Rates and Factors of Path Widening in Seongpanak Hiking Trail of Mount Halla, Jeju Island* Taeho Kim** 875 1 400m 32 2002 10 2008 4 50 6mm 10 0mm/yr 2006 2003 18 0mm/yr 7 6mm/yr 19 3mm/yr 4 3mm/yr 5 9mm/yr 2 9mm/yr 42 2mm/yr 13 9mm/yr 6 4mm/yr 3 3mm/yr 1 3mm/yr 76 7 85 12 3 4 Abstract In order to examine the rates and factors of path widening in Mount Halla, the retreat of path sidewalls was monitored at 32 sites of Seongpanak Hiking Trail located between 875 m and 1,400 m in elevation. The mean rate of sidewall retreat for the period 2002-2008 is 50.6 mm, equivalent to 10.0 mm/yr. The retreat rate of frozen period is 19.3 mm/yr, while the rate of unfrozen period is 4.3 mm/yr. The latter is divided into the rainy and dry periods that exhibit the retreat rates of 5.9 mm/yr and 2.9 mm/yr, respectively. The retreat rate of sidewalls is also varied with seasons; winter shows the maximum rate of 42.2 mm/yr, while summer exhibits the minimum rate of 1.3 mm/yr. Spring and fall show the intermediate rates of 13.9 mm/yr and 6.4 mm/yr, respectively. Soil hardness and elevation are not closely related to the retreat rate of sidewalls, even though the retreat rate is larger at the north-faced sidewalls than the southfaced sidewalls during the frozen period. Pipkrake is likely to be the most important factor contributing to the path widening in that the retreat of winter months accounts for 76.7 % of the total retreat. The hiking trail is placed under the climatic conditions which develop pipkrake in 85 days annually. In addition, it is usual to observe the path sidewalls covered with pipkrake in the freezing month of December and the thawing months of March and April. On 2006 2008 (Associate Professor, Department of Geography Education, and Researcher, Educational Research Institute, Cheju National University), kimtaeho@cheju.ac.kr 296
the other hand, deflation and rainsplash erosion are not important due to the weak wind speed and the forested trail. Rainwash is also insignificant in that the path has been almost paved to mitigate trampling effects. Although biological activity is not dominant, hikers cause a large retreat of sidewalls in the thawing months since they would walk on the sidewalls to avoid snow-melting pools on the path. : hiking trail, path widening, pipkrake, Seongpanak Trail, Mount Halla 1970 1994 50 2004 668 793 60 2006 745 308 2007 804 887 1986 1992 1996 1997 2000a 1994 82 500m 2 36 4 2000a Weaver and Dale 1978 1994 1998 1999 2003 Quinn et al. 1980 Coleman 1981 1998 1990 2002 1977 1981 Ito et al. 2002 2006 1991 1 297
lava dome 1994 1994 46 1997 11 2000b Y 762m 972m 10 8 9 6 1 4 198 1mm 3 010 9mm 1 8 811 9mm 643 7mm 12 99 1mm 89 9mm 6 9 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 3 0 6 4 5 10 4 14 2 17 8 21 1 21 1 17 8 12 7 7 4 2 0 10 8 2 3 1 3 2 9 9 4 13 6 17 6 20 9 20 7 16 6 11 1 5 7 0 0 9 6 125 3 118 3 204 4 367 8 549 6 392 7 661 6 811 9 499 3 198 2 169 9 99 1 4198 1 mm 101 4 96 4 125 7 239 4 319 8 294 1 516 3 643 7 352 8 109 3 122 1 89 9 3010 9 2007 298
2365 5mm 1806 9mm 56 3 60 0 100mm 11 10 1 5 2 970m 1 400m 1 600m 1 700m 4 7km 2 1 280m 1 500m 3 7 1 30 760m 1 050m 1 300m 1 500m 1 920m 9 6 4 30 2000 620m 850m 1 400m 1 500m 8 7 5 A B C D E 4 299
800 1 400m 3 500m 1 400m 1 169m 1 3km 30 22 1 46 5 2 3 29 0 6 7 28 0 8 0 8 0 20 0 17 3 3 1 51 6 16 1 5 2 2 9 34 7 8 8 0 6 5 9 2 4 5 8 38 8 24 0 12 0 2000a 2002 300
m kgf/cm 2 mm mm/yr 1A 875 SE26 2/3 4.68 1693 90.0 19.4 1B 875 NE46 4/4 7.32 1997 15.1 2.8 2A 925 SE46 2/2 4.23 1997 60.5 11.1 2B 925 SE46 5/4 14.74 1622 65.0 14.6 2C 925 NE05 2/2 4.04 1997 37.0 6.8 3 930 NW10 2/2 3.87 1503 59.5 14.4 4A 940 SE20 2/1 4.68 1997 34.5 6.3 4B 940 SE20 4/4 9.55 1662 79.3 17.8 4C 940 NE10 2/2 4.48 - - - 5A 950 SE40 2/2 5.19 1997 32.5 5.9 5B 950 NW32 2/3 6.29 - - - 5C 950 NW32 3/4 17.65 1693 57.6 12.4 6 955 SE25 2/2 5.67 1997 31.5 5.8 7 960 NE30 4/4 6.99 1997 11.0 2.0 8A 965 SE63 3/4 6.99 1503 27.5 6.7 8B 965 NE36 3/4 6.02 1997 56.0 10.2 9A 985 NE02 2/2 6.99 1997 55.0 10.1 9B 985 NE40 4/4 6.58 1997 52.5 9.6 10A 1000 SE14 2/2 4.68 1693 10.3 2.2 10B 1000 NE13 2/1 4.89 1997 31.3 5.7 10C 1000 NE30 5/6 11.23 1997 39.0 7.1 11 1030 SE36 4/4 6.99 1997 38.5 7.0 12A 1060 SW10 2/2 3.76 1997 38.0 6.9 12B 1060 NE37 2/1 2.89 1997 57.0 10.4 12C 1060 NE37 4/4 8.54 1693 8.8 1.9 13 1080 SE27 2/2 4.48 1693 72.5 15.6 14 1090 NW60 2/2 3.49 1997 20.5 3.7 15 1095 SE45 2/2 2.89 1997 15.0 2.7 16 1100 NE07 2/2 2.89 1503 47.0 11.4 17 1105 NE38 2/2 5.67 1997 52.5 9.6 18A 1110 NE36 2/2 3.76 1997 19.5 3.6 18B 1110 S 3/3 3.02 1997 22.5 4.1 19 1115 NE46 3/3 3.49 1997 31.1 5.7 20 1140 SE70 3/3 6.99 1997 50.0 9.1 21 1215 NE19 2/1 3.49 1997 124.5 22.8 22A 1220 SE42 2/2 3.49 - - - 22B 1220 NW54 4/4 8.16 1997 35.5 6.5 23 1225 NW30 2/1 4.04 1997 54.0 9.9 24 1230 NE08 4/3 6.29 1503 83.0 20.2 25 1250 SE86 3/6 2.76 1997 30.0 5.5 26 1265 SE85 2/2 3.16 1997 17.0 3.1 27 1270 SE75 3/3 3.87 1997 143.0 26.1 28 1290 SE42 3/6 4.35 1439 49.0 12.4 29 1305 NE05 2/2 4.23 1503 38.8 9.4 30A 1310 NE85 2/2 2.89 1997 39.0 7.1 30B 1310 NW62 2/2 2.80 1622 79.0 17.8 31 1390 NE36 2/1 1.64 1622 70.1 15.8 32 1400 SE60 2/1 2.93 1622 194.0 43.7 hue 7 5YR 25 28 4 2 5YR 3 301
875 1 400m 20 5mm 10 2002 10 30 32 48 4 2 2003 5 27 8 9 10 18 2004 4 30 7 30 11 5 2006 4 9 2007 6 19 2 4 1996 push cone DIK-5553 48 2002 10 30 2008 4 18 1 997 29 29 42 9mm 7 8mm/yr 29 1 215m 21 124 5mm 22 8mm/yr 960m 7 11 0mm 2 0mm/yr 1 10 19 50 6mm 10 0mm/yr 1 400m 32 194 0mm 1 622 43 7mm/yr 1 060m 12 8 8mm 1 693 302
1 9mm/yr 2003 02 10 30 03 10 18 7 4mm 2004 03 10 18 04 11 5 12 3mm 2005 04 11 5 06 4 9 11 5mm 2006 06 4 9 07 4 9 18 0mm 2007 07 4 9 08 4 18 8 8mm 2003 7 6mm/yr 2004 11 7mm/yr 2005 8 1mm/yr 2006 18 0mm/yr 2007 8 5mm/yr 2006 2003 2 4 5 2003 02 10 30 03 5 27 2004 03 10 18 04 4 30 2007 06 12 11 07 6 19 3 2003 03 5 25 03 10 18 2004 04 4 30 04 11 5 2006 06 6 12 06 12 11 3 2003 5 5mm 2004 9 9mm 2007 15 4mm 2003 9 7mm/yr 2004 18 5mm/yr 2007 29 7mm/yr 19 3mm/yr 2003 1 8mm 2004 2 5mm 2006 1 9mm 6 2003 4 6mm/yr 2004 4 7mm/yr 2006 3 7mm/yr 4 3mm/yr 1 4 2003 5 27 8 9 1 1mm 5 3mm/yr 8 9 10 18 0 7mm 3 9mm/yr 2004 4 30 7 30 2 3mm 9 2mm/yr 7 30 11 5 0 2mm 0 8mm/yr 1 10 2006 6 12 8 9 0 5mm 3 3mm/yr 8 9 12 11 1 4mm 4 0mm/yr 6 11 12 2006 4 2007 6 2 2006 4 9 6 12 2 4mm 6 12 8 9 0 5mm 8 9 10 8 0 2mm 10 8 12 11 1 1mm 12 11 4 9 13 8mm 2007 4 9 6 19 1 7mm 2006 13 9mm/yr 3 3mm/yr 1 3mm/yr 6 4mm/ 303
yr 42 2mm/yr 2007 8 7mm/yr 7 1975 7 5YR 2 1 2 3 7 5YR 3 3 5 6 28 54 5mm 10 7mm/yr 16 42 0mm 8 3mm/yr 1 250 1 290m 25 28 2 5YR 2 2 3 6 59 8mm 11 7mm/yr 1 000m 10A 1 693 10 3mm 2 2mm/yr 14 15 18A 3 7mm/yr 2 7mm/yr 3 6mm/yr 1 230m 24 1 503 83 0mm 20 2mm/yr 3 5 cm 1 64 17 6kgf/ cm 2 3 87kgf/cm 2 6 99kgf/cm 2 3 12kgf/cm 2 3 49 kgf/cm 2 304
8 12B 15 16 30A 2 89kgf/cm 2 10 4mm/yr 2 7mm/yr 11 4mm/yr 7 1mm/yr 4 2 93kgf/cm 2 32 43 7mm/yr 875m 1 400m 800 900m 1 900 1 000m 9 1 000 1 100m 6 1 100 1 200m 4 1 200 1 300m 8 1 300 1 400m 4 525m 32 4 8 3 2003 02 10 30 03 5 27 2004 03 10 18 04 4 30 2007 06 12 11 07 6 19 30 8mm 594 18 9mm/yr 305
6 20 2mm/yr 19 6mm/yr 18 2mm/yr 1 6 9mm/yr 4 1mm/yr 4 5 2006 8 6 2 2006 76 7 13 3 6 1 2 8 1 1 7 frost heave 2005 9 1999 10 King 1971 Hastenrath and Wilkinson 1973 Perez 1992 Grab 2002 2006 12 3 4 9 diurnal freeze-thaw 762m 2003 2007 0 58 1999 875m 75 1 400m 90 85 17 38 111 8 2003 2004 2007 9 7mm/yr 18 5mm/yr 29 7mm/yr 306
2007 2003 3 2003 89 2004 81 2007 86 1 2 2003 326mm 2004 232mm 2007 270mm 1 3 2003 1 7 2004 1 7 2007 3 1 2007 2004 Meentemeyer and Zippin, 1981; Mathews 1999 2007 turf exfoliation Perez 1992 Grab 2002 1 600 1 700m 20 0mm/yr 2 2006 307
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1999 2006 3 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 2 5 2 1 2 3 2 5 2 2 2 7 3 0 3 4 2.9 2006 2 9 2 5 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 0 1 8 1 3 1 3 1 5 2 3 2 5 2 1 2007 2006 2 9m/s 1 2m/s 3 5m/s 3 2 7m/s 3 4 3 5m/s 3 3m/s 1 489m 2 1m/s 3 1991 1 3 2 5mm 7 9m/s 1981 1997 2001 1 220m 22 2003 12 5mm 2004 5 0mm 2006 1 0mm 308
1 400m 32 2004 78 0mm 11 2 4C 5B 2006 22A 2004 4 875 1 400m 32 2002 10 2008 4 66 48 50 6mm 10 0mm/yr 19 3mm/yr 4 3mm/yr 1 4 5 9mm/yr 2 9mm/yr 2 2006 13 9mm/yr 3 3mm/ yr 1 3mm/yr 6 4mm/yr 42 2mm/yr 76 7 85 12 3 4 309
1999 34 385 393 1999 2007 14 87 103 1998 25 39 50 2006 41 233 246 2003 9 169 179 1976 2006 1994 83 286 298 1992 6 55 71 1996 1986 1977 1994 54 74 1991 2000 2000 1997 1994 2007 AWS 2002 1997 1999 20 541 550 1998 7 71 753 764 2001 110 355 361 1996 1990 161 15 19 1997 49 1 14 1981 1981 2005 44 45 Coleman, R., 1981, Footpath erosion in the English Lake District, Applied Geography, 1, 121-131. Grab, S.W., 2002, Turf exfoliation in the High Drakensberg, southern Africa, Geografiska Annaler, 84A, 39-50. Hastenrath, S. and Wilkinson, J., 1973, A contribution to the periglacial morphology of Lesotho, southern Africa, Biuletyn Periglacjalny, 22, 157-165. Ito, E., Yoshinaga, S., Ohnuki, Y., Shichi, K., Matsumoto, Y., and Taoda, H., 2002, Soil factors affecting the decline of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) forests in Kanto plain, Japan, 310
Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Ecology, 93. King, R.B., 1971, Vegetation destruction in the subalpine and alpine zones of the Cairngorm Mountains, Scottish Geographical Magazine, 87, 103-115. Matthews III, V., 1999, Origin of horizontal needle ice at Charit Creek Station, Tennessee, Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 10, 205-207. Meentemeyer, V. and Zippin, J., 1981, Soil moisture and texture controls of selected parameters of needle ice growth, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 6, 113-125. Perez, F.L., 1992, Processes of turf exfoliation (Rasenabschalung) in the high Venezuelan Andes, Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie N. F., 36, 81-106. Quinn, N.W., Morgan, R.P.C., and Smith, A.J., 1980, Simulation of soil erosion induced by human trampling, Journal of Environmental Management, 10, 155-165. Weaver, T. and Dale, D., 1978, Trampling effects of hikers, motorcycles and horses in meadows and forests, Journal of Applied Ecology, 15, 451-457. 690 756 66 kimtaeho @cheju.ac.kr 064 754 3235 Correspondence: Taeho Kim, Department of Geography Education, Cheju National University, Jejudaehak- Road, Jeju 690-756, Korea (email: kimtaeho@cheju.ac. kr, phone: +82-64-754-3235) 311