9> ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 184,164,946 3.884 23,357,331 493 82,701,251 1.7 31,007,872 0.65 35,106,585 3,401 4,387,146 425 15,282,277 1.5 5,169,993 0.50 11,309,953 3,087 1,032,381 282 6,185,181 1.7 1,473,672 0.40 1,993,794 3,719 683,827 270 5,645,277 2.2 1,993,794 0.79 1,794,527 3,002 680,128 267 3,770,544 1.5 1,794,527 0.71 1,075,512 5,553 557,092 401 2,545,360 1.8 1,075,512 0.77 1,086,845 5,043 592,872 433 2,970,140 2.2 1,086,845 0.79 628,231 3,725 269,960 260 1,680,606 1.6 628,231 0.60 5,500,113 3,186 4,465,479 497 16,833,346 1.9 5,500,113 0.61 1,877,751 7,178 1,493,341 961 3,469,234 2.2 1,877,751 1.20 868,255 4,380 753,569 503 2,452,400 1.6 868,255 0.58 1,494,942 4,196 1,326,945 691 3,384,293 1.8 1,494,942 0.78 1,079,479 3,494 1,451,280 723 3,389,581 1.7 1,079,479 0.54 1,887,979 5,068 1,472,601 690 4,213,706 2.0 1,887,979 0.88 2,480,952 5,106 2,065,953 733 5,437,556 1.9 2,480,952 0.88 2,237,431 3,473 1,511,806 489 4,157,479 1.3 2,237,431 0.72 358,396 8,910 612,951 1,127 1,284,272 2.4 358,396 0.66 * :, 2000 (1999 12 ). / 3 6
. 1 490, 1998 1 3,200. 12%,. 1 5,590 1999 35,044 16.4% 5,779 ( 9,600 ) (, 2000: 11).. 2001 206. 14), 1 34,078, 168, 4,440. 37%, 12%, 51%. 1,000 203,119, 26,464, 5.96. < 10> (2000 12 ) ( ) 174,275,092 857,994 222,162 22,705,656 5,114 1,916 591 845,996 4,165 1,084 110,222 25 9 3 1 34,078 168 43 4,440 1.00 0.37 0.12 1000 203,119 1,000 259 26,464 5.96 2.23 0.69 14) < 9> 200 1 (2000 12 ), < 7>, < 8> 2000 (1999 12 ).. / 3 7
1998 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2,607 180,558,737 97,412,325 16,136,454 60,726,313 92,395,424 66,415,034 13 876,499 484,638 82,329 308,255 448,521 322,403 1 0.51 35,307 19,048 3,155 11,875 18,067 12,987 1000 3.04 210,443 113,535 18,807 70,777 107,688 77,407 * : 2001 (2). 5,, ( ), ( ).,,,. : : : : 2001 10 222 24., 24 (10.8%), 31 (14.0%), 87 (39.2%), 80 (36.0%)., 60 27.0%, 1 / 3 8
. 216 80 10 ( ), 50,000 4 (,,, ) 122, 1 9.3. 8.2, 1.1 8. < 11> (2001 10 ) 222 24 31 87 80 60 9 1 27 23 8-1 - 7 5 1-1 3 3-1 1 1 5 1 1-3 10 1 2 3 4 1 - - - 1 27 2 2 17 6 15 4 4 7 4 13 2 2 3 7 16 1 1 8 4 10 1 1 2 6 6 2 2 1 2 17 7 7 4 5 17 4 4 7 3 9 2 2 6 1. / 39
,,,,,. 136 2000, 1 9,487, 24 2,095. 1,000 2.18, 2 5,518, 1 459.. 1,000 50, 1 5.1, 4.3, 0.8. < 12> (2000 12 ) ( ) 164,624,911 1,406 2,646,948 645,120 281,838 24,280,337 2,420,955 21 38,926 9,487 4,404 357,064 1 117,087 1 1,883 459 200 17,269 1000 (3) 255,185 2.18 4,103 1,000 437 37,637 ( 2 ).. / 40
< 13> (2001 10 ) 17 0 3 0 0 3 3 (1) 3 3 3 1(1) 0 2 11 2 51(2) * ( ). 51., 51 17 (33.3%), 11 (21.6%), 3 (5.9%).,,,,. 1,,,,,. < 14> (2000 12 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 24,504,302 22 190 76 206,946 37,462 20,304 884,851 1,884,946 1.69 14.62 5.85 15,919 2,882 1,562 68,065 1 128,970 0.12 1.00 0.40 1,089 197 107 4,657 1000 654,119 0.59 5.07 2.03 5,524 1,000 542 23,620 * : 2001. / 4 1
51 43 22, 1 197, 1,000 5.07, 2.03. 1,000 6 5,412, 12% 8,007. 1,000 5 7,404., 1 10%, 1 43%. 23.4%, 27%. < 15> ( ) ( ) ( ) (A) 117,087,419 1.00 1,883 459 200 67,459,051 17,269 (B) 128,970,011 1.00 1,089 197 107 15,787,963 4,657 1 B/A 110.1% 100.0% 57.9% 43.0% 53.3% 23.4% 27.0% (A) 255,185,046 2.18 4,103 1,000 437 147,022,978 37,637 (B) 654,118,568 5.07 5,524 1,000 542 80,074,428 23,620 1000 B/A 256.3% 232.7% 134.6% 100.0% 124.1% 54.5% 62.8% 1,000, 2.56, 2.3..,. (4) ( ),, / 42
. 1973, 1978, 1980. 2001 101,. 15, 12, 11, 10. 5, (101 ),,,,, 5 10., 1. < 16> (2001 10 ) 5(4) 11(1) 3(1) 6(2) 4(3) 6(4) 5(0) 9(3) 3(3) 10(4) 1(1) 12(2) 1(1) 9(7) 15(6) 1(0) 101(42) * ( ).,,.,.. / 43
,. ( ) ( ) 1 0.6778316 1 < 17> 0.373744 0.5290109 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0.5524094 0.4456707 0.4834811 1 0.2989507 0.36246 0.2181181 0.2147348 1 ( ) 0.8766829 0.2699552 0.2581751 0.4820927 0.2162357 1 0.5454664 0.8952906 0.4485995 0.318605 0.2906704 0.1409929 1 * :,, 2000, p.98.. 61 6 6,057 28 60 7,658 11%. 1 561, 627.,,., 22.7% 17.5%, 47 5 4,474 8.63. / 4 4
< 18> (2000 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 6,076,583 37 20,918 1,682 1,112 348,393 ( ) 660,571 11 7,139 887 371 121,527 2,383,848 20 11,573 1,140 606 194,541 ( ) 162,973 1 561 45 29 9,344 1 58,980 1 627 79 32 10,670 1000 122,249 1 587 58 30 9,863 ( ) 290,499 1.78 1,000 80 51 16,655 94,101 1.60 1,000 126 51 17,023 208,344 1.70 1,000 100 51 16,809 (5),.,,. 2001 10 86,, 32. 19,, 1. 24 8.. / 45
< 19> (2001 10 ) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1 3 3 5 6 4 22 - - - 1 2-3 - - - 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - - 1-1 - - 1-2 - - - - 1 1 2 - - - 1-2 3-1 4 2 5 1 13-1 - 1 3 2 7-1 - 3 1 1 6-1 1 2 1-5 1 - - 3 3 3 10-1 1 1 3 2 8 1 1 1 1 1 3 8 1 2 2 3 3 2 13-1 - 2 3 6 4 13 12 25 32 24 110 *.,.,, 6.56%. 86 81, 1 2.9, 9.46, 12.3. 15) 1 15) (, ) 81 46. / 46
, 1 6.27, 6.07, 4 1 686. ( ) < 20> (2000 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4,262,065 235 45,665 435 566 282 106,183 273 92,654 2.90 993 9.46 12.30 6.27 2,360 6.07 1 19,916 1.00 213 2.03 2.64 1.32 496 1.28 1000 93,333 4.69 1,000 9.53 12.39 6.18 2,325 5.98 112,543 31,578 360,853 1,031 179,841 3,989,377 11,311 2,501 686 7,845 22.41 3,910 86,726 246 1 526 148 1,686 4.82 840 18,642 53 1000 2,465 692 7,902 22.58 3,938 87,362 248 * : 2001, 1 213 36.4%. 1 2.03, 2.64. 1,000 ( ) 93,333 94,101. (6) 1 1,000. 1, 1 6,297, 1,992. / 4 7
. 1,,,,,,. 1 168, 197, 213.. 1, 18,642,,. < 21> 1 / 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 117,087 134.6% 459 123.7% 17,269 140.8% 6,780 95.6% 128,970 148.2% 197 53.2% 4,657 38.0% 27,693 390.3% 34,078 39.2% 168 45.2% 12,987 105.9% 2,624 37.0% 19,916 22.9% 213 57.5% 18,642 152.0% 1,068 15.1% ( ) 162,973 187.3% 561 151.3% 9,344 76.2% 17,442 245.8% 58,980 67.8% 627 169.0% 10,670 87.0% 5,528 77.9% 87,001 100.0% 371 100.0% 12,261 100.0% 7,095 100.0% 1, 1,068, 27,693.,,.,. / 48
< 22> 1,000 / 1 ( ) 1 255,185 96.3% 2.18 61.5% 37,637 87.1% 0.0000579 70.5% 654,119 246.8% 5.07 143.0% 23,620 54.7% 0.0002147 261.6% 203,119 76.6% 5.96 168.1% 77,407 179.2% 0.0000770 93.8% 93,333 35.2% 4.69 132.2% 87,362 202.2% 0.0000536 65.3% 290,499 109.6% 1.78 50.3% 16,655 38.6% 0.0001070 130.4% ( ) 94,101 35.5% 1.60 45.0% 16,501 38.2% 0.0000967 117.8% 265,059 100.0% 3.55 100.0% 43,197 100.0% 0.0000821 100.0% 1,000,,. 1,000,,.,,,. 1, 1 0.0000536,. 2..,,. 1, 10. / 49
.. 1) 206,,,..,. < 23> * : 2001,,, 4.. 16), 1. 1 4, 16) 1999. / 50
5.., 1 1,,,..,..,., 1..., 1. 1, 1..,.., 1.,., 2, 1. / 5 1
< 24> * : 2001 4.,,,,, / 52
.,,.,,. 2),., (+). < 25> ( ) ( ) 1 0.6778316 1 0.373744 0.5290109 1 0.5524094 0.4456707 0.4834811 1 0.2989507 0.36246 0.2181181 0.2147348 1 ( ) ( ) 0.8766829 0.2699552 0.2581751 0.4820927 0.2162357 1 0.5454664 0.8952906 0.4485995 0.318605 0.2906704 0.1409929 1 * : 2001 222 24 45 153.,,,.,,,,,, 1 1, 1. 17). / 53
, 1 24 2,095., 30%, 50%,,, 20%. < 26> 1 1 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0.009 185 - - - - 0.002 126 6,594 73 247,378 0.004 0.021 209 9,227 55 6,910,257 0.002 0.029 240 7,278 53 126,240 0.003 0.015 190 5,775 46 1,820,969 0.002 1, 0.029 1, 0.021. 1 0.09, 0.002, 1. 1 126, 240. 1 9,227,,. 18) 1 6,910,257, 1 247,378, 126,240. 1 0.004, 0.002, 0.003. 17) 153.. 18). / 5 4
3),,., (+).,. < 27> 1 0.953 1 0.910 0.965 1 0.849 0.914 0.984 1 0.774 0.872 0.955 0.981 1 0.934 0.974 0.989 0.952 0.915 1 0.915 0.953 0.938 0.878 0.838 0.971 1 0.841 0.908 0.982 0.989 0.972 0.960 0.914 1 0.789 0.847 0.949 0.987 0.971 0.905 0.810 0.972 1 * : 2001. 0. 1 (0.008m 2 ), 1m 2 (17 ), 1m 2 (0.0026 ), 1m 2 (217,372 ), 1 (725m 2 ), 1 (2751 ). 19) 19) 200 1 9 4. / 55
< 28> 1 1 ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 0.003 474 3501 0.0007 7 484656 0.003 204 4242 0.0016 18 288852 0.007 157 2544 0.0029 19 158765 0.016 163 2128 0.0030 12 0 0.008 179 2751 0.0026 17 217372 4) 88, ( ),,,..,. < 29> * : 200 1. / 56
1,. 1, 1. 1 < 30> 20) 1 1 1 0.195 548.65 9,870 14 1,369 0.049 629.59 10,093 93,790 0.035 605.83 14,204 14 1,608 0.051 848.96 11,404 83,683 0.082 658.26 11,393 115,113 5),,,,.,,,. 20), 77.. / 5 7
< 31> 86 51.,., ( ) 1.. < 32> 1 0.00297-0.00488-0.00184-0.00202-0.00420 0.00390 0.00274 0.00762-0.00980-0.01303 ( ) / ( ) / 58
< 33> 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 154 267 18654 37783 3422186-14194876 35384643 155 299 10741 21239-3673400 51786333 85953015 299 241 20723 19836 633333 1593750 29035233 18468282 ( ) 197 330 5897 14763 - - 15837825 12025355 1, ( ). 1, ( ).,. 1.. 1, ( )., ( ).. / 59
< 34> 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0.81111 1.07143 551 779 0.66905 0.57143 362 58-2.25000-583 0.58333 2.63333 562 415 2.68333 2.94583 691 716 6.06250 1.49861 2392 666 ( ) 1.61905 2.65000 819 2255 1.00298 1.06250 351 814 1. 1.,. 1 ( ),.,. 1 ( ),,.,,. / 6 0
< 35> 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 172 149 50011-136131 137312 90 84-29247 262085 268900 69 108 8843 13330 92242 108170 ( ) 39 61 - - 170614 45005 1. 172( / ), 149( / ). 1.. 1,,. ( ). ( ). < 36> 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0.00677 0.00439 5.74863 3.20493 0.00685 0.00232 2.88241 0.21596-0.00849-3.56083 0.00435 0.01109 4.99111 2.54545 0.00954 0.02114 3.14670 5.42732 0.02108 0.01065 6.56905 5.25881 ( ) 0.01861 0.00876 7.88550 6.00224 0.00595 0.00782 2.10010 4.10568. / 6 1
1, ( ). 1.. 1 ( ),.,. 1 ( ),,..,. / 6 2
. 1.. ( )...,,, stepwise... 2 1) :. :. :. 2 1).. / 6 3
1).,..,,..,.,.,,...,.,.., / 6 4
,,...,..,.. 1. ( ). 1, 1, 1,. 1 1, 1,,.,..,.,.,,.. / 6 5
2) 1970. (optimization models), (dynamic programming models), (welfare maximization models).,.,.. (, 1998: 554~564).,,.. (optimization models), (dynamic programming models).. Weber ( ) (total travel cost), 1. Weber,. Weber / 6 6
. Weber. Z = n j = 1 r j d j (2) rj d j : j : j Rawls ( ) 1971 (A Theory of Justice) Rawls. Rawls (equity). minimax maximin. minimax, j. minimax. min(z = max rjdj) (3-1) j = 1, 2,..., n,. min(z = max dj) (3-2) j = 1, 2,..., n. / 6 7
maximin. - ( ) -,,. -.. min : Z = m i = 1 n ijrjdj (4-1) j = 1 s.t. m i = 1 ij = 1 (j =1, 2,..., n) (4-2) ij 1 (4-3) ij 0 (4-4) ij = (4-5) (4-1), (4-2),,. (4-3) (4-4), (4-5) ij. (4-5) ij 0 1. 3)., / 6 8
,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,.,,. 1996 2..,..,,..,,,. / 6 9
. A B, A B. A B, ( 1 ), km (1,000 ), A 5,000, B A 2,500. A B, A B. < 1> 1 1 3,000, A 3,000, B 6,000., 1 x,.. / 70
.,,. = f(,,, ) = - = Max { x } A B, A 1,563, B 781 A., 1 1 3,000 B 10,000, A 6,000 8,000. < 2>. / 7 1
< 37> 1 ( : ) 1 A 50,000,000 34,375,000 5,000 3,438 1,563 B 25,000,000 17,187,500 2,500 1,719 781,,.. = 2. 1,.,.,.,. / 72
( ) < 38> ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 682,617 10 2.3 1,570,020 15 2 645,118 23 5.2 3,348,165 12 3 589,128 152 34.2 20,148,180 2 4 571,449 11 2.4 1,371,479 16 5 539,505 68 15.3 8,254,432 8 6 454,580 101 22.8 10,364,413 6 7 453,745 195 43.8 19,874,017 3 8 451,276 95 21.4 9,657,298 7 9 346,630 275 61.9 21,456,416 1 10 346,339 209 47.1 16,312,586 4 11 308,929 62 14.0 4,325,005 10 12 302,095 10 2.2 664,609 17 13 277,829 8 1.9 527,875 18 14 277,815 50 11.2 3,111,524 13 15 212,903 317 71.3 15,179,993 5 16 207,443 9 2.0 414,885 19 17 179,179 108 24.3 4,354,041 9 18 128,163 69 15.6 1,999,344 14 19 93,634 12 2.8 262,174 20 20 80,450 202 45.5 3,660,453 11 4), stepwise.. / 73
... (identified), (unidentified), (underidentified) (Gujarati, 1993: 591). (order condition) (rank condition)., (axis) (, ). 2 (2SLS) (LIML), 2SLS (, 1994: 657~658) 2SLS...,, 3., - - ( ).,, ( ), / 74
( ), ( ). = - 100% 3.,,.,. ( ),.,,. 3. 2. 1),,.,,... / 75
(1) 232 1.,,,,,. < 39>,,,,,, ( 1, 0, 0) ( ) ( ) ( ) < 40> ( ) -0.78253 0.826892-0.00001-3.65E-6 t- -2.53 12.92-3.32-2.31 D.W. : 2.361248 Adj-R : 0.64412 ( ) ( ) 1.633840 0.247745 0.543110 1.078E-6-6.12E-7 t- 6.66 2.17 3.30 3.61-2.04 D.W. : 2.271343 Adj-R : 0.64588 ( ) ( 1, 0, 0) 1.637627 0.988557 7.537E-6 0.220887 t- 6.66 12.91 5.33 5.20 D.W. : 2.364482 Adj-R : 0.78257 / 76
(+). (-). (+) (-) ( 1, 0, 0) (+).. < 41> ( 1, 0, 0) 3.130892-0.00006 0.000014 0 0 1.000435 4.50676-0.00005 0.000013 1.078E-6-6.12E-7 0.843087 4.732691-0.00006 0.000022 0 0 1.209874 *.,, (-) ( 1, 0, 0) (+). (+) (-). (2) 232 :,,.. / 7 7
< 42> 1 18147 2 1564 :. < 43> 1-95% 11-87% 2-93% 12-86% 3-93% 13-86% 4-93% 14-85% 5-92% 15-84% 6-91% 16-84% 7-90% 17-83% 8-90% 18-82% 9-90% 19-82% 10-87% 20-81%,..,. / 78
< 44> ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 20235 221769.4185 20235.05629 221769 2 18191 149942.6471 18190.80969 149943 3 23519 140048.8706 23518.62632 140049 4 26079 101619.0256 26078.99032 101619 5 18399 97707.46285 18398.6438 97707 6 21763 91265.54284 21762.84337 91266 7 20644 90891.59458 20643.81758 90892 8 18147 90769.79125 18147.00672 90770 9 16516 88989.56674 16516.44629 88990 10 16930 78996.77314 16929.97189 78997 11 12831 75477.41546 12831.4928 75477 12 18955 73899.05675 18955.14642 73899 13 13928 72554.41858 13928.09142 72554 14 18299 57621.20068 18299.03612 57621 15 12681 47483.92784 12680.85733 47484 16 13378 46680.80375 13378.19561 46681 17 13365 45020.96276 13364.72255 45021 18 14761 44341.31907 14760.70202 44341 19 10728 35422.29542 10728.06384 35422 20 11620 31714.40843 11620.46809 31714. / 79
2).,,.. (1) 23 2. 1.,,,,,,,,,, 65. < 45>,,,,,,,,, 65 / 8 0
< 46> -3633.17 3.156E-6 0.155409 345.2206-0.10510 t- -2.10 8.19 2.94 4.78-4.82 D.W. : 2.173517 Adj-R : 0.63080 49878.33 0.000024 5.109924 0.987310 11.65416-88.7732-469.736 t- 2.29 3.44 3.56 3.26 3.49-2.15-1.97 D.W. : 2.109487 Adj-R : 0.71711 65 2.9875E9 4863.894 146149.7-58605.4 30452.77-9.645E7-2.284E7 t- 3.49 2.66 4.52-4.40 6.10-4.71-2.73 D.W. : 2.443784 Adj-R : 0.72760 (+). (+) (-).,, (+), (-),,, 65 (-), (+)... / 8 1
< 47> 65 16563.25 0.072813 1.047717 0.007824 0.035933 0.424153-3.2309-17.096-170.923 203877 4.480125-2624.33 0.86108 1.261301 14.88835-113.409-600.095-1303.3 63998E9-26173 -1091E8 35784.48 11386.44 134405.1-1023803 -5417376-5.416E7 (2) 23 2,. :. 50. / 8 2
< 48> 1 33999 11 14334 2 22765 12 13943 3 19138 13 13906 4 17790 14 13904 5 16720 15 13537 6 16389 16 13482 7 16375 17 13431 8 16349 18 13219 9 15072 19 13208 10 14964 20 12926 : 97 96... / 8 3
< 49> 1-88% 11-70% 2-87% 12-68% 3-82% 13-68% 4-77% 14-67% 5-76% 15-63% 6-75% 16-63% 7-75% 17-63% 8-75% 18-61% 9-75% 19-61% 10-71% 20-60%.,. / 8 4
< 50> ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 13431 754.7 10.96 147199 2 8743 1621.2 16.06 140436 3 12926 461.2 8.57 110747 4 8037 1116.4 13.33 107124 5 10099 682.6 10.42 105267 6 9334 765.3 11.04 103018 7 12486 426.9 8.24 102923 8 9813 687.6 10.46 102656 9 11566 460 8.56 98959 10 7970 907.2 12.02 95770 11 17790 177.2 5.31 94474 12 7186 984 12.51 89928 13 9493 554.4 9.39 89173 14 9888 507 8.98 88824 15 33999 39.6 2.51 85353 16 8536 608.2 9.84 83987 17 8293 633 10.04 83238 18 8249 591.6 9.70 80045 19 9424 451 8.47 79843 20 9567 431.9 8.29 79316. / 8 5
3) 5... (1) 232,.. < 51>,,,,,,. (+), (-) (+).,, ( ). (+), (-). / 8 6
< 52> 3674.006 0.018125-0.51317 27.52127 t- 2.57 9.78-10.73 6.29 D.W. : 1.488436 Adj-R : 0.92111-46592.0 7.943459 23.01848 16.54950-33.8205 t- -1.13 3.55 4.07 7.32-8.53 D.W. : 1.925496 Adj-R : 0.94129 < 53> 3305.421-0.59949 32.15014 0.487386 0.350414-0.7161-20335.5-4.76199 255.3833 26.89001 19.333-39.5089 (2) 23 2.. :., 50.. / 8 7
< 54> 1 2 1934 11 7039 2 13285 12 6586 3 109 14 13 6327 4 10766 14 6275 5 9334 15 6030 6 9258 16 5986 7 8985 17 5937 8 8885 18 585 1 9 8054 19 5454 10 7432 20 5 183 :. < 55> 1-91% 11 36% 2-88% 12 44% 3-74% 13 108% 4-70% 14 125% 5-70% 15 128% 6-69% 16 129% 7-29% 17 145% 8 1% 18 148% 9 6% 19 158% 10 11% 20 163% / 8 8
.,. < 56> ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 13285 712.9 10.65 141510 2 9334 827.1 11.47 107097 3 8985 687.6 10.46 93988 4 7039 617.2 9.91 69762 5 10914 217.4 5.88 64201 6 21934 38.5 2.48 54295 7 6275 399.8 7.98 50058 8 8885 141.9 4.75 42224 9 8054 153.3 4.94 39781 10 2946 739.2 10.85 31953 11 3686 445.8 8.42 31045 12 10766 35.5 2.38 25590 13 4779 170.5 5.21 24896 14 4510 177.2 5.31 23953 15 1738 907.2 12.02 20882. / 8 9
4),.,. (1) 23 2.. < 57>,,,,,, 65, 1,,,,, / 9 0
< 58> ( ) ( ) ( ) 65 1-0.94331 0.228824 0.285356-0.00508 0.000427-1.54E-6 t- -4.01 2.42 5.07-3.63 2.70-2.08 D.W. : 1.902532 Adj-R : 0.81775 ( ) ( ) 0.587191 0.651452 0.298042-0.00004 ( ) t- 1.60 4.20 2.83-4.81 ( ) D.W. : 2.487981 Adj-R : 0.72755 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1.101316 0.602650 0.521995 0.195173-0.17655 t- 2.88 2.89 2.59 1.74-1.58 D.W. : 2.225933 Adj-R : 0.75414 ( ) ( ) 0.351046 0.536303 0.160036 0.000393-4.7E-6 ( ) t- 1.46 5.80 2.35 3.31-2.67 ( ) ( ) D.W. : 2.019233 Adj-R : 0.83264 ( ) ( ) 1 2.742451 0.357286 0.504413 0.001223 t- 2.55 1.93 1.59 2.09 D.W. : 2.470697 Adj-R : 0.45495 ( ) ( ) 2.434703 0.423394 0.521405 0.000013 t- 2.69 3.07 3.41 1.30 D.W. : 2.06412 Adj-R : 0.55931 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) -1.82836 0.914394 0.385399 0.009112 0.000024 ( ) t- -2.40 4.34 3.23 3.30 2.32 D.W. : 1.418474 Adj-R : 0.69962. / 9 1
,,,,,,.,, (+), (-). 65, (-), 1 (+), (+), (+), (-). 65,, 50. 50, 1.,,. 1,. < 3> *. / 9 2
< 59> 65 1 0.624619-0.00187 0.000958-0.00001-0.00001 0.000682 4.672E-6 0.000019 3.490733 0.002398 0.000911-0.00002-0.00007 0.001131 6.492E-6 0.000026 3.069213-0.0023 0.000863-0.00001-0.00003 0.001015 3.909E-6 0.000016 2.482539 0.000859 0.00065-0.00002-0.00002 0.00119 4.215E-6 0.000017 6.397421 0.00338 0.002084-0.00001-0.00002 0.001053 0.000011 0.000022 6.724995 0.008249 0.001492-0.00002-0.00002 0.001268 0.000024 0.000037 3.033462 0.013076 0.00117-0.00002-0.00002 0.001576 0.000013 0.000053 *., (-), 1,,, (+).,,,,,,,,,,,. (2) 232 :.. 1 323,000 3,135,000, 3,752,000 10.. / 9 3
< 60> 1 183458 11 10542 2 37342 12 10454 3 20364 13 10110 4 16775 14 9913 5 14458 15 9658 6 12446 16 9597 7 11948 17 9576 8 11593 18 9492 9 11244 19 9251 10 10797 20 8361 :.. < 61> 1-99.97% 11-91.36% 2-99.91% 12-90.60% 3-98.71% 13-90.52% 4-98.59% 14-87.91% 5-98.28% 15-86.86% 6-96.51% 16-82.74% 7-96.05% 17-82.59% 8-94.08% 18-82.42% 9-93.97% 19-81.34% 10-93.28% 20-81.22% / 9 4
.,. < 62> ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 5155681 10 1.26 6504233 2 1569843 35.9 2.39 3752438 3 183458 636.5 10.06 1846481 4 63085 1127.2 13.39 844956 5 115649 206.3 5.73 662677 6 52034 591.6 9.70 504907 7 32286 463.3 8.59 277236 8 20364 1116.4 13.33 271450 9 37342 329.4 7.24 270379 10 133026 23.9 1.95 259446 11 23561 712.9 10.65 250972 12 21118 867.6 11.75 248154 13 47721 153.3 4.94 235715 14 16775 739.2 10.85 181948 15 12771 1040 12.87 164301 16 13476 814.4 11.38 153427 17 34112 121.8 4.40 150188 18 11948 907.2 12.02 143573 19 10110 754.7 10.96 110804 20 39494 39.6 2.51 99148. / 9 5
5)... (1) 232., 1,,. < 63>, 1,,,, 65, ( 1, 0, 0), 1. 1 (+),, 65 (-), 1. (+) 1 (-). 1. / 9 6
< 64> 65 ( 1, 0) ( 1, 0) 3.610966 0.000149-0.00005-0.00938 0.030381-0.61709 1 1.814129 8.038E-6-0.00085-0.00823-0.0706-0.80344 9.078692 0.000279-0.0001-0.01751 0.05671-1.15188 9.048648 0.000305-0.00011-0.01917 0.062109-1.26155 *. * ( 1, 0). < 65> ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 65 ( ) ( 1, 0) 2.217607 0.768059 0.000143 0.000598-0.00306 0.084605 t- 30.98 10.41 3.59 3.81-4.42 2.48 D.W. : 1.872486 Adj-R : 0.83317 ( 1, 0) ( ) ( 1, / 0) -1.35550-0.26177 0.877779-0.00080-0.00012-0.09727 t- -4.77-6.45 8.64-5.75-2.74-2.93 D.W. : 2.656452 Adj-R : 0.93072 ( ) 0.816679 0.913066 t- 1.81 15.38 D.W. : 2.323062 Adj-R : 0.85181 ( ) ( ) -0.71018 0.147083 1.016415 t- -1.39 0.91 11.82 D.W. : 2.195814 Adj-R : 0.86463. / 9 7
. 1. (2) 232 :. 1. < 66> 1 7649 11 4696 2 6657 12 4658 3 6335 13 4583 4 6181 14 4582 5 5903 15 4458 6 5369 16 4454 7 5244 17 4408 8 5053 18 4344 9 4736 19 4340 10 4726 20 4252 :,. / 9 8
< 67> 1-90% 11-66% 2-88% 12-62% 3-86% 13-59% 4-85% 14-58% 5-72% 15-58% 6-69% 16-53% 7-68% 17-53% 8-68% 18-52% 9-68% 19-51% 10-67% 20-51%.,. < 68> ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 4052 591.6 9.70 39319 2 2945 1116.4 13.33 39257 3 2506 1323.8 14.52 36375 4 5369 267.3 6.52 35019 5 2550 1127.2 13.39 34153 6 2969 712.9 10.65 31630 7 2465 984 12.51 30842 8 3451 484.2 8.78 30293. / 9 9
( ) ( ) ( ) 9 5903 144.9 4.80 28346 10 3885 329.4 7.24 28126 11 2432 827.1 11.47 27907 12 1731 1621.2 16.06 27811 13 2507 754.7 10.96 27474 14 6181 121.1 4.39 27136 15 4458 222.8 5.95 26544 16 3203 426.9 8.24 26399 17 3861 292.7 6.83 26353 18 2404 739.2 10.85 26076 19 3039 445.8 8.42 25602 20 3037 411.4 8.09 24579 / 10 0
. 1. 1) 3.........,,,...,... / 10 1
...,.....,.. 2).,,,.,.,.,,. / 10 2
.,.., 1,, 15 1., 1.., 1.,., 2, 10. 2. 1) 1.... / 10 3
... 45% 30%, 70% 248 15 10%. < 69> ( :, %) ( ) 248(100%) 16 72 91 69 10% 2(1%) - - 2-10~30% 108(44%) 6 21 74 7 30~50% 85(34%) 2 24 11 48 50~70% 28(11%) 3 12 4 9 70~90% 20(8%) 4 14-2 90% 5(2%) 1 1-3.,. 90%, 70% 4 (,,, ) 1 ( ) 5.,,,,, 6 30%. / 10 4
< 70> 90% 70~90% 50~70% 30~50% 30%,,,,,,,,,,,,, 81% 10~30%. 90%,,, 232 4. 70~90% 11, 2,,, 1. 30% 14, 8, 10, 11, 18, 18, 13, 3. 0.7% 4.15%. 2000, 0.9%. 2.81%, 0.71%. 0.7%, 4.15%.. / 10 5
< 71> 90% (,, ), ( ) 4 (, ), (,,,,, 70~90%,,,,, ), ( ), 15 ( ), ( ) (,, ), (,,, ), ( ) (, ), (,,,, 50~70% 26,,,,, ), ( ), ( ), ( ), (, ) (,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ), (,,,,,,,,, ), (,,,,,,,,, ), (, 30~50%,,,, ), (,,, 83 30% ), (,, ), (,,,,,,, ), (,,,, ), (, ), (,,, ), (, ), (,,, ), (,, ), (,,, ), ( ) (,, ), ( ), (,, ), ( ), ( ), ( ), (,,,,,,,,,,,, ), (,,,,,,, ), (,,,,,,,,, ), (,,,,,,,,,, ), (,, 104,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ), (,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ), (,,,,,,,,,,,, ), (,, ) / 10 6
< 72> 22) ( :, %) 6,962,081,320,000 62,399,301,560 0.9% 2,017,980,559,000 56,696,472,875 2.81% 1,547,784,000,000 16,599,000,000 1.07% 2,104,951,000,000 14,962,000,000 0.71% 984,025,000,000 18,721,000,000 1.90% 1,230,714,000,000 28,097,000,000 2.28% 928,386,515,000 14,599,835,000 1.57% 9,454,537,501,000 169,862,458,000 1.8% 1,336,416,000,000 16,942,000,000 1.3% 947,530,000,000 19,881,000,000 2.1% 1,721,808,096,000 11,600,400,000 0.7% 1,290,504,952,000 53,613,468,000 4.15% 4,981,576,138,000 52,731,995,000 1.06% 2,025,002,000,000 32,447,000,000 1.60% 3,889,441,975,000 80,419,926,000 2.1% 745,152,445,000 8,388,399,000 1.13% * :,. ) = + 1, 22)., 30 % 2.1%, 4.15 %.. / 10 7
. 1, 1999 1,096, 3,425. 517 1,. < 73> 1 ( :, ) 1 112,950,034,408 10,299,340 1,096,672 56,696,472,875 3,804,602 1,490,207 13,139,000,000 2,536,638 517,969 32,199,000,000 2,524,251 1,275,586 23,917,000,000 1,359,646 1,759,060 39,228,000,000 1,380,553 2,841,470 15,873,721,000 1,035,884 1,532,384 221,233,257,000 9,100,935 2,430,884 31,714,000,000 1,560,043 2,032,892 46,008,000,000 1,475,899 3,117,286 46,491,129,000 1,972,435 2,357,042 53,269,712,000 2,009,154 2,651,350 52,031,946,000 2,158,256 2,410,832 30,057,000,000 2,818,253 1,066,511 106,126,498,000 3,097,788 3,425,879 15,776,585,000 539,493 2,924,335 *..,,, 30% / 10 8
. 1.,,. 2) ( )....,.. 1995 1 1, 1997,,. 2020, (1998). 10 (1996), (1996~2020) (1996), 21 (1999), (2000), 21 (2001). / 10 9
.. (1),. 1995 6, 1 1, 10 1995 2002 1 1., 10-30 1,650 350, 30 ~50 3,300 800, 50 4,950 1,200.. 40% 60%, 70%, 40~49% 50%, 60%, 100%. 2001 5,, 3 2002. 1997 8, 100% 2 20 1997 2005 400 ( 1650 ). 50% 80%, 50~69% 70%, 70~89% 60%, 90~99% 30%, 100%. 5., 1997 2005 21.,, 2001 2 21 / 1 10
4 (,,, ) 17.,, 3,000. 0.9%, 1 1,096. 1 75,168,,. (2). 2.81% 2000 1 149. 1 105,900, 51, 2001 2 (, ), 3 (,, ).,,. / 1 1 1
. 1995 12, 1999 1 1 12 20.. (3). 1.07% 2001 4 12, 2, 1. 1 517, 32.,. 2001 1,.,, 2005. 1,. 12,. 4 (,,, ) 1 ( ), 1 ( ), 1 ( ). (4) 77.7% 3. 0.71%, 1 111,405. 1 / 1 12
1,275, 54.. 2001 21 2, 1. (5) 63.6% 7. 1.9%,. 1 52,893. 1 1,759, 35. 2020. 5 4 30.,. 8.,, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 7. 23) 23).. / 1 13
(6) 2.28% 7. 74.9% 10, 10, 3, 1, 1 25, 1 60,457. 24) 1998. 5 7,.. 2020 (2000),.,,, 1. (7) 76.4%, 1 104,416, 1.57%, 1 1,532. 8. 25) ( ). 24) 36. 25) 1997. / 1 14
,. < 74> ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 290 370 ( ) ( ) ( ) 438 300 23,685 307 ( ) 548.68 478 370 300,... 1, 1. (8). 78.0% 107. 1,698. 1.8%,,,. / 1 15
. 26), 1 71,385. 2001 23 10, 7, 4, 2.,,,,,,,,,,. 1,,,,,,, 1. (9) 29.8%, 1.3%. 1 2,032 52. 21C (2001).,,,. 1 1 1998 2004 8.,,,,,,. 6 (,,,,, ).,,,,, 6 26) 1 2,430. / 1 16
, 1.,,,,, (2), (1), (1),. (10) 3 8 1 36.5%. 2.1%, 1 3,117. 61. 1999 21, 2001. 21.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,, /,. 6, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 (11) 5 10 1 30.5%, 0.7%. 1 2,357, 36. 10. / 1 1 7
(1996).. 2. 1 1 96 2 (, ), 97 2 (, ), 98 2 (, )..,,,. 10 4 (,,, ) 1, 5, 1. (12) 27.7%,, 30%. 4.15% 1 2,651. 1 29,948,. 55. (2000), 10..,, / 1 18
. 1.,,,.,. 19 3 (,, ), 7 (,,,, ), 1 ( ), 5 ( 2, ), 3 (,, ). (13),. 22.0%, 1.06%. 1 2,410 63. 1 30,065,.,. 1991 1992., 1992 11 1998 2, 45%. 5 (,,. / 1 19
,, ), 5, 4 (, ), 3 (,, ). (14) 31.3% 1.6%. 1 1,066. 27) (1996~2020) (1996). 10 13,,,, 4, 2.,., 1 1. 9, 12, 20.,,. 1 1 2006 2010 23 1 20. 2000 2010 9, 1999,, 2000~2001,, 2006.,. 27) 4 1. / 12 0
: 5 : 1998~2003 3 (,, ) : 2000~2006 10 : 1999~2010 1. 3 (,, ), 3 (,, ), 5 ( 2,,, ), 2 (, ) 13. (15) 39.5%. 2.1%, 1 3,425. 1 38,379. 45..,. 1988 1990. 2001 8 20 8 (,,,,,,, ), 7 (,,,,,, ). 2005 15. 2001 6. / 12 1
11, 3,. 11, 1 1, 1. 35 ( 11, 24) 1. 10. (16) 33.6% 1.13%. 1 2,924, 37. 1 15,092..,,,,,,.,,...,..., 20% 80%. / 12 2
. (2001. 8) 2001 2011 10.,,,,,,,. 1, 2, (2), (1) 3. 3. 1),,.. ( ) 1 2,. 1 2~3...... / 12 3
.,,.. 1... 1,...... / 12 4
< 75> 28) ( 10 ) (2001.10 ) 6 1 800 427-46.7% / / - 1 : 15 1 ( ) 1 1 2 19 ( ) 13-31.6% 16 ( ) 6-62.5% 320 174 * -45.7% 16 + 232 = 248 232 * 2 = 464 101-59.3% 86-81.5% * / (174) (222)+ (51)- (80)- / / (19). *.. 6 1, 10 800. 29), 2001 10 427-46.7%., 1 16. 30),,,,, 28) 19 2. 29) OECD 11,000, 1 48,852(1999), 10,958 (1997), 6,497 (1995), 6 1. 30) 24.,. 1 1.. / 12 5
6, 13 / 19. 1,,,, 5. 10.,,.,.,.., 1 2 7., 6 1 15 1 10. 3 1),, 320-45.7%., 1 1 248. 101-59.3%. 2, 464. 86 3 1) 15. / 12 6
-81.5%. 2) (1) 32),. 6 1,. 6, 173, 36-79.2%. -78.9%, -71.6%. -50%, -66.4%, -40%,,,,. 32) 2000 200 1 10.. / 12 7
< 76> 1 1 47,976,730 420 25,163,436 0.52 240,252 200 800-47.5 % 10,373,234 36 4,264,392 0.4 1 30,653 338 173-79.2 % 3,812,392 2 1 1,694,029 0.44 12,437 307 64-66.9 % 2,538,2 12 12 1,346,396 0.53 12,797 198 42-7 1.6% 2,562,32 1 9 897,924 0.35 7,836 327 43-78.9 % 1,375,2 12 10 834,408 0.61 12,246 112 23-56.4 % 1,390,5 10 10 1,045,2 17 0.75 10,124 137 23-56.9 % 1,044,161 5 328,754 0.31 4,798 2 18 17-7 1.3% 9,280,0 13 52 4,473,162 0.48 36,944 25 1 155-66.4 % 1,559,042 34 1,555,634 1.00 15,558 100 26 31.8% 1,504,722 22 848,440 0.56 9,630 156 25-12.3% 1,930,234 37 1,231,540 0.64 12,764 15 1 32 15.0 % 2,006,500 32 1,070,469 0.53 14,798 136 33-4.3% 2,134,629 39 1,634,245 0.77 17,323 123 36 9.6% 2,813,55 1 50 1,825,862 0.65 20,280 139 47 6.6% 3,108,674 35 1,52 1,380 0.49 16,349 190 52-32.4 % 543,323 16 59 1,584 1.09 5,7 15 95 9 76.7 %., 1. 6 / 12 8
. 1 0.53 0.75, 0.61, 0.31, 0.35, 0.41, 0.44. 1 1,. 1, 6 1, - -. 1.. (2) / 1 1 /, 13 ( ),,,,,, 7. 6 (,,,,, ).,,,, 5,,,,,,,,, 10..,,. ( ). / 12 9
,. < 77> / 33) 1 10 1 47,976,730 193 142 5 1 248,584 320-39.7 % 10,373,234 54 37 17 192,096 69-2 1.9 % 3,812,392 4 1 3 953,098 25-84.3% 2,538,212 2 2 0 1,269,161 17-88.2 % 2,562,32 1 5 2 3 5 12,464 17-70.7 % 1,375,212 5 2 3 275,042 9-45.5 % 1,390,510 9 6 3 154,50 1 9-2.9 % 1,044,161 0 0 0 1,044,161 7-100.0 % 9,280,013 32 2 1 11 290,000 62-48.3% 1,559,042 11 11 0 141,731 10 5.8% 1,504,722 6 6 0 250,787 10-40.2 % 1,930,234 15 12 3 128,682 13 66.7 % 2,006,500 4 4 0 501,625 13-70.1% 2,134,629 7 4 3 304,947 14-50.8% 2,813,55 1 13 12 1 2 16,427 19-30.7 % 3,108,674 16 14 2 194,292 2 1-22.8% 543,323 10 8 2 54,332 4 176.1% * 15 1, -39.7%. 1, 100% 33). / 13 0
, 10, 4. -88.2%, -84.3%, -70.7%, -70.1%. (3) 1 475,017, 1, -59.3%. 1 2,074,646, 141,731. 34) 1.,.,., 5 1, 1 1,037,323-61.6%.,,, 1.,. 34) 1., 1.. / 13 1
< 78> 1 1 47,976,730 101 475,017 248 193,454-59.3% 10,373,234 5 (10) 2,074,646 (1,037,323) 26 398970-80.8% (-61.6%) 3,812,392 3 1,270,797 17 224258-82.4% 2,538,212 4 634,553 9 282023-55.6% 2,562,321 5 512,464 11 232938-54.6% 1,375,212 3 458,404 6 229202-50.0% 1,390,510 1 1,390,510 6 231751-83.4% 1,044,161 1 1,044,161 6 174026-83.4% 9,280,013 15 618,667 32 290000-53.2% 1,559,042 11 141,731 19 82054-42.2% 1,504,722 6 250,787 12 125393-50.0% 1,930,234 6 321,705 16 120639-62.5% 2,006,500 9 222,944 15 133766-40.0% 2,134,629 10 213,462 23 92809-56.6% 2,813,551 12 234,462 24 117231-50.0% 3,108,674 9 345,408 21 148032-57.2% 543,323 1 543,323 5 108664-80.0% *. * ( ) 5,., -83.4%, 35) 35), ( ), 3 (,, ) -33.4 %. / 13 2
-82.4%, -80.8%, -80.0%, -80.0%. (4), 1, 1,000. 1996. 10 1, -82.1%. 2-81.5%. 2. 2 1.., 10, 2. 10 1 (-96.2%), (-96.0%), (-94.8%), (-92.9%), (-90.0%), 2 (-95.0%), (-93.8%), (-93.8%), (-91.4%), (-91.0%), (-90.0%), (-90.0%) -90%... / 13 3
< 79> 1 10 1 2 47,976,730 86 557,868 480-82.1% 464-81.5% 10,373,234 19 545,959 104-81.8% 50-62.0% 3,812,392 2 1,906,196 38-94.8% 32-93.8% 2,538,212 1 2,538,212 25-96.0% 16-93.8% 2,562,321 1 2,562,321 26-96.2% 20-95.0% 1,375,212 2 687,606 14-85.8% 10-80.0% 1,390,510 1 1,390,510 14-92.9% 10-90.0% 1,044,161 1 1,044,161 10-90.0% 10-90.0% 9,280,013 11 843,637 93-88.2% 62-82.3% 1,559,042 7 222,720 16-56.3% 36-80.6% 1,504,722 5 300,944 15-66.7% 22-77.3% 1,930,234 6 321,705 19-68.5% 30-80.0% 2,006,500 5 401,300 20-75.0% 28-82.2% 2,134,629 4 533,657 21-81.0% 44-91.0% 2,813,551 4 703,387 28-85.8% 46-91.4% 3,108,674 11 282,606 31-64.6% 40-72.5% 543,323 6 90,553 5 20.0% 8-25.0% 3),. / 13 4
,..,,.,.. (1), 1.,,,. 6 1, -79.2% (-78.9%). (-71.6%), (-71.3%), (-66.9%). < 80> ( ) 6 1 1 1 338-79.2% 2 327-78.9% 3 307-71.6% 4 218-71.3% 5 198-66.9% 6 137 (6) -56.9% 7 112 (6) -56.4%. / 13 5
< 81> ( ) 6 1 1 1 251-66.4% 2 190-32.4% 3 156-12.3% 4 151-4.3% 5 139 6.6% 6 136 9.6% 7 123 15.0% 8 100 31.8% 9 95 76.7% 6 1.,,,,, 6 1,,,,,.. (2) /, 15 1, -100.0%. (-88.2%), (-84.3%), (-70.7%), (-45.5%), (-21.9%),. -70.1%. (-50.8%), (-48.3%), (-40.2%), (-30.7%), (-22.8%). / 13 6
(5.8%), (66.7%), (176.1%) 200%., 6 10,. < 82>, / ( ) 1 ( / ) ( + ) 15 1 ( / ) 1 2-100.0% 2 2-92.0% 3 2-80.8% 4 1-35.8% * 15 1. < 83>, / ( ) 1 ( / ) 15 1 ( / ) 1 2-31.3% 2 1-80.0% 3 1-66.7% 4 1-65.6% 5 1-60.0% 6 1-53.6% 7 1-48.4% 8 1-21.1%. / 13 7
< 84> / ( ) 15 1 1 ( ) 1 0-100.0% 2 1,269,161-88.2% 3 953,098-84.3% 4 512,464-70.7% 5 275,042-45.5% 6 192,096-21.9% 7 154,501-2.9% < 85> / ( ) 15 1 1 ( ) 1 501,625-70.1% 2 304,947-50.8% 3 290,000-48.3% 4 250,787-40.2% 5 216,427-30.7% 6 194,292-22.8% 7 141,731 5.8% 8 128,682 66.7% 9 54,332 176.1% (3) 1,. 1 1,390,,,,, / 13 8
. 36) 1, (-82.4%), (-80.0%) (-61.6%), (-55.6%), (-54.6%). 1,,,,,. 1-80.0%, -62.5%. 1 1. (-57.2%), (-56.6%), (-53.2%). < 86> ( ) 1 + 1 1 1 1,390,510 (1) -83.4% 2 1,270,797 (1) -83.4% 3 1,044,161-82.4% 4 1,037,323-80.0% 5 634,553-61.6% 6 512,464-55.6% 7 458,404-54.6% 36) 5.. / 13 9
< 87> ( ) 1 + 1 1 1 618,667-80.0% 2 543,323-62.5% 3 345,408-57.8% 4 321,705-57.2% 5 250,787-56.6% 6 234,462-53.2% 7 222,944 (7) -50.0% 8 213,462 (7) -50.0% 9 141,731-40.0% (4) 10 1 2.,.,.,., 10 1 (-96.2%). (-96.0%) (-94.8%), (-92.9%), (-90.0%), (-85.8%), (-81.8%). 2,. / 140
10 1-88.2%, (-85.8%), (-81.0%), (-75.0%), (-68.5%). 2 2-91.4% -91.0%. (-82.3%), (-82.2%), (-80.6%) 3, 4, 5.. < 88> ( ) 10 1 2 1-96.2% -95.0% 2-96.0% -93.8% 3-94.8% -93.8% 4-92.9% -90.0% 5-90.0% -90.0% 6-85.8% -80.0% 7-81.8% -62.0%. / 14 1
< 89> ( ) 10 1 2 1-88.2% -91.4% 2-85.8% -91.0% 3-81.0% -82.3% 4-75.0% -82.2% 5-68.5% -80.6% 6-66.7% -80.0% 7-64.6% -77.3% 8-56.3% -72.5% 9 20.0% -25.0% 4. 1) (1997~2001) 5. 1991 1,218 ( 0.38%) 2001 10,458 ( 1.04%)..,,,, 5 1997 2001,. (1), / 142
. 5 (1999~2003),,,,. 2001. 37) 5. < 90> 1997 4,423 290 6.6% 1998 4,828 342 7.1% 1999 6,647 431 6.5% 2000 9,636 534 5.5% 2001 10,458 505 4.8% *,,,, 5. (2) 9 4. 37) 5., 5. 200 1 7 6, 300 ( 257 ) 2 15 ( 159 ) 100 ( 65 ). 100 ( 73 ) 150 ( 50 ) 20 ( 20 ) 10 ( 8 9000 ) 12 ( 8 ) 60 ( 30 ) 20 2 5000 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 2000 ( ).. / 143
: : 30% : 20% : 10%. 6~20, 8~13, 8~10., 1997 2001 5 2,101 931, 559, 370, 208, 33. < 4> (1997 2001) 5 1997 290 2001 505, 2000 534., 1997 160 2001 207, 1997 20 2001 159 139. / 14 4
73, 1997 26 2001 48. 1999 3 33. 5. < 91> (1997 2001) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 83 68 70 64 85.5 370.5 74.1 160 170 183.5 210 207.5 931 186.2 20 80 122 178 159 559 111.8 0 0 8 20 5 33 11(3 ) 26.6 24.36 47.5 61.6 48 208.06 41.6 289.6 342.4 431 533.6 505 2101.56 413.7 < 92> (1997 2001) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 23(8) 23(7) 15(5) 11(4) 18(4) 90(28) 18(5.6) 90(28) 5.20 19 20 23 22 25 109 21.8 66 2.39 2 13 15 22 21 73 14.6 47 8.02 0 0 1 2 1 4 0.4 2 0.58 13 12 25 32 24 106 21.2 106 8.53 57 68 79 89 89 382 76.4 335 13.89 * ( ). *,, 2. 1997 2001 106, 90, 66, 47, 2. 22, 2.39,. / 14 5
18, 5.20. 2001. < 5> 5, 2000. 2000,. 2001 1, 2000 32 2001 24, 2000 11 2001 18. / 146
< 93> 5 (1997 2001) ( :, ) 1 28 371 4.12 66 931 14.11 48 559 11.65 2 33 16.50 106 208 1.96 1 16.5 2. 14.1, 11.7, 4.1, 1 2, 106. 2) 1,.. 10.,,.,,,,. / 14 7
,. 5 5. 5 1. < 94> 38) ( :,, ) 1 373 4.12 74.1 1,536.7 20.7 / 174 11.84 164 2,060.1 12.5 147 14.11 186.2 2,074.1 11.1 378 1.96 41.6 740.8 17.8 * 3.,. (1) 2001 10 427 6 1 800 373. 5, 1 4.12, 74.1. 373 1 4.12 38), (6 1 ), / ( 15 1 ), ( 1 ), ( 2 ). / 148
1,536., 373 20.7 ( 1). 10 6 1 37, 1 153. 74 ( 2). 6 1 OCED 1 8 2, 585, 158. 1 4.12, 651, 74.1, 8 8 ( 3). < 95> (A) (B) (C) (D) 1 800 373 18 1536.7 20 7 2 800 373 37 1536.7 10 3 585 158 18 650.9 8 8 * : B=A/D, C=A 4.12, D=C/74.1 (2) / / 15 1, / 320. / 193 127. / 1 11.84, 127 / 1,503.6, 9.1 ( 1).. / 149
/ 15 1, 10, 12.7 /, 1 150. 164 40 ( 2). 3 ~7 1, 10 1 /. 193 / 80, 480 207, 2,450.8. 164, 10 / 1 14 9 ( 3). < 96> / 1 320 127 13.9 1,503.6 9 1 2 320 127 12.7 1,503.6 10 3 480 207 13.8 2,450.8 14 9 1 1, 10, 5 1 16.5, 165, 11 15. (3) 1, 16, 232 248. / 150
101 147. 5 1 14.11 147 2,074.1. 186.2 1 11 1 ( 1). 147 10, 14.7, 1 207. 186.2 21 ( 2). < 97> 1 264 147 13.1 2,074.1 11 1 2 264 147 14.7 2074.1 10 (4) 10 1, 480, 86 394. 1 1.96, 394 772.2, 41.6 10 1 18 5 ( 1). 10 39.4, 77.2. 41.6 ( 2).. / 15 1
10. 2.. 464 378. 1 1.96, 740.9, 41.6, 464 2 17.8 ( 3)., 10 37.8, 74.1 ( 4). < 98> 1 480 394 21.3 772.2 18 5 2 480 394 39.4 772.2 10 3 464 378 21.2 740.9 17 8 4 464 378 37.8 740.9 10 / 152
. 1. 1) (1),.. 2000 8,270 54% 4,460.. 2000 8,300 3,100 1 0.65 1970.,. 2000 2 1.,,. / 153
.,.,.., ( ). 17 1965. 1965. 1.,, 1976. 22% 1 7. 9 2 ( ).. (2) 1991, 300 420, 1~2. / 15 4
. 1~2..,,, 1~2.,.,. 21 3,.. 88 ( ) ( 1 )..,. 1988. / 15 5
. (,, ),, ( ). 1km, 500m,,... ( ),.,. 1876 1900. 1960,,, ( ). 1970. 1960 1 0.23, 1968 1 0.26 (1997 ), / 156
...... 1999 3, 209, 177,. 8 6,,. 400 10 1,000,. 1 60~70, 150. 10 600 1 60 4,000 7,000.,.. / 15 7
.,.., 1998 914 1 6,000. 1998 389 1 1 5~15., 70%..,,,.,.,,..,,,,. 1998 4 1 3,718 ( : 195, : 1,230, : 2,293) 91.8% / 158
., 2, (, 1998: 19).,, 39) (,,, ) (, 1999: 10). ( ).,. 40) (3) 19,,,. 9 5,,,,,. 39). 3 3, 4 20,000 45. 40) 40 17 1,296. 1 1,000... / 159
,.,... 2001 18 85, 1 5 1 100,. 50%. 2) (1)..,. 1991 (1991. 3. 8) / 16 0
. 184. 21....,.,. 21.. 1991.,.. / 16 1
(2).,...,.,,,,,,.... (, 1996: 9~10). < 6> / 16 2
1,,. 2. 3,., 1989 9 7 ( ). 2000 1,. (10 2 ). 1970 ( 91-345) (NCLIS).,,,.,,.. / 16 3
(3) 1991. 1997 1 1. 24 ( ),. ( ) 5 1997 1 1. 41) 26 14, 53 12,.. (, 1999: 44)..,,., 1998 6 4 1) 2000 30 1 190. / 16 4
, 12 22 4 (,,, ), 2001 5 5.,,,,,,.. 2, 20, 21...,.,.,.,,. / 16 5
.. 1998 5 96.. (, 1998: 24). 1998 12, 2002. 1998 12 31 15995,.. 21... 1. / 16 6
1970.,.,.,,,.,. (4) 2. 9. 1950 10. ( ) ( )... / 16 7
.,, 1991.. 1995 1 1 10 376, 1997 127. 22 100. 10 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )., (, 2001: 88)..... / 16 8
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.. 2) / (1) / /.,,.,.,., ( ),. - - - (, ) - -, - - - -, -, / 1 70
(2),,,.,...,...,..,,. (3),.,,, Sackler,,,,, V&A, 2001. / 17 1
2002,,,.,.,,.,,. Eco-museum,. Eco-museum 60,,,, 10.,,,,,,...,,... ( ),,. / 1 72
,....,..... (Living Museum). 43),. 42) 42),. 43) 12, 16. 10,,, 1997, Living Museum, Eco-museum. 1.. / 173
.,,,,,,,,,. (4) / /.,,...,.,., /,,,..,,,.,,,., / 1 74
.,.,,.,.. /,,,,,,,,..,. /,,,.,,.,,. (5),,.,. / 175
..,.,,,.. 3) (1),,.,. 5,000. 1,200, 600, 230, 150, 100,,, 10, 50,, 10.. 50 2050 130. 7,600, / 1 76
6,700 50~100.. 17,000,, 3,300, ( 1,400 ), 120 ( 40 ).,,,,,.. 10. 1995, 10..,.,,,,,,.,..,,... / 17 7
,,. (network).,,, (Eco-museum) /,,..,,. 44). (2) 1946,. 10,.,,,. 44),,,,,,. / 1 78
,,,.,.,,, -,,,. (, 2001),,,,,..,.. (3),.... / 179
....,.,.,. 10.,,,,.,,. (4) /,,,,, 6 1983 1999.,,. 45) 45),, / 18 0
.,.. 2001, 6 1984 1999 432 5 ( 286 8 ),. 2000 47 4 ( 30, 17 ),,,,,.,, 5 (2002~2006)... 6,.,,,,,,,.,.,... / 18 1
(5) 2001 90...,..,. 1995 5 20. 1997. 1., 1999 27. 2, 2000 3., / 18 2
.. 46),,.. 3. 1) 1980 1..,.. 1990. 46),,.. / 18 3
(Arts Center). 2. 2.,,. 1945 1 5 3..,.,.. (1)...., / 18 4
.,..,,.,. 10.,,, 200 600....,..... 1,500, 1,000, / 800. 8, 60% 1,000 600.. / 18 5
10, 0.6%.,... 1, 5..,, 1000,, 800. 800, 500~600,.,,..,. / 18 6
.,,,.., LG..,,,..,.,.,,...,.. / 18 7
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..,......, 10%. 200 20. 200 600, 1 10%. 5 2~3, 100,.. / 19 0
.,.,,,,,,.,,.,.,.,.,,,.,... 2),,.,... / 19 1
(1) 1995 60 2000 100. 10. (1998) 1998 61 2003 86. 146. 2003 86. 10~12. 2000.,,,,.,. 2001..,,...,.,, / 19 2
,.. (2).., ( ),.,,..,.,, 1,,,,.,,,,,,...... / 19 3
< 99> ( 21 ) 1,000 1 1 1 1 800-1,000 2 1 1 1 500-800 3 1 1 * 2. *.,,.,,,,,.,. < 100> / 4 +1 ( ) 4 +1 ( ) 2 2 (,,,, ) 1 ( )+2 ( ) +2 1-3 ( )+2 ( ) ( )+1 ( )+1 +2 ( )+ 1 ( ( )+1 ( )=8 )+1 ( )=7-10 4 ( )+4 ( )+4 ( 4 ( )+4 ( )+4 ( )+2 ( )+1 ( )+ )+2 ( )+ 2 ( )+1 ( )=18 2 +1 ( )=16 33 32~34 * 1,000 20~400 2 / 19 4
200 2~3,,. *,,.,, 2.. 2, 2, 2. 2 200. 600~800, 100.,,. 2 1,000., 1, 1, 1, 17~20. (3),..,,,. / 19 5
., 200 300~400, 600~800.,...,,. (4).,.,,, 1,000,.,..,, 20~30 / 19 6
.,,.,,.,,,, 1., 1,200~1,300.,, 800., 1 1,000~1,200, 400~500 200~300. (5)..., 1, 2.,... / 19 7
(6),.,,,....... 4. 1) 1990 1996 4 2001 6 86 24. 232 110..,. / 19 8
.,, 47)...,..,,,.,..,. 47).,,.. / 19 9
2) (1) 3.,,. 81 75, 31% 23, 49 (65%), 3 (4%).,.. 3~4,,.,,,.,...... / 2 0 0
.,,....,..,.....,. (2). 1 2.9 12.8. 1. / 20 1
5.6, 7.2.... 7~9,....,.. (3)..., 4 1996. 100% / 2 0 2
.. /,....,,,. 3).....,.... / 20 3
.,.,,..,,. (1)...........,. (2) 2001. 1996 / 2 0 4
1997.... 2000........,.. / 20 5
... (Arts center),,... box office 10%...... (3),...., / 2 0 6
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.......,...,,,. / 2 0 8
. 1. 1) 3,,.,,,,.,. < 7>,,. / 2 0 9
..., /, /,... < 8>,, /. / 2 10
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., /.,. 2). 50%,...,.,,.,..,. / 2 13
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63, 29, 13, 5, 2. 51%, 28%, 25%, 23% 7%. < 101> 1 ( : ) 20 5 25% 177 13 7% 105 29 28% 267 63 23% 3.8 2 51%.,,,,.,.,.. 50%., 50%..,. 48) / 2 16
2),..,..,,. ( 758 <2000.1.4.>),,. : : :.,.. 48) ( 4 ) :,,,,. / 2 1 7
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,... 4)..,.....,...,,.. / 2 2 0
5) 1998..,,. 1998 3... 1999 3,, 1,.,.,,,... 35%. 14 15,,,,,.. / 2 2 1
. 49)..,.,...,. 49),. / 2 2 2
,,, 1991.,,, 2001., :, :, 1996., 2000, 2000.,,, 1995., 50, 7,, 1995.,, :, 1998.,,, 1992.,, :, 1994.,, :, 1994.,,, 1996.,,, 1994. Gujarati, D. N., ( ), - -, :, 1993., " ", 1970. / 22 3
Abstract A Study on the long-term plan for establishing and developing cultural facilities Kim, Se-Hun / Kim Hong-nam, Chung Chang-mu, Lee Yong-nam, Lee Chul-sun The aim of this study is to set up a long-term plan for establishing and developing cultural facilities in Korea. For this purpose, we explored the social function of the cultural facilities, history of cultural facility policy, theoretical basis of public support for those facilities, general situation of and regional demands for the facilities, and suggested some policy proposals. 1. Social function of cultural facilities Cultural facilities are space where many social and creative activities take places. As a part of social institutions, they have close relations with society' in terms of role' and function. In the individual level, those facilities encourage people's creativity through providing diverse cultural and artistic programs. They also develop sense of involvement' through people's participation in the cultural activities, which is a sort of social life'. In the social level, the cultural facilities function as a tool for social revitalisation and regeneration. Moreover, as a site for cultural tourism and cultural industry, they take an important role to develop economic situation in the local areas. 2. History of cultural facility policy The Korean government has been setting up cultural facility policies since the 1970s. In the 1970s, the Korean government established the Culture and arts Abstract / 2 2 5
promotion law' and the Korea Culture and Arts promoting Foundation' (KCAF). Rapid increase of the cultural facilities has started in the 1980s, when cultural policy was included in the General National Development Plan' for the first time and designed as a part of comprehensive strategy for national development. In the 1990s, there was a turning point of cultural policy, which showed change from nation wide policy to local-scale one. The concept of cultural welfare was elaborated and cultural welfare policy was set up at that time. This new trend emphasised culture as a basic human right and focused on cultural activities in everyday life. The policy also took a note of participation', cultural experience' and creativity' through those cultural activities. As a project of the policy, small-scale cultural facilities, Houses of culture, have been established in many local areas and people participated in and enjoyed cultural activities in their everyday lives. 3. General situation of cultural facilities in Korea The number of cultural facilities has been increased since the 1980's. As a consequence, the cultural gap between Seoul and the other local areas was filled up remarkably and various cultural activities could be enjoyed in those regions. However, the cultural situation in Korea still need to be improved, especially comparing to those of advanced society. The arrangement of the cultural facilities shows regional differences in the level of professionality, scale and equipments. As of October 2001, the number of public libraries are 427, museums are 222, art galleries are 51, arts centers are 101 and Houses of culture are 86. The economic situation of local areas influences on the establishment and management of those facilities. 79% of total local governments are under 50% in the level of self-support economy and 45% of those governments are under 30%. Because of these poor economic situation of the local governments, many cultural facilities have problems to provide cultural programs in good quality. The cultural facilities also have great challenges relating to the issue of personnel' and programs'. There are not many people who have professionality in the / 2 2 6