Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol. 6, No. 1 175-187, 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.7229/jkn.2013.6.1.175 Characteristics of Birds Community in Ulleung Island, Korea Jae-Pyoung Yu 1, Seon-Deok Jin 1, Wan-Byoung Kim 2, Jung-Hoon Kang 3, In-Kyu Kim 4, Tae-Han Kang 4, Seung-Woo Han 4, Chi-Young Park 4, Hui-Bae Jeon 5, Jun-Tae Choi 5 and Woon-Kee Paek 1 * 1 Research and Planning Division, National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Korea 2 Folklore and Natural History Museum, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-834, Korea 3 National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Daejeon 302-834, Korea 4 Korea Institute of Environmental Ecology, Daejeon 305-590, Korea 5 Nomok Nature Observation, Chungcheongbuk-do 390-873, Korea Abstract: This study conducted the survey of birds, twice from June 25 to 29 and from September 3 to 9, 2012 in Ulleung Island. The total number of individual birds observed in Ulleung Island was 5,692 and they consisted of 67 species of the 38 families belonging to 12 orders. In June, 5,091 individuals of 42 species were observed, and 2,099 individuals of 46 species in September. There were less individuals but more species in September and in June. At each region, 914 individuals (sum of the maximum count) of 37 species were observed at Nari Basin and Sunginbong. The dominant species were Carduelis sinica (35.78%), Passer rutilans (22.98%), Apus pacificus (5.47%), Hirundo rustica (4.38%), etc. In trekking trail areas, 1,063 individuals (sum of the maximum count) of 40 species were observed, which was more than those in Sunginbong. The dominant species were Passer rutilans (26.06%), Carduelis sinica (20.04%), Parus major (10.72%), Apus pacificus (7.62%), etc. In coastal area, 3,929 individuals (sum of the maximum count) of 48 species were observed. There were the largest number of species and individuals. The dominant species were Larus crassirostris (79.10%), Passer rutilans (5.45%), Apus pacificus (3.56%), etc. Through the addition of the newly observed 20 species in this research to the previous studies, the recorded birds in total in Ulleung Island were 112 species of 38 families belonging to 16 orders. Keywords: Dominant species, Nari Basin, Sunginbong Introduction Ulleung Island, located at 37 o 33' north latitude and 130 o 47' east longitude, has an area of 72.558 km 2. It is about 130.3 km away from Jukbyeon-eup, Uljin-gun, Gyeongbuk and 87.4 km from Dokdo Islet. The topography of the island features volcanic and coastal landforms. Also, salt weathering produces distinctive topographic forms of the island. There is Sunginbong (984 m above the sea level) in the middle of the island. Ulleung Island, a tholoide (bellshaped volcano), is almost steep-sided so that it has few flatland and monotonous shorelines, except for Nari Basin north of Seonginbong, which is a caldera basin with a diameter of 3.5 km and the largest flat area on the island. In particular, Sunginbong virgin forests, Nari Basin, and Bongrae Falls represent the natural landscape unique to Ulleung Island (Ulleung-gun, 2007). Moreover, the island has its important value for academic research and tourist attractions because of the distinctive fauna of its inhabitants *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +82-42-601-7982 E-mail: paekwk@msip.go.kr (Hahm et al., 1993). However, due to the factors such as the increasing number of tourists, the development of residential area, and the construction of hiking path around the seashore, the ecosystem of Ulleung Island has been expected to be changed. According to the previous study of the bird fauna in Ulleung Island, Woo and Koo (1981) reported 31 species in Ulleung Island and 17 species in Dokdo Islet. Hahm et al. (1993) reported 24 species in Taeharyong in summer. Yoon and Yoon (1996) recorded 32 species in summer. Kim and Nam (2001) reported 45 species in Ulleung Island and 11 species in Dokdo Islet. Park et al. (2009) reported 38 species in Nari Basin areas. In addition, Hur et al. (2009) investigated the morphological characters of Parus major in Ulleung Island, the central area of Korean peninsula, and Jeju Island. They reported there was no difference between the subspecies of Parus major in each site. As a joint survey of National Biodiversity Union, the present study investigated the comprehensive fauna in Ulleung Island. This study also aimed to use those findings from this study as the basic resources for conserving and anticipating the possible changes of ecosystem of the island.
176 Jae-Pyoung Yu et al. Fig. 1. The location map of the survey areas in Ulleungdo, Korea (A: Nari Basin & Sunginbong area, B: Tracking course area, C: The coastal area). Materials and Methods Research Site Ulleung Island is a pentagon-shaped island formed by volcanic eruptions. It is 10 km from east to west and 9.5 km from north to south, with a total of 56.5 km of shorelines. It consists of a total of 44 islands, including 4 inhabited islands and 44 uninhabited islands. About 76% of the area is forest land, and only 18% is farmland used as upland field. There are significant plant communities designated as natural monuments, including the natural growing sites of Chinese juniper in Tonggumi and Daepunggam, hemlock, pine and beech trees in Taeha-dong, evergreen broadleaved trees (camellia, laurel, Japanese aucuba, silver magnolia), and southern plants (Ligularia tussilaginea, Goodyera spp., Goodyera maximowicziana Makino, etc.) (Ulleung-gun, 2007). Survey Method Based on the survey methods of Line transect census (Bibby et al., 1992) and Point census, the survey of bird community was conducted by moving along the roads, forest roads, and trails, which were divided into Nari Basin and Sunginbong areas (A), trekking trail areas (B), and coastal areas (C) in Ulleung Island. Bird species and individuals were identified by using binoculars (Nikon 10 50), with naked eyes, and the crying sound of the observed birds. The points of observation were recorded by using GPS (Gamin 60CS). The list of survey findings was based on Checklist of the Birds of Korea (The Ornithological Society of Korea 2009). Based on Won s (1981) Illustration flora & fauna of Korea. vol. 25 avifauna and A Field Guide to the Birds of Korea (Lee et al., 2000), the findings were listed by area. Analysis Methods The analysis of bird community was based on the formulas of Relative species density (RD) (Brower et al., 1990), Species diversity (Shannon and Weaver, 1965), and Species richness (Marglef, 1963). RD (Relative species density)=(ni/n) 100 ni: number of i species N: total number of individuals H' (Species diversity)= Σ (ni/n) ln (ni/n) ni: number of i species N: total number of individuals in an area Da (Species richness)=(s 1)/ln(N) s: total number of species N: total number of observed individuals Results and Discussion Bird Fauna of Ulleung Island The faunal survey of birds in Ulleung Island, conducted
Characteristics of Birds Community in Ulleung Island, Korea 177 twice from June 25 to 29 and from September 3 to 9, 2012, the total number of observed individual birds was 5,692 (sum of the maximum count) and they consisted of 67 species of the 38 families belonging to 12 orders (Table 1). In June (summer), 5,091 individuals of 42 species were observed, and 2,099 individuals of 46 species in September (fall). There were less number of individuals observed in September. However, there were a number of species because of a variety of the wading birds migrating in spring and fall were observed (Table 1). As Ulleung Island, an island in East Sea, plays an important role as a stopover and breeding site for migratory birds, there are relatively more number of species in spring and fall when they migrate, rather than that during the reproduction period. Moreover, it is characterized that there is the extremely high proportion of migratory birds, rather than resident birds (Park et al. 2012). With regard to the status of the dominant species in each period, Larus crassirostris (61.48%) was the most dominant species in June, followed by Passer rutilans (8.13%), Carduelis sinica (6.64%), and Apus pacificus (4.91%). In September, Passer rutilans (32.02%) was the most dominant species, followed by Carduelis sinica (22.63%), Larus crassirostris (10.01%), Parus major (5.57%), and Columba janthina (4.81%). Except for Apus pacificus, which are summer migratory birds, all resident birds were dominant species (Fig. 2). In breeding season in June, the density of population was very high because Larus crassirostris breed in group at the rocky coastal areas of Ulleung Island and Dokdo. On the other hand, the density was low in migrating period in September. This might result from the fact that they were dispersed into East Sea areas. The overall numbers of individuals (Passer rutilans, Carduelis sinica, Columba janthina, etc.) increased in September when drifting seaweeds became increasing after they bred. Park et al. (2012) argued that seven (excluding Larus crassirostris, Microscelis amaurotis, Parus major) out of top 10 dominant species observed in Ulleung Island were migratory birds. In the present study, however, resident birds, such as Larus crassirostris, Passer rutilans, Carduelis sinica, Parus major, Columba janthina, Monticola solitarius philippensis, Microscelis amaurotis, etc., were ranked as dominant species. In contrast, the relative species density of migratory birds were low. This might result from the difference of research ranges and periods. In each period, species diversity and species richness in June were 1.69 and 4.80, respectively, which were lower than those (2.33 and 5.88, respectively) in September (Table 1). This might result from the fact that the overall species diversity decreased because the number of species in June was larger than in September. Additionally, the extremely high density of Larus crassirostris breeding in group also caused the overall decrease of species diversity. Table 1. Bird result of survey that inhabit in Ulleung Island No. Scientific Name Korean Name Jun. Sep. Max. RD 1 Phasianus colchicus 꿩 9 6 9 0.16 2 Anas platyrhynchos 청둥오리 1 1 0.02 3 Anas poecilorhyncha 흰뺨검둥오리 1 1 0.02 4 Anas crecca 쇠오리 10 10 0.18 5 Bubulcus ibis 황로 16 16 0.28 6 Ardea cinerea 왜가리 6 11 11 0.19 7 Ardea alba modesta 중대백로 25 25 0.44 8 Egretta intermedia 중백로 2 2 0.04 9 Egretta garzetta 쇠백로 5 5 0.09 10 Phalacrocorax capillatus 가마우지 1 1 0.02 11 Falco tinnunculus 황조롱이 1 1 0.02 12 Falco peregrinus 매 2 2 0.04 13 Milvus migrans 솔개 1 1 0.02 14 Accipiter gentilis 참매 2 2 0.04 15 Charadrius leschenaultii 큰왕눈물떼새 1 1 0.02 16 Tringa nebularia 청다리도요 2 2 0.04 17 Tringa ochropus 삑삑도요 2 2 0.04 18 Tringa glareola 알락도요 2 2 0.04 19 Actitis hypoleucos 깝작도요 29 29 0.51 20 Heteroscelus brevipes 노랑발도요 2 2 0.04 21 Calidris ruficollis 좀도요 6 6 0.11 22 Calidris temminckii 흰꼬리좀도요 1 1 0.02 23 Calidris alpina 민물도요 1 1 0.02 24 Larus crassirostris 괭이갈매기 3,130 210 3,130 55.08
178 Jae-Pyoung Yu et al. Table 1. Bird result of survey that inhabit in Ulleung Island No. Scientific Name Korean Name Jun. Sep. Max. RD 25 Columba livia var. domestica 집비둘기 21 21 0.37 26 Columba janthina 흑비둘기 82 101 101 1.78 27 Streptopelia orientalis 멧비둘기 26 18 26 0.46 28 Treron sieboldii 녹색비둘기 3 3 0.05 29 Hierococcyx hyperythrus 매사촌 8 8 0.14 30 Cuculus canorus 뻐꾸기 10 10 0.18 31 Cuculus saturatus 벙어리뻐꾸기 5 5 0.09 32 Cuculus poliocephalus 두견이 15 15 0.26 33 Apus pacificus 칼새 250 61 250 4.40 34 Eurystomus orientalis 파랑새 2 2 0.04 35 Alcedo atthis 물총새 2 2 0.04 36 Dendrocopos leucotos 큰오색딱다구리 12 4 12 0.21 37 Picus canus 청딱다구리 1 1 0.02 38 Oriolus chinensis 꾀꼬리 1 1 0.02 39 Parus major 박새 172 117 172 3.03 40 Parus ater 진박새 4 28 28 0.49 41 Parus varius 곤줄박이 36 41 41 0.72 42 Parus palustris 쇠박새 16 16 0.28 43 Hirundo rustica 제비 115 44 115 2.02 44 Aegithalos caudatus magnus 오목눈이 24 24 0.42 45 Microscelis amaurotis 직박구리 71 43 71 1.25 46 Cettia diphone borealis 휘파람새 28 28 0.49 47 Locustella pleskei 섬개개비 1 1 0.02 48 Phylloscopus inornatus 노랑눈썹솔새 1 1 0.02 49 Phylloscopus borealis 솔새 2 2 0.04 50 Phylloscopus tenellipes 되솔새 1 1 0.02 51 Zosterops japonicus 동박새 3 3 0.05 52 Zoothera aurea 호랑지빠귀 1 1 0.02 53 Turdus hortulorum 되지빠귀 11 11 0.19 54 Turdus pallidus 흰배지빠귀 35 7 35 0.62 55 Monticola solitarius philippensis 바다직박구리 89 32 89 1.57 56 Muscicapa griseisticta 제비딱새 17 17 0.30 57 Muscicapa sibirica 솔딱새 1 1 0.02 58 Muscicapa dauurica 쇠솔딱새 1 1 1 0.02 59 Ficedula zanthopygia 흰눈썹황금새 6 6 0.11 60 Cyanoptila cyanomelana 큰유리새 31 8 31 0.55 61 Passer rutilans 섬참새 414 672 672 11.82 62 Passer montanus 참새 1 1 0.02 63 Motacilla cinerea 노랑할미새 29 52 52 0.92 64 Motacilla alba leucopsis 알락할미새 60 37 60 1.06 65 Motacilla alba lugens 백할미새 15 1 15 0.26 66 Carduelis sinica 방울새 338 475 475 8.36 67 Emberiza elegans 노랑턱멧새 2 2 0.04 Number of species 41 45 66 Number of individuals 5,082 2,093 5,683 Species diversity (H') 1.68 2.32 1.90 Species richness (Da) 4.69 5.75 7.52 Characteristics of Bird Community by Area 1) Nari Basin and Sunginbong areas Nari Basin, a caldera basin caused by volcanic depression and collapse in the north of Seonginbong (986 m), is the only flat area in Ulleung Island. Nari Basin has favorable environments for bird inhabitation due to less influence from wind, dense forests, and the soil suitable for cultivation (Park et al. 2009). 914 individuals (sum of the maximum count) of 37 species were observed at Nari Basin and Sunginbong. The
Characteristics of Birds Community in Ulleung Island, Korea 179 Fig. 2. Dominance of bird species of June and September in Ulleung Island dominant species were Carduelis sinica (35.78%), Passer rutilans (22.98%), Apus pacificus (5.47%), Hirundo rustica (4.38%), etc. In June, 369 individuals of 27 species were observed, and 736 individuals of 25 species in September. There were less individuals but more species in September. The overall numbers of individuals (Passer rutilans, Carduelis sinica, etc.) increased in September when drifting seaweeds became increasing after they bred (Table 2). In each period at Nari Basin and Sunginbong areas, species diversity and species richness in June were 2.86 and 4.40, respectively, which were higher than those (1.74 and 3.64, respectively) in September. This might result from the fact that the observed number of species in June was more than that in September. Additionally, the overall species diversity increased due to the relatively small difference among the numbers of each species. 2) Trekking trail areas (Dulre Path areas) The Dulre Path in Ulleung Island is trekking trail (Namyang to Taehayeong, Seokpo to Naesugeon), consisting of valleys and forests. The birds observed in the Dulre Path areas were a total of 40 species 1,063 individuals (sum of the maximum count). The dominant species were Passer rutilans (26.06%), followed by Carduelis sinica (20.04%), Parus major (10.72%), and Apus pacificus (7.62%). In June, 992 individuals of 29 species were observed, and 606 individuals of 27 species in September. Both numbers of species and individuals decreased in September. Species diversity in June and September were 2.37 and 2.15 respectively, which shows a little high in June. Species richness, however, indicates that the species richness in both June and September was the same (4.06), which shows that there was no significant difference in species richness between two periods (Table 3). 3) Coastal areas The coastal areas in Ulleung Island is steep-sided and has monotonous shorelines. In such coastal area, 3,929 individuals (sum of the maximum count) of 48 species were observed. The dominant species were Larus crassirostris (79.10%), Passer rutilans (5.45%), Apus pacificus (3.56%), etc. In June, 3,730 individuals of 32 species were observed, and 757 individuals of 31 species in September. Both numbers of species and individuals was larger in June. However, there was no significant difference in the number of species. Species diversity in June and September were 2.37 and 2.15 respectively, which shows a little high in June. Species richness, however, indicates that the species richness in both June and September was the same (4.06), which shows that there was no significant difference in species richness between two periods (Table 3). The extremely high density of Larus crassirostris in June results from the fact that they breed in group from the coastal cliffs in Ulleung Island. Therefore, the overall decrease of species diversity in June was significantly low (0.87) due to the extremely high density of single species (Table 4). The Changes in the Composition of Species In comparison with the previous findings: 41 species (25 families, 13 orders) before the 1980s (Ulleung-gun, 2007), 31 species (20 families, 9 orders) in 1981 (Woo and Koo 1981), 24 species (17 families, 7 orders) in 1992 (Hahm et al. 1993), 32 species (22 families, 9 orders) in 1995 (Yoon and Yoon 1996), 45 species (25 families, 12 orders) in 2001 (Kim and Nam 2001), and 38 species (24 families, 13 orders) in 2007 (Park et al. 2009), this study recorded the largest number of birds of 67 species (28 families, 12 orders). Moreover, the newly observed birds in the study are 20, including Anas crecca, Egretta intermedia, Charadrius leschenaultii, Tringa nebularia, Calidris ruficollis, Calidris
180 Jae-Pyoung Yu et al. Table 2. Result of bird survey of June and September for Nari Basin & Sunginbong area in Ulleung Island No. 학명 (Scientific Name) 국명 (Korean Name) Jun. Sep. max. Dom. 1 Phasianus colchicus 꿩 7 2 7 0.77 2 Falco peregrinus 매 1 1 0.11 3 Milvus migrans 솔개 1 1 0.11 4 Accipiter gentilis 참매 1 1 0.11 5 Larus crassirostris 괭이갈매기 9 9 0.98 6 Columba livia var. domestica 집비둘기 20 20 2.19 7 Columba janthina 흑비둘기 12 17 17 1.86 8 Streptopelia orientalis 멧비둘기 12 8 12 1.31 9 Treron sieboldii 녹색비둘기 1 1 0.11 10 Hierococcyx hyperythrus 매사촌 4 4 0.44 11 Cuculus saturatus 벙어리뻐꾸기 2 2 0.22 12 Cuculus poliocephalus 두견이 2 2 0.22 13 Apus pacificus 칼새 29 50 50 5.47 14 Eurystomus orientalis 파랑새 1 1 0.11 15 Dendrocopos leucotos 큰오색딱다구리 4 3 4 0.44 16 Oriolus chinensis 꾀꼬리 1 1 0.11 17 Parus major 박새 30 31 31 3.39 18 Parus ater 진박새 4 4 0.44 19 Parus varius 곤줄박이 19 19 2.08 20 Parus palustris 쇠박새 11 11 1.20 21 Hirundo rustica 제비 40 2 40 4.38 22 Aegithalos caudatus magnus 오목눈이 15 15 1.64 23 Microscelis amaurotis 직박구리 16 3 16 1.75 24 Cettia diphone borealis 휘파람새 5 5 0.55 25 Phylloscopus borealis 솔새 1 1 0.11 26 Turdus hortulorum 되지빠귀 1 1 0.11 27 Turdus pallidus 흰배지빠귀 8 1 8 0.88 28 Monticola solitarius philippensis 바다직박구리 17 4 17 1.86 29 Muscicapa griseisticta 제비딱새 14 14 1.53 30 Muscicapa sibirica 솔딱새 1 1 0.11 31 Ficedula zanthopygia 흰눈썹황금새 6 6 0.66 32 Cyanoptila cyanomelana 큰유리새 12 2 12 1.31 33 Passer rutilans 섬참새 29 210 210 22.98 34 Motacilla cinerea 노랑할미새 6 5 6 0.66 35 Motacilla alba leucopsis 알락할미새 22 3 22 2.41 36 Motacilla alba lugens 백할미새 15 15 1.64 37 Carduelis sinica 방울새 58 327 327 35.78 Number of species 27 25 37 Number of individuals 369 736 914 Species diversity (H') 2.86 1.74 2.34 Species richness (Da) 4.40 3.64 5.28 temminckii, Calidris alpina, Columba livia var. domestica, Treron sieboldii, Hierococcyx hyperythrus, Alcedo atthis, Picus canus, Aegithalos caudatus magnus, Phylloscopus inornatus, Phylloscopus borealis, Phylloscopus tenellipes, Turdus hortulorum, Muscicapa griseisticta, Muscicapa dauurica, Ficedula zanthopygia. Hence, the recorded birds in Ulleung Island so far are 112 species of 38 families belonging to 16 orders (Appendix 1). 42 species were not observed in this study. Of those, Ardea cinerea, Columba janthina, Streptopelia orientalis, Apus pacificus, Dendrocopos leucotos, Parus major, Parus varius, Hirundo rustica, Zosterops japonicus, Monticola solitarius philippensis, Passer rutilans, Motacilla alba leucopsis, and Carduelis sinica have been consistently observed after the 1980s. However, 29 species have been observed only once, including Coturnix japonica, Cygnus columbianus, Aix galericulata, Mergus serrator, Puffinus carneipes, Ixobrychus sinensis, Pandion haliaetus, Gallinula chloropus, Gallinago solitaria, Gallinago gallinago, Xenus cinereus, Calidris alba, Calidris subminuta, Larus vegae, Synthliboramphus antiquus, Caprimulgus indicus, Dendrocopos major, Lanius tigrinus, Lanius cristatus, Corvus macrorhynchos, Tarsiger cyanurus, Phoenicurus auroreus, Cinclus pallasii, Motacilla flava taivana, Anthus rubescens, Emberiza fucata, Emberiza rutila, Emberiza spodocephala spodocephala, Emberiza yessoensis, etc. As Ulleung Island is a stopover site for
Characteristics of Birds Community in Ulleung Island, Korea 181 Table 3. Result of bird survey of June and September for tracking area in Ulleung Island No. Scientific Name Korean Name Jun. Sep. Max. Dom. 1 Phasianus colchicus 꿩 1 4 4 0.38 2 Ardea cinerea 왜가리 1 1 0.09 3 Ardea alba modesta 중대백로 1 1 0.09 4 Accipiter gentilis 참매 1 1 0.09 5 Tringa ochropus 삑삑도요 2 2 0.19 6 Actitis hypoleucos 깝작도요 4 4 0.38 7 Heteroscelus brevipes 노랑발도요 1 1 0.09 8 Calidris alpina 민물도요 1 1 0.09 9 Larus crassirostris 괭이갈매기 13 13 1.22 10 Columba janthina 흑비둘기 34 36 36 3.39 11 Streptopelia orientalis 멧비둘기 8 5 8 0.75 12 Hierococcyx hyperythrus 매사촌 4 4 0.38 13 Cuculus canorus 뻐꾸기 10 10 0.94 14 Cuculus saturatus 벙어리뻐꾸기 3 3 0.28 15 Cuculus poliocephalus 두견이 12 12 1.13 16 Apus pacificus 칼새 81 81 7.62 17 Eurystomus orientalis 파랑새 1 1 0.09 18 Dendrocopos leucotos 큰오색딱다구리 8 1 8 0.75 19 Parus major 박새 114 59 114 10.72 20 Parus ater 진박새 4 24 24 2.26 21 Parus varius 곤줄박이 33 19 33 3.10 22 Parus palustris 쇠박새 1 1 0.09 23 Hirundo rustica 제비 12 5 12 1.13 24 Aegithalos caudatus magnus 오목눈이 9 9 0.85 25 Microscelis amaurotis 직박구리 39 19 39 3.67 26 Cettia diphone borealis 휘파람새 21 21 1.98 27 Phylloscopus borealis 솔새 1 1 0.09 28 Phylloscopus tenellipes 되솔새 1 1 0.09 29 Zoothera aurea 호랑지빠귀 1 1 0.09 30 Turdus hortulorum 되지빠귀 7 7 0.66 31 Turdus pallidus 흰배지빠귀 24 6 24 2.26 32 Monticola solitarius philippensis 바다직박구리 27 16 27 2.54 33 Muscicapa griseisticta 제비딱새 3 3 0.28 34 Muscicapa dauurica 쇠솔딱새 1 1 0.09 35 Cyanoptila cyanomelana 큰유리새 16 4 16 1.51 36 Passer rutilans 섬참새 277 248 277 26.06 37 Passer montanus 참새 1 1 0.09 38 Motacilla cinerea 노랑할미새 15 31 31 2.92 39 Motacilla alba leucopsis 알락할미새 11 16 16 1.51 40 Carduelis sinica 방울새 213 88 213 20.04 Number of species 29 27 40 Number of individuals 992 606 1,063 Species diversity (H') 2.37 2.15 2.56 Species richness (Da) 4.06 4.06 5.60 migratory birds, the migratory patterns tend to be regular. However, the species which have been observed only once might migrate in an irregular way due to the factor such as weather. Columba janthina,natural Monuments 215, is a forest-dwelling bird but lives on the evergreen broad-leaved tree along the sea coast or at the islands of warm areas as a resident bird. The bird collectively with others eats fruits mainly on the silver magnolia (Kim and Nam 2001). It is estimated that over 100 individuals inhabit in Ulleung Island. Especially, the habitat of Columba janthina at Sadong in Ulleung Island is designated and protected as Natural Monument, 237. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (MSIP) (NRF-2008-2004707).
182 Jae-Pyoung Yu et al. Table 4. Result of bird survey of June and September for coastal area in Ulleung Island No. Scientific Name Korean Name Jun. Sep. Max. Dom. 1 Phasianus colchicus 꿩 1 1 0.03 2 Anas platyrhynchos 청둥오리 1 1 0.03 3 Anas poecilorhyncha 흰뺨검둥오리 1 1 0.03 4 Anas crecca 쇠오리 10 10 0.25 5 Bubulcus ibis 황로 16 16 0.41 6 Ardea cinerea 왜가리 5 11 11 0.28 7 Ardea alba modesta 중대백로 24 24 0.61 8 Egretta intermedia 중백로 2 2 0.05 9 Egretta garzetta 쇠백로 5 5 0.13 10 Phalacrocorax capillatus 가마우지 1 1 0.03 11 Falco tinnunculus 황조롱이 1 1 0.03 12 Falco peregrinus 매 1 1 0.03 13 Charadrius leschenaultii 큰왕눈물떼새 1 1 0.03 14 Tringa nebularia 청다리도요 2 2 0.05 15 Tringa glareola 알락도요 2 2 0.05 16 Actitis hypoleucos 깝작도요 25 25 0.64 17 Heteroscelus brevipes 노랑발도요 1 1 0.03 18 Calidris ruficollis 좀도요 6 6 0.15 19 Calidris temminckii 흰꼬리좀도요 1 1 0.03 20 Larus crassirostris 괭이갈매기 3,108 210 3,108 79.10 21 Columba livia var. domestica 집비둘기 1 1 0.03 22 Columba janthina 흑비둘기 36 48 48 1.22 23 Streptopelia orientalis 멧비둘기 6 5 6 0.15 24 Treron sieboldii 녹색비둘기 2 2 0.05 25 Cuculus poliocephalus 두견이 1 1 0.03 26 Apus pacificus 칼새 140 11 140 3.56 27 Alcedo atthis 물총새 2 2 0.05 28 Picus canus 청딱다구리 1 1 0.03 29 Parus major 박새 28 27 28 0.71 30 Parus varius 곤줄박이 3 3 3 0.08 31 Parus palustris 쇠박새 4 4 0.10 32 Hirundo rustica 제비 63 37 63 1.60 33 Microscelis amaurotis 직박구리 16 21 21 0.53 34 Cettia diphone borealis 휘파람새 2 2 0.05 35 Locustella pleskei 섬개개비 1 1 0.03 36 Phylloscopus inornatus 노랑눈썹솔새 1 1 0.03 37 Zosterops japonicus 동박새 3 3 0.08 38 Turdus hortulorum 되지빠귀 3 3 0.08 39 Turdus pallidus 흰배지빠귀 3 3 0.08 40 Monticola solitarius philippensis 바다직박구리 45 12 45 1.15 41 Muscicapa dauurica 쇠솔딱새 1 1 0.03 42 Cyanoptila cyanomelana 큰유리새 3 2 3 0.08 43 Passer rutilans 섬참새 108 214 214 5.45 44 Motacilla cinerea 노랑할미새 8 16 16 0.41 45 Motacilla alba leucopsis 알락할미새 27 18 27 0.69 46 Motacilla alba lugens 백할미새 1 1 0.03 47 Carduelis sinica 방울새 67 60 67 1.71 48 Emberiza elegans 노랑턱멧새 2 2 0.05 Number of species 32 31 48 Number of individuals 3,730 757 3,929 Species diversity (H') 0.87 2.26 1.06 Species richness (Da) 3.77 4.53 5.68 References Bibby, C.J., N.D. Burgess and D.A. Hill (1992) Bird census technique. Academic press limited, London, UK 257 pp. Brower, J., J. Zar and C. von Ende (1990) Field and laboratory methods for general ecology. Third Ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, 237 pp. Burgess, R.L. (1988) ommunity organization: effects of landscape fragmentation, Can. J. Bot. 66: 2687-2690. Hahm K.H., C.S. Kim and J.P. Yu (1993) A Summer Birds
Characteristics of Birds Community in Ulleung Island, Korea 183 Survey on the Areas of Taehanyong, Ulleungdo Island. 92 The Precise Survey Report of Nature ecosystem area- Ulleungdo-. Ministry of Environment, Seoul. pp. 213-227. Hur, W.H., J.G. Park, H.J. Kim, J.H. Kim, H.J. Han, M.H. Seo and S.H. Han (2009) A Morphological Taxonomic Tevision of Great Tits (Parus major) in Ulleung Island, Korea, Kor. J. Orni. 16(2): 123-131. Kim C.H. and K.B. Nam (2001) The Birds of Ulleungdo and Dokdo, Ecological survey Report of the natural enviroment, Ministry of Environment, Seoul. pp. 307-320. Lee, W.S., T.H. Koo and J.Y. Park (2000) A field guide to the birds of Korea. LG Evergeen Foundation. Seoul 320 pp. Marglef, R. (1963) On certain unifying principles in ecology. Amer. Nature 97: 357-374. Park J.Y., D.W. Kim, Y.S. Choi, K.B. Nam, Y.S. Kwon, M.R. Kim and Y.M. Moon (2012) Seasonal Vsriation Study of the migratory birds in Ulleungdo, Proceeding of the Ornithological Society of Korea Conference P. 31. Shannon, C.E. and W. Weaver (1949) The mathematical theory of communication. Univ. of Illinois press, Urbana-Champaign, 117 pp. The Ornithological Society of Korea (2009) Checklist of the Birds of Korea, The Ornithological Society of Korea 133 pp. Ulleung-gun (2007) Ulleung-gun History, Ulleung-gun, 1366 pp. Won, P.O. (1981) Illustration flora & fauna of Korea. vol. 25 avifauna, The Ministry of Education, Seoul, 1064 pp. Woo, H.J. andt.h. Koo (1981) The Birds of Ulleungdo and Dokdo. The Survey Report of the Korean Association for Conservation of Nature 19: 113-134. Won P.O. (1993) The Birds of Korea. Kyo-Hak Co. Ltd. Seoul. 447 p. Yoon M.B. and J.M. Yoon (1996) A Summer Birds survey on the Ulleungdo. Report on the Survey of Natural Environment in Korea 10: 533-551. Received: 14. Feb. 2013 Revised: 12. Mar. 2013 / 22. Mar. 2013 Accepted: 23. Mar. 2013
184 Jae-Pyoung Yu et al. Appendix 1. List of birds in Ulleung Island, Korea No. Scientific Name Korean Name GALLIFORMES 닭목 ago 1980 1) 1981 2) 1993 3) 1996 4) 2001 5) 2007 6) 2012 7) Recording number Phasianidae 꿩과 1 Coturnix japonica 메추라기 0 1 2 Phasianus colchicus 꿩 0 0 0 3 ANSERIFORMES 기러기목 Anatidae 오리과 3 Cygnus columbianus 고니 0 1 4 Aix galericulata 원앙 0 1 5 Anas platyrhynchos 청둥오리 0 0 0 0 4 6 Anas poecilorhyncha 흰뺨검둥오리 0 0 0 3 7 Anas crecca 쇠오리 0 1 8 Mergus serrator 바다비오리 0 1 PROCELLARIIFORMES 슴새목 Procellariidae 슴새과 9 Calonectris leucomelas 슴새 0 0 0 0 4 10 Puffinus carneipes 붉은발슴새 0 1 Hydrobatidae 바다제비과 11 Oceanodroma monorhis 바다제비 0 1 CICINIIFORMES 황새목 Ardeidae 백로과 12 Ixobrychus sinensis 덤불해오라기 0 1 13 Nycticorax nycticorax 해오라기 0 0 2 14 Bubulcus ibis 황로 0 0 0 0 4 15 Ardea cinerea 왜가리 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 16 Ardea alba modesta 중대백로 0 0 0 3 17 Egretta intermedia 중백로 0 1 18 Egretta garzetta 쇠백로 0 0 0 0 4 PELECANIFORMES 사다새목 Phalacrocoracidae 가마우지과 19 Phalacrocorax capillatus 가마우지 0 0 2 FALCONIFORMES 매목 Falconidae 매과 20 Falco tinnunculus 황조롱이 0 0 0 3 21 Falco peregrinus 매 0 0 0 3 Accipitridae 수리과 22 Pandion haliaetus 물수리 0 1 23 Milvus migrans 솔개 0 1 24 Accipiter gentilis 참매 0 0 0 3 25 Buteo buteo 말똥가리 0 0 0 3 GRUIFORMES 두루미목 Rallidae 뜸부기과 26 Gallinula chloropus 쇠물닭 0 1 CHARADRIIFORMES 도요목 Charadriidae 물떼새과 27 Charadrius dubius 꼬마물떼새 0 0 0 3 28 Charadrius leschenaultii 큰왕눈물떼새 0 1 Scolopacidae 도요과 29 Scolopax rusticola 멧도요 0 0 2 30 Gallinago solitaria 청도요 0 1 31 Gallinago gallinago 꺅도요 0 1 32 Tringa nebularia 청다리도요 0 1 33 Tringa ochropus 삑삑도요 0 0 0 3 34 Tringa glareola 알락도요 0 0 0 0 4 35 Xenus cinereus 뒷부리도요 0 1
Characteristics of Birds Community in Ulleung Island, Korea 185 Appendix 1. Continued No. Scientific Name Korean Name ago 1980 1) 1981 2) 1993 3) 1996 4) 2001 5) 2007 6) 2012 7) Recording number 36 Actitis hypoleucos 깝작도요 0 0 0 3 37 Heteroscelus brevipes 노랑발도요 0 0 2 38 Calidris alba 세가락도요 0 1 39 Calidris ruficollis 좀도요 0 1 40 Calidris temminckii 흰꼬리좀도요 0 1 41 Calidris subminuta 종달도요 0 1 42 Calidris alpina 민물도요 0 1 43 Phalaropus lobatus 지느러미발도요 0 0 2 Laridae 갈매기과 44 Larus crassirostris 괭이갈매기 0 0 0 0 0 5 45 Larus vegae 재갈매기 0 1 Alcidae 바다오리과 46 Synthliboramphus antiquus 바다쇠오리 0 1 COLUMBIFORMES 비둘기목 Columbidae 비둘기과 47 Columba livia var. domestica 집비둘기 0 1 48 Columba janthina 흑비둘기 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 49 Streptopelia orientalis 멧비둘기 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 50 Treron sieboldii 녹색비둘기 0 1 CUCULIFORMES 두견이목 Cuculidae 두견이과 51 Hierococcyx hyperythrus 매사촌 0 1 52 Cuculus canorus 뻐꾸기 0 0 2 53 Cuculus saturatus 벙어리뻐꾸기 0 0 2 54 Cuculus poliocephalus 두견이 0 0 0 3 STRIGIFORMES 올빼미목 Strigidae 올빼미과 55 Otus bakkamoena 큰소쩍새 0 0 2 56 Otus sunia 소쩍새 0 0 2 CAPRIMULGIFORMES 쏙독새목 Caprimulgidae 쏙독새과 57 Caprimulgus indicus 쏙독새 0 1 APODIFORMES 칼새목 Apodidae 칼새과 58 Apus pacificus 칼새 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 CORACIIFORMES 파랑새목 Coraciidae 파랑새과 59 Eurystomus orientalis 파랑새 0 0 2 Alcedinidae 물총새과 60 Alcedo atthis 물총새 0 1 PICIFORMES 딱다구리목 Picidae 딱다구리과 61 Dendrocopos leucotos 큰오색딱다구리 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 62 Dendrocopos major 오색딱다구리 0 1 63 Picus canus 청딱다구리 0 1 PASSERIFORMES 참새목 Laniidae 때까치과 64 Lanius tigrinus 칡때까치 0 1 65 Lanius bucephalus 때까치 0 0 0 0 4 66 Lanius cristatus 노랑때까치 0 1 Oriolidae 꾀꼬리과 67 Oriolus chinensis 꾀꼬리 0 0 2 Corvidae 까마귀과 68 Corvus macrorhynchos 큰부리까마귀 0 1
186 Jae-Pyoung Yu et al. Appendix 1. Continued No. Scientific Name Korean Name ago 1980 1) 1981 2) 1993 3) 1996 4) 2001 5) 2007 6) 2012 7) Recording number Paridae 박새과 69 Parus major 박새 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 70 Parus ater 진박새 0 0 0 0 0 5 71 Parus varius 곤줄박이 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 72 Parus palustris 쇠박새 0 0 0 3 Hirundinidae 제비과 73 Hirundo rustica 제비 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Aegithalidae 오목눈이과 74 Aegithalos caudatus magnus 오목눈이 0 1 Pycnonotidae 직박구리과 75 Microscelis amaurotis 직박구리 0 0 0 0 0 5 Sylviidae 휘파람새과 76 Cettia diphone borealis 휘파람새 0 0 0 0 4 77 Locustella pleskei 섬개개비 0 0 0 0 0 5 78 Phylloscopus inornatus 노랑눈썹솔새 0 1 79 Phylloscopus borealis 솔새 0 1 80 Phylloscopus tenellipes 되솔새 0 1 81 Phylloscopus coronatus 산솔새 0 0 2 Zosteropidae 동박새과 82 Zosterops japonicus 동박새 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Troglodytidae 굴뚝새과 83 Troglodytes troglodytes 굴뚝새 0 0 0 3 Turdidae 지빠귀과 84 Zoothera aurea 호랑지빠귀 0 0 0 3 85 Turdus hortulorum 되지빠귀 0 1 86 Turdus pallidus 흰배지빠귀 0 0 0 0 4 Muscicapidae 솔딱새과 87 Tarsiger cyanurus 유리딱새 0 1 88 Phoenicurus auroreus 딱새 0 1 89 Monticola solitarius philippensis 바다직박구리 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 90 Muscicapa griseisticta 제비딱새 0 1 91 Muscicapa sibirica 솔딱새 0 0 2 92 Muscicapa dauurica 쇠솔딱새 0 1 93 Ficedula zanthopygia 흰눈썹황금새 0 1 94 Cyanoptila cyanomelana 큰유리새 0 0 0 3 Cinclidae 물까마귀과 95 Cinclus pallasii 물까마귀 0 1 Passeridae 참새과 96 Passer rutilans 섬참새 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 97 Passer montanus 참새 0 0 0 0 4 Motacillidae 할미새과 98 Motacilla flava taivana 긴발톱할미새 0 1 99 Motacilla cinerea 노랑할미새 0 0 0 0 0 5 100 Motacilla alba leucopsis 알락할미새 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 101 Motacilla alba lugens 백할미새 0 0 0 3 102 Anthus rubescens 밭종다리 0 1 Fringillidae 되새과 103 Fringilla montifringilla 되새 0 0 2 104 Carduelis sinica 방울새 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 105 Carduelis spinus 검은머리방울새 0 1 Emberizidae 멧새과 106 Emberiza cioides 멧새 0 0 2 107 Emberiza fucata 붉은뺨멧새 0 1 108 Emberiza rustica 쑥새 0 0 2
Characteristics of Birds Community in Ulleung Island, Korea 187 Appendix 1. Continued No. Scientific Name Korean Name ago 1980 1) 1981 2) 1993 3) 1996 4) 2001 5) 2007 6) 2012 7) Recording number 109 Emberiza elegans 노랑턱멧새 0 0 2 110 Emberiza rutila 꼬까참새 0 1 111 Emberiza spodocephala spodocephala 촉새 0 1 112 Emberiza yessoensis 쇠검은머리쑥새 0 1 Number of order 13 9 7 9 12 13 12 16 Number of family 25 20 17 22 25 24 28 38 Number of species 41 31 24 32 45 38 67 112 1) Ulleung-gun (2007), 2) Woo & Koo (1981), 3) Hahm et al. (1993), 4) Yoon & Yoon (1996), 5) Kim & Nam (2001), 6) Park et al. (2009), 7) Present study