이영준외 5 인 : 혈액배양검사현황설문조사 과피드백, 채혈담당자교육등이있다. 소아를대상으로혈액배양을할때검사가적절하게이루어지기위해서는성인에서보다고려해야할점이더많다. 신생아나어린영아의경우체내혈액량이매우적고채혈자체도어렵기때문이다 4). 따라서혈액배양이꼭필요한상황에서적절한방법
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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Pediatr Infect Vaccine Vol.25, pissn No.1, eissn Pediatr Infect Vaccine 2018;25:17-25 DOI: 소아대상혈액배양검사현황파악을위한국내다기관설문조사 이영준 ᆞ 이지영 ᆞ 공섬김 ᆞ 연규민 ᆞ 홍유라 ᆞ 오지은 고신대학교의과대학소아과학교실 A Multicenter Survey on the Current Status of Pediatric Blood Cultures in Korea Young Joon Lee, Ji Young Lee, Seom Kim Kong, Gyu Min Yeon, Yoo Rha Hong, Chi Eun Oh Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, the Republic of Korea Purpose: Blood culture is an essential diagnostic tool and requires clear indications, proper techniques, and quality control. We aimed to investigate whether blood cultures in children are appropriate for indications, are performed correctly, and receive proper quality control. Methods: We conducted an online survey targeting pediatric infectious diseases (ID) specialists working in general hospitals and neonatologists (Neo) working at hospitals operating a neonatal intensive care unit in Korea. Results: Approximately 81.1% (30/37) of pediatric ID specialists and 72.2% (52/72) of Neo responded to the survey. Some of the respondents (33.3% of ID and 59.6% of Neo) performed blood culture as a regular test irrespective of the indication. Approximately 40% of ID and 65.4% of Neo ordered only one set of blood culture in patients suspected with bacteremia. The most commonly used disinfectant for skin preparation was povidone-iodine, while the skin preparation method varied by institution. Approximately two-thirds of the institutions were monitoring the blood culture contamination rate, whereas relatively few provided staff with feedback on that rate. In addition, less than half of the institutions were providing regular staff training on blood culture (40% of ID and 28.8% of Neo). Conclusions: The indication and methods of blood culture for children varied according to institution, and few hospitals exert effort in improving the quality of blood culture. Institutions have to strive constantly toward improvement of blood culture quality and evidence-based recommendations for pediatric blood cultures should be standardized. Key Words: Blood culture; Infant, newborn; Child; Quality control; Surveys and questionnaires 서론 감염질환이의심되는환자에서원인을파악하기위해 접수 : 2017 년 8 월 26 일수정 : 2017 년 10 월 28 일승인 : 2017 년 10 월 28 일 책임저자 : 오지은고신대학교의과대학소아과학교실 Tel: 051) , Fax: 051) chieunoh@kosin.ac.kr 시행하는검사중가장중요하고널리이용되는검사는혈액배양검사이다. 혈액배양검사의결과가실제환자진료에도움이되기위해서는혈액배양을위한채혈부터결과보고에이르기까지전과정에서질관리가필요하다 1,2). 검사결과가위양성인경우항생제사용기간이늘거나추가검사가필요하게되고, 반대로결과가위음성인경우진단이어려워지기때문이다 1,3). 혈액배양의결과에영향을줄수있는요인중에서혈액배양술기와관련된것은피부혹은카테터입구의소독, 채혈량, 채혈횟수, 채혈부위등이있고, 정도관리와연관된것은채혈담당자, 배양병의관리, 오염률모니터링 17
2 이영준외 5 인 : 혈액배양검사현황설문조사 과피드백, 채혈담당자교육등이있다. 소아를대상으로혈액배양을할때검사가적절하게이루어지기위해서는성인에서보다고려해야할점이더많다. 신생아나어린영아의경우체내혈액량이매우적고채혈자체도어렵기때문이다 4). 따라서혈액배양이꼭필요한상황에서적절한방법으로검사를시행하고모든과정에대해정도관리를하는것이중요하다. 이전에혈액배양에대한국내다기관조사연구가시행되어각병원에서사용하는피부소독제, 채혈간격, 채혈량, 혈액배양병의관리등에대하여조사하였지만 5), 소아만을대상으로한다기관연구는없었다. 그러므로저자들은국내의료기관들에서소아를대상으로실시하는혈액배양의적응증과방법, 정도관리현황에대해파악하고자소아청소년과의사들을대상으로설문조사를시행하였다. 방법 1. 대상종합병원혹은상급종합병원에근무하는소아감염분과전문의와신생아집중치료센터를운영하는병원에근무하는신생아분과전문의를대상으로하였다. 여러명의분과전문의가근무하는기관의경우, 각기관에서분과별로한명을선정하였다. 소아감염분과전문의는응급실에방문하였거나병동및중환자실에입원치료중인소아환자에서시행되는혈액배양검사에대해, 신생아분과전문의는응급실에방문하였거나신생아실및신생아중환자실에서입원치료중인신생아를대상으로시행되는검사에대해응답하도록하였다. 소아감염분과전문의와신생아분과전문의가근무하는기관이동일하더라도혈액배양을시행하는대상이다르고소아와신생아를진료하는공간이분리되어있으며서로다른인력에의해운영되므로데이터는각각수집하였다. 2. 방법서베이몽키 ( 의설문조사도구를이용하여 2016년 9월 6일부터 10월 4일까지온라인을통해결과를수집했다. 조사에포함된내용은다음과같다. 1) 응답자의소속의료기관특성응답자가근무하는기관이상급종합병원, 종합병원, 혹은일반병원중어디에속하는지확인하였다. 2) 혈액배양의적응증과방법일반적인혈액배양의적응증 ( 패혈증, 침습세균감염, 원인불명의발열등이의심되는상황 ) 이외에임상증상과무관한정규검사로혈액배양을실시하는경우가있는지에대하여질문하였다. 각구역별로혈액배양을주로담당하는사람의직종을조사하였고, 혈액배양을할때 prepackaged prep kit ( 혈액배양병을제외한모든도구가일회용으로준비된것 ) 를사용하는지여부, 혈액배양시항상멸균장갑을착용하도록하고있는지여부와착용시점을확인하였다. 배양병과채혈량에대해서는사용하는혈액배양병의종류, 소아용혈액배양병을사용하는경우연령혹은체중제한이있는지여부및그기준, 소아용혈액배양병에담는최소혈액량기준, 호기성배양병에담는최소혈액량기준을알아보았다. 채혈횟수에대한질문에서는균혈증이의심될때말초혈관에서채혈하는경우일반적으로몇회의혈액배양을실시하는지확인하였고, 2회이상의혈액배양을처방하는경우각각다른부위에서채혈하고있는지를조사하였다. 혈액배양을위한채혈시사용하는바늘, 도관에대해서는말초혈관에서혈액배양을위한채혈을할때주로어떤혈관을이용하는지, 말초혈관을천자할때주로어떤종류의바늘을사용하는지, 혈관내도관을가지고있는환자에서혈액배양을실시하는경우, 혈액배양을위한채혈시이용하는도관종류를조사하였다. 소독방법에대해서는혈액배양병의뚜껑소독여부, 뚜껑소독제의경우어떤소독제를사용하는지, 피부소독제는어떤것을사용하는지, 두가지이상의피부소독제를사용하는경우어떤순서로소독을시행하는지에대하여물어보았다. 사용하는혈액배양병의종류에대한질문과혈액배양을위한채혈에사용된도관, 피부소독제종류, 혈액배양병뚜껑소독제종류에대하여서는복수응답이가능하였다. 3) 혈액배양정도관리야간이나주말에채혈하는경우혈액배양병을바로자동화장비에투입할수있는지혹은보관했다가장비에투입하는지를조사하였고, 혈액배양에서균이자라는경우전산상의결과로확인하는것이외에검사실에서담당의료진에게결과를연락하는방법에대해확인하였다. 혈액배양양성률및오염률에대한모니터링을하고있는지여부와혈액배양오염률에대한모니터링을하는경우채혈담당자에게오염률데이터를피드백하고있는지를조사했다. 또한, 혈액배양을담당하는시술자에대한정기적인교육이있는지에대하여질문하였다. 18
3 Pediatr Infect Vaccine Vol.25, No.1, ) 소아감염분과전문의와신생아분과전문의응답문항의차이점구역별혈액배양채혈담당자, 채혈시사용하는도관의종류, 호기성혈액배양병에서의최소채혈량에대해소아감염분과전문의와신생아분과전문의에게다음과같이각각다르게질문했다. 소아감염분과전문의들에게는각각응급실, 병동, 소아중환자실에서혈액배양을위한채혈을시행하는인력에대해, 신생아분과전문의를대상으로는각각응급실과신생아실 / 신생아중환자실에서의채혈담당인력에대해알아보았다. 혈액배양을위한채혈을할때, 말초정맥도관삽입시혹은유지중인말초정맥도관, 말초동맥도관, 중심정맥도관을사용하는지공통적으로확인하였고, 신생아의경우는배꼽정맥도관과배꼽동맥도관을이용하는지여부에대해추가로확인하였다. 호기성혈액배양병에담는최소혈액량에대해공통적으로기준없음혹은 3 ml, 5 ml를조사하였고, 신생아의경우 0.5 ml, 1 ml를추가로확인하였다. 3. 통계분석통계분석은 SPSS version 24.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) 을이용하였다. 범주형자료에대한비교는 Pearson chi-square 혹은 Fisher exact test를사용하였다. 양측검정을시행하였고, P 값이 0.05 미만인경우유의하다고판단하였다. 2. 의료기관특성응답자가소속된의료기관의구성은소아감염의경우상급종합병원이 18개 (60.0%), 종합병원이 12개 (40.0%) 였다. 신생아의경우상급종합병원이 29개 (55.8%), 종합병원이 22개 (42.3%), 일반병원 1개 (1.9%) 이었다. 3. 혈액배양적응증일반적인혈액배양의적응증이외에임상증상과무관한정규검사로혈액배양을실시할때가있다고응답한경우는소아감염은 10개 (33.3%) 기관이었고, 신생아는 31개 (59.6%) 기관이었다 (P=0.022) (Table 1). 4. 혈액배양술기 1) 채혈담당자병동과응급실에서는간호사 (40.0%) 와인턴 (23.3%) 이, 소아중환자실에서는전공의 (30.0%) 와간호사 (26.7%) 가소아를대상으로하는채혈을주로담당하였다. 응급실과신생아실혹은신생아중환자실에서이루어지는신생아대상채혈은전공의 ( 응급실 46.2%, 신생아실혹은신생아중환자실 55.8%) 가주로담당하였다 (Fig. 1). 2) Prepackaged kit 사용여부혈액배양채혈시 prepackaged kit를사용하는곳은소아감염 7개 (23.3%) 기관, 신생아 15개 (28.8%) 기관이었다. 결과 1. 응답률설문조사를의뢰한소아감염분과전문의 ( 소아감염 ) 의 81.1% (30/37) 와신생아분과전문의 ( 신생아 ) 의 72.2% (52/72) 가설문에응하였다. 3) 멸균장갑착용혈액배양채혈시항상멸균장갑을사용한다고응답한곳은소아감염 13개 (43.3%) 기관, 신생아 28개 (53.8%) 기관이었다 (Table 2). 멸균장갑착용시점에대해질문했을때, 피부소독전에착용한다고응답한경우는소아감염의경우 69.2% (9/13) 였고신생아의경우 78.6% (22/ 28) 였으며, 피부소독후착용한다고응답한경우는각각 Table 1. Differences in the Practice of Obtaining Blood Cultures between Children and Neonates Variable Children (n=30)* Neonates (n=52) P-value Obtaining blood cultures as regular blood tests 10 (33.3) 31 (59.6) Ordering one set of blood culture in patients with suspected bacteremia 12 (40.0) 34 (65.4) Collecting blood from one site puncture for two sets of blood cultures 18 (60.0) 25 (48.1) Collecting blood via venipuncture 30 (100.0) 33 (63.5) <0.001 Values are presented as number (%). *Data was collected from pediatric infectious diseases specialists working in general hospitals or teaching hospitals. They responded to the questionnaire, which contained questions about blood culture for children who were based in the emergency room, ward, or the pediatric intensive care unit. Data was collected from neonatologists working in neonatal intensive care units in general hospitals or teaching hospitals. They responded to the questionnaire, which contained questions about blood culture for neonates who were based in the emergency room, nursery, or the neonatal intensive care unit. 19
4 이영준외 5 인 : 혈액배양검사현황설문조사 23.1% (3/13) 와 21.4% (6/28) 였다. 20 4) 혈액배양병 소아감염의경우 17 개 (56.7%) 기관에서소아용혈액배 양병만을사용한다고하였고, 6 개 (20.0%) 기관은소아용 혈액배양병을사용하지않았다. 9 개 (30.0%) 기관은호기 성과혐기성병을항상함께사용하였다. 신생아의경우 24 개 (46.2%) 기관에서소아용혈액배양병만을사용한다 고하였고, 23 개 (44.2%) 기관은소아용혈액배양병을사 용하지않았다. 12 개 (23.1%) 기관이호기성과혐기성병 을항상함께사용하였다. 응답자가상급종합병원에근무 하는신생아분과전문의인경우소아용혈액배양병의사 Proportion of blood collection staff (%) Proportion of blood collection staff (%) 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 20 10% 10 A 0% 0 60% 50 50% 40 40% 30% 30 20% 20 10% 10 B 0% 0 ER (children) Ward PICU Place of work Phlebotomy team Resident Intern Nurse Others ER (Newborn) (newborn) Place of work Nursery/NICU Phlebotomy team Resident Intern Nurse Others Fig. 1. The job roles of the staff that collect blood from patients were compared among different places of work. (A) Staff who performed blood culture in child patients in the pediatric emergency room (ER), the ward, and in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A total of 30 pediatric infectious disease specialists responded to the survey. (B) Staff who performed blood culture in neonates in the nursery, the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and in the ER. A total of 52 neonatologists responded to the survey. 용률이 69% (20/29) 로상급종합병원이아닌경우 (39.1% [9/23]) 보다높았다 (P=0.031). 소아용혈액배양병을사용할때연령혹은체중의제한을두고사용하는지에대해서는, 소아감염분과전문의중 80% 에서기준이없다고답했다. 연령제한을두는곳은 4개기관 (13.3%) 이었으며그중 2개기관이각각 12세와 15세를기준으로한다고답하였고, 체중제한을두는곳은 2개기관으로각각 20 kg, 40 kg를기준으로한다고했다. 5) 최소채혈량소아용혈액배양병을사용한다고응답한곳중소아감염의 79.2% (19/24) 와신생아의 75.9% (22/29) 가최소채혈량기준을가지고있었다. 이중소아감염의경우최소채혈량기준이 0.5 ml인곳이 12.5% (3/24) 였고 1 ml 인곳이 66.7% (16/24) 였다. 신생아는 0.5 ml를최소채혈량기준으로하는곳이 51.7% (15/29), 1 ml인곳이 24.1% (7/29) 였다. 호기성혈액배양병을사용한다고응답한곳중소아감염의 33.3% (3/9) 와신생아의 80% (20/25) 가최소채혈량기준을가지고있었다. 최소채혈량기준은소아감염의경우 3 ml가 22.2% (2/9), 5 ml가 11.1% (1/9) 를차지했고, 신생아의경우 0.5 ml가 44% (11/25), 1 ml가 32% (8/25), 5 ml가 4% (1/25) 였다. 6) 배양횟수균혈증이의심되는환자에서혈액배양을할때일반적으로시행하는배양횟수는소아감염의경우 1회만실시한다고응답한곳이 40% (12/30) 였고, 2회를실시하는곳이 60% (18/30) 를차지했다. 혈액배양을 2회하는경우, 채혈횟수에대한질문에서채혈을한번만하여배양병에나누어담는다고답한경우는 10% (3/30) 였고, 각각다른혈관에서채혈하여따로배양병에담는다고답한곳이 60% (18/30) 였다. 신생아는균혈증이의심되는환자에서혈액배양을 1회만실시하는경우가전체의 65.4% (34/52) 였고, 2회실시한다고응답한경우는 34.6% (18/52) 였다. 혈액배양을 2 회실시할때, 채혈을각각다른혈관에서시행하는경우는 48.1% (25/52) 였고, 같은혈관에서채혈하여배양병에나눠담는경우는 7.7% (4/52) 였다. 균혈증이의심되는환자에서혈액배양을 1회혹은 2회실시하는지에대한질문에서신생아분과는소아감염분과에비해 1회실시한다고응답한경우가더많았다 (P=0.026) (Table 1).
5 Pediatr Infect Vaccine Vol.25, No.1, ) 채혈부위와기구혈액배양을위해말초혈관천자하여채혈하는경우, 주로이용하는혈관이무엇인지에대한질문에서소아감염은모두정맥채혈을한다고하였고, 신생아의경우정맥채혈이 63.5% (33/52) 였고동맥채혈은 36.5% (19/52) 를차지했다 (Table 1). 채혈시사용하는기구에대한질문에서소아감염의경우혈관내튜브카테터를사용하는곳이 53.3% (16/30) 였고, 그다음은나비바늘 33.3% (10/30), 주사기와바늘 13.3% (4/30) 순이었다. 신생아의경우는나비바늘을사용하는곳이 59.6% (31/52) 였고, 혈관내튜브카테터는 36.5% (19/52) 였으며나머지두기관은다른기구를사용한다고답했으나내용을기술하지는않았다. 8) 도관을통한채혈도관을가지고있는환자혹은도관삽입을하는환자에서혈액배양을하는경우, 도관을통해채취된혈액을이용하는지를물었을때, 소아감염의 43.3% (13/30) 에서말초정맥도관을처음삽입할때채취된혈액을배양병에접종한다고응답하였다. 이미삽입되어있는말초정맥도관혹은말초동맥도관을사용한다는응답자는각각 36.7% (11/30) 였고, 중심정맥관을사용하는경우는 70% (21/30) 였다. 신생아의경우, 말초정맥도관삽입시채취한혈액을사용하는기관은 55.8% (29/52), 이미삽입되어있는도관을이용하는경우는중심정맥관 57.7% (30/52), 배꼽동맥도관 53.8% (28/52), 배꼽정맥도관 50% (26/52), 말초동맥도관 46.2% (24/52), 말초정맥도관 13.5% (7/52) 순이었다. 9) 피부소독제피부소독을위해사용하는소독제종류는복수응답이가능하였고, 가장많이사용하는소독제는포비돈-아이오딘으로소아감염 63.3%, 신생아 59.6% 에서사용한다고응답했다. 피부소독제를한가지만사용한다고응답한경우는소아감염과신생아에서각각 46.7% (14/30) 와 53.8% (28/52) 였다 (Table 2). 이때가장많이사용하는소독제는소아감염의경우포비돈 -아이오딘 (5/14) 과클로르헥시딘 (5/14) 이었고, 신생아의경우는클로르헥시딘 (11/28) 이었다. 두가지이상의피부소독제를사용하는경우소독제를사용하는순서는기관마다매우다양하여, 소아감염은 5 가지, 신생아는 8가지경우의수가확인되었다. 가장많은 경우는포비돈 - 아이오딘후알코올을사용하는것이었고 소아감염 13.3%, 신생아 19.2% 였다. 그외에소독제사용 순서를빈도순으로보면, 소아감염에서는알코올후포비 돈 - 아이오딘 6.7% (2/30), 클로르헥시딘후포비돈 - 아이 오딘 3.3% (1/30), 알코올후클로르헥시딘 - 알코올 3.3% (1/30) 였고, 포비돈 - 아이오딘후알코올, 클로르헥시딘 - 알코올, 클로르헥시딘순서로네가지를사용한다고응답 한곳이 3.3% (1/30) 였다. 신생아에서는포비돈 - 아이오 딘후클로르헥시딘 5.8% (3/52), 포비돈 - 아이오딘후클 로르헥시딘 - 알코올순서 5.8% (3/52), 알코올후포비 돈 - 아이오딘 3.8% (2/52), 클로르헥시딘후포비돈 - 아이 오딘 3.8% (2/52) 였다. 10) 혈액배양병뚜껑의소독 혈액배양병뚜껑소독을시행한다고응답한곳은소아 감염 26 개 (86.7%) 기관, 신생아 47 개 (90.4%) 기관이었 Table 2. Survey Results of Blood Culture Procedure and Quality Control Variable Blood culture procedure Children (n=30) Neonates (n=52) Disinfection of the rubber septum on the blood culture bottle 26 (86.7) 47 (90.4) Type of disinfectants used on the rubber septum on the blood culture bottle* Povidone-iodine 9 (34.6) 19 (40.4) Alcohol 8 (30.8) 12 (25.5) Chlorhexidine 8 (30.8) 12 (25.5) Chlorhexidine then alcohol 0 3 (6.4) No. of disinfectants used for skin preparation One 14 (46.7) 28 (53.8) Two 15 (50.0) 21 (40.4) More than three 1 (3.3) 3 (5.8) Provider antisepsis method Use of sterile gloves 13 (43.3) 28 (53.8) Quality control methods Transporting the blood culture bottle directly to the continuous-monitoring blood culture instruments 20 (66.7) 36 (69.2) Blood culture contamination monitoring 18 (60.0) 38 (73.1) Feedback on contamination rate to the provider 10 (33.3) 25 (48.1) Regular education on blood culture procedures 12 (40.0) 15 (28.8) Values are presented as number (%). *Number of respondents: children (n=25), neonates (n=46). The most common skin disinfectants used were chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine in children and neonates, respectively. The most widely used combination of skin disinfectants used was alcohol after povidone-iodine in both groups. 21
6 이영준외 5 인 : 혈액배양검사현황설문조사 다. 소독제는소아감염의 34.6% (9/26), 신생아의 40.4% (19/47) 에서포비돈-아이오딘을사용한다고답했다. 소아감염의경우알코올혹은클로르헥시딘을사용하는곳이각각 30.8% (8/26) 였고, 신생아에서는알코올 25.5% (12/47), 클로르헥시딘 25.5% (12/47) 였고, 클로로헥시딘-알코올을사용하는곳이 6.4% (3/47) 였다 (Table 2). 5. 정도관리 1) 혈액배양병의보관혈액배양을야간이나주말에실시하게되는경우혈액배양병을자동화장비에바로투입할수있는기관은소아감염 66.7%, 신생아 69.2% 였다. 그외답변으로소아감염에서는어떻게보관하는지모른다고응답한경우가 23.3% (7/30) 이었고, 상온보관 6.7% (2/30), 배양기보관 3.3% (1/30) 였다. 신생아는어떻게보관하는지모르는경우가 13.5% (7/52), 상온보관 9.6% (5/52), 배양기보관 7.7% (4/52) 였다. 2) 혈액배양양성보고혈액배양에서균주가자라는경우검사실에서의료진에게따로보고하는방법은소아감염과신생아모두문자메시지가 43.3% 와 51.9% 로가장많았다. 그외의보고방법으로는소아감염의경우전화 26.7% (8/30), 전화와문자메시지모두는 6.7% (2/30) 였고, 따로알리지않는경우가 23.3% (7/30) 였다. 신생아의경우전화 30.8% (16/52), 문자메시지혹은전화 3.8% (2/52), 진료프로그램알람 1.9% (1/52) 가있었고, 따로알리지않는경우가 11.5% (6/52) 였다. 3) 혈액배양모니터링혈액배양양성률및오염률을모니터링하는곳은소아감염과신생아에서각각 60% (18/30), 73.1% (38/52) 였고, 이중소아감염의 55.6% (10/18) 와신생아의 65.8% (25/38) 에서오염률에대해시술자에게피드백을시행하였다 (Table 2). 4) 혈액배양담당자의정기교육혈액배양담당자를위한정기교육을 1년에 1회이상하는기관은소아감염 40%, 신생아 28.9% 였다 (Table 2). 고찰 본연구는소아감염분과전문의혹은신생아분과전문의가근무하는국내의료기관에서소아와신생아를대상으로시행하는혈액배양술기와정도관리현황을파악하기위해시행되었다. 혈액배양은침습성세균혹은진균감염이의심될때시행되어야한다. 적응증이아닌경우에정기적인검사와함께혈액배양을하는경우환자의치료에도움이되지않고, 전체의료비를증가시키는요인이된다 4). 본연구에서균혈증혹은진균혈증이의심되지않는상황에서도정규채혈시혈액배양을함께시행하는지를물었을때, 그렇다 고응답한비율이소아감염분과전문의의 1/3과신생아분과전문의의 2/3에해당하였다. 정규채혈시혈액배양을함께실시하는이유에대해서질문하지는않았으나, 신생아의경우채혈자체가더어렵고, 특히미숙아에서는패혈증증상이비전형적인경우가있기때문에소아에서보다신생아에서해당응답비율이더높았을것으로추정된다. 혈액배양을위한채혈을채혈전담팀에서맡아서시행하는경우오염률을줄일수있고, 오염으로인한반복적인채혈과의료비를줄일수있다는보고가있었으나 6,7), 본연구의결과국내의료기관들중혈액배양을채혈전담팀에서하는경우는많지않았다. 채혈전담팀이채혈하는곳은소아감염의경우응급실 13.3%, 병동 13.3%, 소아중환자실 10% 였고, 신생아의경우응급실 7.7%, 신생아실혹은신생아중환자실에서 5.8% 였다. 소아대상응급실과병동에서는간호사가, 신생아대상응급실과신생아실혹은신생아중환자실에서는전공의가채혈을담당하는곳이가장많았다. 혈액배양의오염률을감소시킬수있는방법중하나로채혈을할때멸균장갑을사용하는것이도움이되며, 장갑착용은주로피부소독전이나채혈직전에하도록권장되고있다 8,9). 본조사의결과, 장갑사용비율은소아감염 43.3%, 신생아 52.8% 였다. 장갑을사용하는경우에는주로피부소독전과채혈전에시행한다고한응답이대부분이어서알려진지침대로시행되고있음을알수있었다 9). 오염률을낮추기위한방법으로선택할수있는 prepackaged kit의경우, 현재까지는사용여부가오염률에미치는영향에대해이견이있다 6,10). 혈액배양전담팀과 prepackaged kit 를같이도입한경우오염률을낮출수있었다는보고는있지만, 전담팀이아닌기존의담당자가채혈하면서 prepackaged kit만사용한경우에는유의 22
7 Pediatr Infect Vaccine Vol.25, No.1, 2018 한차이가없었다 7). 본연구에서는 prepackaged kit를쓰는기관이소아감염의 23.3%, 신생아의 28.8% 로전체의 1/4 정도였다. 균혈증이의심되는환자에서혈액배양을했을때적절한결과를얻기위해가장중요한요소중하나는채혈량이다 11). 혈액배양을위한채혈량기준은 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 의경우영아와어린소아에서전체혈액량의 1% 를넘지않도록권고하고있고, Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) 와 American Society for Microbiology (ASM) 권고안에서는전체혈액량의 3% 4% 까지로제시하고있다 4,12). 신생아및어린영아의경우채혈자체가쉽지않고, 혈액량이적으므로다른검사도같이시행해야하는상황에서충분한양의혈액을배양병에접종하기가쉽지않다. 신생아혈액배양채혈량에관련된연구에서는배양병에접종하는혈액량이 0.5 ml보다작을경우위음성결과가나올가능성이높다고하였다 13,14). 또한한연구에서는생후 1개월미만영아에서 0.5 ml 이상, 1 36개월에서는 1 ml 이상, 36개월이상에서는 4 ml 이상을접종하도록교육하였을때교육전보다배양양성률이더높은것을보여주었다 15). 본연구에참여한신생아분과전문의응답자중소아용혈액배양병을사용한다고한경우는 54.7% 로생각보다적은기관에서소아용배양병을사용한다는것을알수있었다. 소아용배양병을사용한다고응답한기관중최소채혈량을 ml로하고있다고응답한곳은소아감염의 79.2% 와신생아의 75.8% 로많은기관에서최소채혈량기준을가지고있었다. 하지만소아용이아닌호기성혈액배양병을사용한다고응답한곳중최소채혈량기준을 5 ml 이상으로하는곳은소아감염 11.1% (1/9), 신생아 4% (1/25) 로낮은수치를보였다. 성인에서는혈액배양이필요한환자에서적절한검사횟수가일반적으로 2세트혹은 3세트로알려져있다. 한번만혈액배양을한다면결과해석이어렵고, 여러번시행하는경우검사양성률이높기때문이다 4). 소아의경우적절한혈액배양결과를얻는데필요한배양횟수와사용하는접종병의종류나채혈량에대해잘고안된연구에의한명확한결론이없는상황이지만, IDSA와 ASM 권고안에서는 1.1 kg 이상소아에서혈액배양을 2회시행하되, 한번에채혈하는혈액량이 10 ml 이하일때는혐기성배양병에나누어담지않고호기성배양병에만접종하도록하였다 12). 신생아에서조기패혈증이의심될때는혈액배양을한번만시행하는경우가많은데 16), 일반적으로는채혈하는부위를한곳에서두곳으로, 혈액배양횟수를 2 회혹은 3회로늘리면배양양성률이올라간다 14). 이번조사의결과, 소아감염분과전문의가근무하는기관의 60% 에서는균혈증이의심되는환자에서혈액배양을할때 2 회채혈한다고응답하였고, 신생아분과전문의의경우는같은상황에서 1회만채혈한다고응답한경우가 65.4% 로신생아와소아에서시행하는배양횟수가유의하게차이가있었다. 혈액배양을할때오염을막기위해가장중요한단계는피부소독이다. 피부소독제의경우요오드팅크나클로르헥시딘이포비돈-아이오딘보다효과적이고, 요오드팅크는소독되는데동일한시간을필요로하는데반해클로르헥시딘은알레르기반응이적고채혈후닦아낼필요가없어서더유용하다고알려져있다 4). CLSI 지침에서는알코올소독이후에다른종류의소독제를사용하여총 2가지를사용하는것을권장하며, 모든소아에서아이오딘포함용액을사용한경우채혈후에완전히닦아내도록하고있다 4). 혈액배양을위해이용하는피부소독제의종류나사용순서가명확하게정해진기준이있는것은아니므로, 이번조사에서도기관마다개별적으로정해진정책에따라매우다양한방법들이사용되고있음을확인할수있었다. 또한, 국내의과대학학생들대상으로혈액배양에대한임상술기교육을할때는알코올사용후포비돈-아이오딘으로소독하도록하고있으나, 조사에서신생아와소아대상혈액배양시가장많이사용되고있는것은포비돈-아이오딘처치후알코올을사용하는것으로교육과실제현장에서의술기가다른것을알수있었다. 혈액배양병의뚜껑은소독은혈액배양률의오염률을유의하게감소시킨다고알려있는데, 소독제로는알코올이권장되고있으며배양병뚜껑의손상을일으킬수있는아이오딘포함소독제의사용은권장되지않는다 4,17). 본설문조사에서대부분기관에서배양병뚜껑을소독하고있었지만, 소독제로포비돈-아이오딘을사용한다고한곳이소아감염 34.6% 와신생아 40.4% 였기에알려진지침과는다르게소독제를선택하는곳이있음을확인하였다. 혈액배양병은가능한한빨리검사실로보내자동화장비에투입되는것이가장좋고상황이여의치않다면 35 배양기에보관하는것이좋다고알려져있는데 4), 야간이나주말에도자동화장비에바로투입가능한곳은전체응답기관의 2/3 정도였다. 혈액배양오염률을낮추기위해오염률을모니터링하는기관은소아감염 60%, 신생아 73.1% 였고, 그중채혈담당자에게오염률을피드백하는곳은절반정도였다. 적절한혈액배양방법을채혈담당자에게교육하는것도정도 23
8 이영준외 5 인 : 혈액배양검사현황설문조사 관리에중요한사항으로, 단순한강의를넘어서동영상과실습을병행하여직접시연하고피드백하는교육을채혈담당자에게시행하게되면오염률을낮출수있다는보고가있었다 18). 이번조사에서혈액배양담당자에게정기적인교육을실시한다고응답한곳은전체의절반정도여서향후개선이필요한영역으로생각된다. 본연구는여러한계점이있다. 첫째, 의료기관에종사하는전문의를대상으로설문조사를하였고, 응답자는각의료기관에서실제혈액배양을담당하는인력이아니기때문에현장에서이루어지는상황이정확히반영되었는지에대해서는확인이어렵다. 둘째, 병원급의의료기관에근무하는소아감염과신생아분과전문의들에게서만정보를수집한것이기때문에, 국내에서소아를대상으로하는혈액배양의상황을모두반영한다고볼수없다. 하지만, 국내의료기관에서소아를대상으로이루어지는혈액배양검사의현황을파악하기위한첫연구로써적절한혈액배양결과를얻기위한여러요인을확인했다는점에서의의가있으며, 설문에참여한의료진이소속된기관에서이루어지는혈액배양에대해점검할수있는계기가되었을것으로예상한다. 본연구의결과, 기관별로혈액배양을담당하는인력과사용하는소독제및술기가매우다양하였고혈액배양에대한정도관리를적극적으로시행하는기관은많지않다는것을확인할수있었다. 소아를대상으로하는혈액배양이적절하게이루어지기위해술기와정도관리에대한공통된지침을마련하는것이필요하며, 기관별로혈액배양의정도관리를위한노력이더욱필요하다고생각된다. 감사의글 이연구는 2014년제6회대한소아감염학회 SK케미칼 L/S Biz. 학술상연구비보조에의해수행되었습니다. References 1. Alahmadi YM, Aldeyab MA, McElnay JC, Scott MG, Darwish Elhajji FW, Magee FA, et al. Clinical and economic impact of contaminated blood cultures within the hospital setting. J Hosp Infect 2011;77: Segal GS, Chamberlain JM. Resource utilization and contaminated blood cultures in children at risk for occult bacteremia. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000;154: Gander RM, Byrd L, DeCrescenzo M, Hirany S, Bowen M, Baughman J. Impact of blood cultures drawn by phlebotomy on contamination rates and health care costs in a hospital emergency department. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: Wilson ML; Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. M47 A Principles and procedures for blood cultures: approved guideline. 1st ed. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Shin JH, Song SA, Kim M, Kim S. Nationwide survey of blood culture performance regarding skin disinfection, blood collection and laboratory procedures. Korean J Clin Microbiol 2011;14: Snyder SR, Favoretto AM, Baetz RA, Derzon JH, Madison BM, Mass D, et al. Effectiveness of practices to reduce blood culture contamination: a Laboratory Medicine Best Practices systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Biochem 2012;45: Weinbaum FI, Lavie S, Danek M, Sixsmith D, Heinrich GF, Mills SS. Doing it right the first time: quality improvement and the contaminant blood culture. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35: Kim NH, Kim M, Lee S, Yun NR, Kim KH, Park SW, et al. Effect of routine sterile gloving on contamination rates in blood culture: a cluster randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2011;154: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. GP41-A6 Procedures for the collection of diagnostic blood specimens by venipuncture; approved standard. 6th ed. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Trautner BW, Clarridge JE, Darouiche RO. Skin antisepsis kits containing alcohol and chlorhexidine gluconate or tincture of iodine are associated with low rates of blood culture contamination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23: Isaacman DJ, Karasic RB, Reynolds EA, Kost SI. Effect of number of blood cultures and volume of blood on detection of bacteremia in children. J Pediatr 1996;128: Baron EJ, Miller JM, Weinstein MP, Richter SS, Gilligan PH, Thomson RB Jr, et al. A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2013 recommendations by the Infectious Diseases 24
9 Pediatr Infect Vaccine Vol.25, No.1, 2018 Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)(a). Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:e Schelonka RL, Chai MK, Yoder BA, Hensley D, Brockett RM, Ascher DP. Volume of blood required to detect common neonatal pathogens. J Pediatr 1996;129: Buttery JP. Blood cultures in newborns and children: optimising an everyday test. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002;87:F Connell TG, Rele M, Cowley D, Buttery JP, Curtis N. How reliable is a negative blood culture result? Volume of blood submitted for culture in routine practice in a children's hospital. Pediatrics 2007;119: Simonsen KA, Anderson-Berry AL, Delair SF, Davies HD. Early-onset neonatal sepsis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014;27: Hall KK, Lyman JA. Updated review of blood culture contamination. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006;19: Park WB, Myung SJ, Oh MD, Lee J, Kim NJ, Kim EC, et al. Educational intervention as an effective step for reducing blood culture contamination: a prospective cohort study. J Hosp Infect 2015;91: 요약 목적 : 국내에서소아를대상으로시행하는혈액배양의적응증과방법, 정도관리현황을파악하고자하였다. 방법 : 종합병원에근무하는소아감염분과전문의 ( 소아감염 ) 와신생아집중치료센터를운영하는병원에근무하는신생아분과전문의 ( 신생아 ) 를대상으로온라인설문조사를하였다. 결과 : 소아감염의 81.1% (30/37) 와신생아의 72.2% (52/72) 가설문에응하였다. 적응증과무관하게정규검사로혈액배양을실시하는경우는소아감염의 33.3%, 신생아의 59.6% 였다. 소아감염의 40% 와신생아의 65.4% 가균혈증의심환자에서혈액배양을 1회시행한다고했다. 가장많이사용되는피부소독제는포비돈-아이오딘이었고, 여러피부소독제를사용하는경우그순서는기관마다다양하였다. 배양양성률및오염률을모니터링하는기관은전체의 2/3 정도였으나결과를채혈자에게피드백하는곳은적었다. 채혈담당자에게정기적인교육을하는곳은전체의 1/2 이하였다. 결론 : 기관별로혈액배양의적응증과방법이다양하였으며정도관리를적극적으로시행하는병원은적었다. 소아에서실시되는혈액배양의질향상을위해표준지침의정립이필요하며정도관리를위한기관들의노력이요구된다. 25
386-390.hwp
386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon
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