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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 16, No. 5 pp , ISSN / eissn 한승협 1, 조은주 2, 노동희 3, 감경윤 2,4* 1 인제대학교대학원재활과학협동과정, 2 인제대학교대학원작업치료학과, 3 인제대학교대학원융합의과학협동과정, 4 인제대학교항노화헬스케어연구소 Effects of Korean Computer-Based Cognitive Rehabilitation Program (CoTras) on Frontal-Executive Functions in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury. Seung-Hyup Han 1, Eun-Ju Jo 2, Dong-hee Noh 3, Kyung-Yoon Kam 2,4* 1 Dept. of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University 2 Dept. of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Inje University 3 Dept. of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School of Inje University 4 U-healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center 요약본연구는외상성뇌손상환자를대상으로한국형전산화인지재활프로그램 (CoTras) 이전두엽- 집행기능에미치는효과를알아보고자하였다. 2013년 8월부터 2014년 3월까지경남창원에위치하는 C병원에내원한외상성뇌손상환자 10명을두그룹으로무작위할당한후실험군에게한국형전산화인지재활프로그램을, 대조군에는자가인지훈련을 1일 1회, 주 5 회, 4 주동안적용하고그룹간비교를실시하였다. 이때중재의효과를검증하기위하여한국판몬트리올인지평가 (Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment; K-MoCA), 시계그리기검사 (Executive Clock Drawing Test; ECDT), 선로잇기검사 (Trail Making Test; TMT), Rey-도형검사 (Rey Complex Figure Test; RCFT) 를사용하였다. 그결과, 실험군은 K-MoCA, TMT, RCFT-delayed recall에서유의하게향상된반면 (p<.05), 대조군은모든평가에서유의한변화가없었다. 또한, K-MoCA, TMT, RCFT-delayed recall에서실험군과대조군의변화량이서로유의한차이가있음을확인하였다 (p<.05). 본연구는한국형전산화인지재활프로그램이외상성뇌손상환자의전두엽- 집행기능을향상시키기위해국내임상환경에서사용하기에적절한중재도구임을지지한다. Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Korean computer-based cognitive rehabilitation program (CoTras) on frontal-executive functions in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study was performed at C hospital in Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea from August 2013 to March Ten patients with TBI were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group had been given CoTras once a day, five times a week for four weeks, whereas the control group had performed self-cognitive training under the same conditions. To verify the effect of intervention, the following executive function measures were used: Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment (K-MoCA), Executive Clock Drawing Test (ECDT), Trail Making Test (TMT), Rey-Complex Figure Test (RCFT). Intervention group showed significant increase in K-MoCA, TMT, RCFT-delayed recall (p<.05). However, control group showed no significant change in any test. There was significant difference of changed scores (post test-pre test) between two groups in K-MoCA, TMT and RCFT-delayed recall (p<.05). This study showed that CoTras is effective to improve frontal-executive functions in patients with traumatic brain injury. Key Words : Cognition, CoTras, Executive function, Traumatic brain injury * Corresponding Author : Kyung-Yoon Kam(Inje Univ.) Tel: kamlapa@inje.ac.kr Received February 2, 2015 Accepted May 7, 2015 Revised May 6, 2015 Published May 31,

2 1. 서론세계보건기구 (WHO) 에서는외상성뇌손상 (traumatic brain injury) 을외부의물리적힘이머리에충격을가함으로써발생한급성뇌손상으로정의내리고있다 [1]. 현재까지의통계를살펴보면세계적으로매년약 1,000만명이상이외상성뇌손상으로인해사망하게되거나장애를겪고있으며 [2], 이는청년층의사망및장애발생의가장대표적인원인이기도하다 [3]. 또한, 2020년이되면장애및사망을유발하는다른여러질환들의발병률을앞지르게될것이라예측하고있다 [2]. 외상성뇌손상으로인한장애의회복은복잡한과정으로서기능적, 인지적변화에많은영향을끼친다 [4]. 그중인지적변화는 Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS) 의기준에따라손상수준을경미, 중등도, 중증으로나눌수있는데 [5], 나이를고려하지않고손상의경중을따지면, 외상성뇌손상환자의 70~90% 가경미한손상을, 5~20% 가중증도및중증의손상을입게된다 [6]. 중등도및중증의손상을입은경우인지기능이신체적기능이나심리사회적기능에비해회복률이현저히떨어져새로운것을학습하는능력에큰문제가나타난다 [7]. 외상성뇌손상은다른뇌손상과달리외부의충격에의해발생하므로물리적, 역학적영향을많이받게되는데, 특히, 사고시발생하는전단력 (shearing force) 과신장력 (stretching force) 은외상성축삭손상 (traumatic axonal injury) 을일으켜점상출혈과백색질병변을일으킨다 [8]. 외상후백색질의손상정도에따라예후가결정되는데, 백색질의병변이작게일어나보존이잘되어있을수록예후가좋은반면손상이심각할수록집중력, 기억력, 집행기능에저하가나타나게된다 [8, 9]. 특히백색질의병변은전두엽에서많이나타나는데 [10], 전두엽은언어, 운동기능및행동조절뿐아니라인지처리의여러과정에관여하는부분으로서, 이러한손상은집행기능에직접적인영향을준다 [11]. 집행기능 (executive function) 이란정보처리과정에서불필요한정보로인해발생하는방해요인을억제하여목표과제를유지하고실행하는데관여하는총체적인인지적기제 (cognitive mechanism) 를일컫는다 [12]. 이러한집행기능은독립적인일상생활을유지시켜주는주요소이고, 손상시에는수단적일상생활뿐아니라기본 적일상생활에도치명적인장애를발생시킨다 [13-15]. 작업치료는최대한의독립성을가지고일상생활, 사회생활로복귀하는것을치료목표로하고있는만큼, 외상성뇌손상환자의집행기능을포함한인지기능의회복을위한노력은간과할수없는부분이다 [16]. 인지기능의회복을목적으로하는인지재활의종류에는책상에서이루어지는지필묵과제, 컴퓨터기반과제, 보드게임과같은교정적접근법, 일상생활에필요한기술들을훈련하거나인지능력을보조해줄수있는도구적용과같은보상적접근법, 인지장애로인해나타나는문제들을해결하기위한전략을알려주는보호자교육등이있다 [16]. 그중교정적접근을통한인지재활은단순히인지기능을향상시킬뿐만아니라환자가인지장애에대해보상적으로접근하는방법을새로이학습하는데도움을주기때문에현재까지널리이용되고있는중재방법이다 [17]. 최근근거를기반으로한인지장애의교정적접근중많이사용되고있는방법은전산화인지재활프로그램이다. 이희령등 (2012) 의연구에의하면, 현재국내에서인지재활을시행하는기관중 70% 이상이전산화인지재활프로그램을사용하고있고 [18], 많은기관에서사용하는만큼전산화인지재활프로그램의효과는국내여러연구에서검증되었다 [19-23]. 그러나현재국내여러기관에서사용하고있는대부분의전산화인지재활프로그램은국외에서제작된것으로서, 교육수준및언어와정서, 문화적배경차이등으로국내환자에게적용하기어렵고, 프로그램이매우고가이므로기관에서구입하기부담스러운단점이있다 [24]. 이러한단점을보완하고자한국형전산화인지재활프로그램이개발되었고, 작업치료사가개발하여인지치료에대한전문성을높였다. 이후프로그램의효과를검증하기위한연구를시행하였다 [25, 26]. 하지만효과검증을위한선행연구들은대부분뇌졸중환자를대상자로하였으며, 인지및시지각기능의변화와일상생활수행도의변화를알아보는것에국한되었다. 재활에있어인지기능의회복은뇌졸중환자뿐만아니라외상성뇌손상환자에게도중요한목표이다. 따라서본연구는한국형인지재활프로그램이외상성뇌손상환자의전반적인인지기능과집행기능에미치는효과를알아보고자한다. 3345

3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 5 호, 연구방법 2.1 연구대상및연구기간본연구의대상자는 2013년 8월부터 2014년 3월까지경남창원시소재의 C병원을내원하여치료를받는환자중, 전산화단층촬영 (CT) 이나자기공명영상 (MRI) 을통해외상성뇌손상을진단받은자로하였다. 대상자선정조건은첫째, 발병후 6개월이상인자, 둘째, 연구자의간단한지시사항 (2단계지시따르기 ) 에대해수행이가능한자, 셋째, 연구과정을이해할수있고협조할수있는자, 넷째, 뇌손상외기타중복장애와실행장애가없는자로하였다. 이와같은기준으로총 10명의대상자가선정되었으며, 연구를시작하기전모든대상자들과보호자들에게연구에대한충분한설명과함께자발적참여의사를물어동의서를작성하였다. 일반적특성에대한두집단간통계학적차이는없는것으로나타났으며 (p>.05), 세부적인내용은다음과같다 [Table 1]. 2.2 연구절차외상성뇌손상진단을받은 10명의환자를대상으로두개의그룹을무작위로선정하였다. 두그룹모두작업치료는 1회기에 30분씩, 주 3회로동일하게제공되었으며, 실험군은 30분씩, 주 5회, 4주 ( 총 20회기 ) 동안한국형전산화인지재활프로그램을수행을, 대조군은같은조건하에퍼즐맞추기, Hanoi tower 등자가인지훈련을하였다. 한국형전산화인지재활프로그램은 22인치 LCD 터치전용모니터와본체가연결되어있는일체형 PC에서실시하였고, 외부의환경으로부터영향을최대한줄이기위해서독립적인공간에프로그램전용책상과의자를갖추고진행하였다. 프로그램운영은인지재활치료실에서 5년이상근무한숙련된작업치료사 2인 이실시하였다. 본연구에서실험전 후전두엽- 집행기능의변화를알아보기위하여한국판몬트리올인지평가 (Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment, K-MoCA), 시계그리기검사 (Executive Clock Drawing Test, ECDT), 선로잇기검사 (Trail Making Test, TMT), Rey-도형검사 (Rey Complex Figure Test, RCFT) 를실시하였다. 2.3 연구도구 한국형전산화인지재활프로그램한국형전산화인지재활프로그램으로사용된코트라스 (CoTras) 는 2009년도산학공동기술개발지원사업으로대구보건대학김영근이개발한컴퓨터인지재활프로그램으로서, 전산화인지재활프로그램의장점과임상적효과그리고사회, 경제적인면을고려하여우리나라문화와환경에적합한내용과구조로개발되었다 [24]. 시지각훈련, 주의력훈련, 기억력훈련, 지남력훈련, 기타 ( 수와양, 범주화, 순서화 ) 프로그램으로총 5개영역으로구성되어있다. 2.4 측정도구 몬트리올인지평가 (Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment; K-MoCA) K-MoCA는경한수준의인지기능장애를빠른시간내에선별하기위해 MoCA를강연욱등이한국문화와언어적특성을고려하여번안하여표준화한평가도구이다. 하위항목에는주의집중능력, 집행기능, 기억력, 언어능력, 시각구성기술, 개념적사고, 계산능력, 지남력이포함되어있으며총점은 30점으로구성되어있다 [27]. Table 1. General Characteristics Gender Level of education Intervention group Control Group Male (n) 5 5 Female (n) 0 0 Age (year) 51.4 ± ± Onset (month) 35.2 ± ± Elementary education 1 1 Middle school education 1 1 High school education 1 1 Higher education

4 Table 2. Analysis of treatment effects in control group Pre-intervention Post-intervention Z p-value K-MoCA (score) 17.4 ± ± ECDT (score) 2.8 ± ± TMT (sec) 83.6 ± ± RCFT-copy (score) 27.8 ± ± RCFT-delayed recall (score) 6.2 ± ± * p<.05 K-MoCA: Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment, ECDT: Executive Clock Drawing Test TMT: Trail Making Test, RCFT: Rey Complex Figure Test 시계그리기검사 (Executive Clock Drawing Test; ECDT) 시계그리기검사는 1983년보스턴실어증검사도구 (Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination) 의일부로써처음사용되었다. 점수체계는 15가지이상이존재하는데 [28], 그중 Shulman 등이 1993년에사용한 6점척도를이용하였다. 1점부터 6점까지 1점단위로나누어져있으며, 점수가낮을수록좋은수행을했음을의미한다 [29] 선로잇기검사 (Trail Making Test; TMT) Part A와 Part B로나뉘는이검사는 A와 B 모두시지각능력 (visual perceptual ability) 을요하는검사로서, A는숫자를순서대로연결하는과제, B는숫자열과문자열을교대로연결하는과제이다 [30]. 점수는수행시간을측정하며, 검사중교정되지않은오류가 3회발생하면검사를중단한다. Part B는 A에비해교대집중력 (alternating attention), 역행적억제 (backward inhibition) 과같은능력이추가로필요하다 [31] Rey-도형검사 (Rey Complex Figure Test, RCFT) 이검사는스위스의신경심리학자인 Andre Rey가 1942년뇌손상환자들의시지각능력및기억을평가하기위해고안한것이다. 하나의직사각형형태를기본으로하여두대각선과여러도형들이복잡하게얽혀있는그림을외우고다시회상하는평가로서, 복잡한정보를계획하고조직하고모으는능력을평가하는데특히유용하다 [32]. 결과는그림을모방 (copy), 즉각회상 (immediate recall), 지연회상 (delayed recall) 한것을측정방법에따라점수화한다. 본연구에서는모방과지연회상의점수만을사용하였다. 2.5 자료분석및통계모든자료는 SPSS 20.0 프로그램을사용하여통계분석을실시하였다. 두집단에대한분석전에 K-S검정을통해정규성검증을시행한후, 비모수통계기법을사용하였다. 대상자의일반적특성은카이제곱검정과 Mann-Whitney U test를사용하였다. 각집단별중재전, 후변화에대한통계방법은 Wilcoxon 부호검정을사용하였으며, 집단간중재전, 후변화량에대한분석은 Mann-Whitney U test를사용하였다. 이때통계학적유의수준은 p<.05로설정하였다. Table 3. Analysis of treatment effects in intervention group Pre-intervention Post-intervention Z p-value K-MoCA (score) 16.8 ± ± * ECDT (score) 2.6 ± ± TMT (sec) ± ± * RCFT-copy (score) 31.7 ± ± RCFT-delayed recall (score) 7.4 ± ± * * p<.05 K-MoCA: Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment, ECDT: Executive Clock Drawing Test TMT: Trail Making Test, RCFT: Rey Complex Figure Test 3347

5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 5 호, 2015 Table 4. Analysis of change scores between two groups Change scores a of control group Change scores a of intervention group Z p-value K-MoCA (score) -.20 ± ± * ECDT (score) -.40 ± ± TMT (sec) 7.60 ± ± * RCFT-copy (score) 1.20 ± ± RCFT-delayed recall (score) ± ± * * p<.05 a Change scores = post-test score - pre-test score K-MoCA: Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment, ECDT: Executive Clock Drawing Test TMT: Trail Making Test, RCFT: Rey Complex Figure Test 3. 연구결과 3.1 집단별중재전, 후분석대조군에서는 ECDT, RCFT-copy에서수행향상을보였으나, 그수치가통계학적으로유의하지않았다 (p>.05)[table 2]. 그러나실험군에서는중재시행후모든수행결과가향상하였음을알수있었다. 특히, K-MoCA, TMT, RCFT-delayed recall의수행결과는통계학적으로유의한변화인것을확인할수있었다 (p<.05)[table 3]. 3.2 집단간중재전, 후분석중재적용후측정값의변화량을두집단간비교해본결과, 모든평가항목에대한변화량이대조군에비해실험군이높게나타났으며, 이러한차이는 ECDT와 RCFT-copy를제외한모든항목에서통계학적으로유의했다 (p<.05)[table 4]. 4. 고찰본연구는한국형전산화인지재활프로그램이외상성뇌손상환자의전두엽- 집행기능에미치는효과를알아보고자하였다. 본연구를통한결과에서전반적인지기능평가인 K-MoCA를실시했을때, 대조군은통계학적으로유의한향상이없었던반면, 한국형전산화인지재활프로그램을적용한실험군에서는유의하게향상된것을확인할수있었다. 이러한결과는본연구의전산화인지재활프로그램이전반적으로인지기능을향상시킨것으로볼수있으며, 한국형전산화인지재활프로그램이뇌졸중환자의인지기능향상에효과적임을보인선행연구들과마 찬가지로외상성뇌손상환자의인지기능또한향상시킬수있음을지지한다 [25, 33]. 그러나선행연구들은뇌졸중환자들을대상으로연구하였고시지각과일상생활활동또는주의집중력, 기억력과같은하위인지기능에초점을두었지만, 본연구는외상성뇌손상환자를대상으로실시하였고집행기능과같은고위인지기능을포함하여그효과를확인하였다. 본연구에서측정한 K-MoCA 점수는주의력, 집중력, 실행력, 기억력, 어휘력, 시각공간력, 추상력, 계산과지남력의여덟개영역을모두합한점수를사용하여결과를제시하였다. 이를통해고위인지기능뿐아니라전반적인인지기능을모두측정하였으며, 그결과대조군은중재전, 후에통계학적으로유의미한변화가없었던반면, 실험군은유의하게전반적인인지기능이증가하였음을확인하였다. 시계그리기검사 (Executive Clock Drawing Test, ECDT), 선로잇기검사 (Trail Making test, TMT), Rey- 도형검사 (Rey Complex Figure Test, RCFT) 는집행기능을평가하기위한대표적인검사도구로유용하게사용되고있다 [34]. 특히, RCFT는시공간기억력, 계획하기, 조직화기술, 문제해결능력, 기억능력, 시지각능력및시각운동협응등과같은다양한인지처리과정들을동시에평가하는검사도구로서임상에서유용하게사용되고있다 [30]. 실험군의결과에서집행기능을알아보기위해사용한평가중 ECDT를제외한모든평가에서유의하게증가하였음을확인하였다. ECDT의결과를보면중재를적용한후에향상되기는하였으나이러한결과가통계적으로유의하지는않았다. 이러한이유는 ECDT의채점이 6점척도로되어있기때문에 4주간의훈련으로변화된정도를측정하기에는민감도가떨어지고대상자수가적었기때문으로사료된다. 3348

6 또한 RCFT는모방과지연회상의점수만을사용하였는데, 두집단간의중재후비교를해본결과 RCFT-copy는통계학적으로유의한차이가없는것으로확인할수있었다. RCFT-copy는상위인지기능보다는모사 (copy) 를통해시지각능력 (visuoperceptual ability) 과시공간구성능력 (visuospatial ability) 을측정하는것으로두그룹간의차이가없었던것으로사료된다. 그러나 RCFT-delayed recall와 TMT에서두그룹간의통계학적으로유의한차이가있었다. 이러한결과를바탕으로한국형전산화인지재활프로그램이외상성뇌손상환자의집행기능향상에효과적임을알수있었다. 기억력훈련을위해처음사용된전산화인지재활프로그램은주의력, 지남력, 집행기능, 시지각능력등다양한영역에적용되어환자들에게긍정적인영향을준다고검증되었다 [20, 26, 35]. 이중에서집행기능은주의집중, 언어, 시공간능력, 기억과같은하위인지기능을통제하는고위인지기능으로 [36], 최근집행기능에대한관심이높아져서많은연구들이이루어지고있다. 외상성뇌손상환자에게집행기능의저하가나타난다는것은많은선행연구를통해서보고되었다 [37, 38]. 집행기능은해부학적으로뇌의전두엽 (frontal lobe) 과전두엽- 피질하신경망회로 (frontal-subcortical circuit) 와관련이있고, fmri을통해배외측전전두피질 (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) 이관여한다는것으로확인되었다 [39, 40]. 전두엽은대뇌피질의거의반을차지하고, 일차적충격이후에전달되는이차적인전달력에의한손상이일어나게되므로외상성뇌손상에의해가장쉽게손상받을수있는부위이다 [41]. 또한이러한전두엽은대부분의피질및피질하구조와상호연결되어있기때문에전두엽손상시인지및지각, 운동에대한많은문제를야기한다. 그럼에도불구하고외상성뇌손상환자를대상으로집행기능의변화를관찰하거나중재에대한효과를검증한연구는부족한실정이다. 현재임상에서인지재활에대한학문적연구와치료가활발하게진행되고있다. 본연구는뇌졸중환자를대상으로국외에서개발된전산화인지재활프로그램의적용이집행기능에미치는변화를조사한선행연구들의연구결과와유사한결과를보였다 [42,43]. 하지만기존선행연구들은뇌졸중환자를대상으로하였거나하위인지기능향상에대해적용한연구가주를이루는반면, 본연구는국내에서최초로외상성뇌손 상환자를단일대상군으로하여집행기능에대한연구를시도한점에서타연구와차별성과유의성을가진다. 또한, 컴퓨터기반인지재활 (computer-based cognitive rehabilitation: CBCR) 프로그램중이미여러차례검증된외국에서개발되어번역해서사용하고있는전산화인지재활프로그램이아닌, 국내환자들의상황에맞게언어적, 정서적, 문화적등의괴리감이없는한국형전산화인지재활프로그램을적용하여고위인지기능인집행기능에서효과를입증하였다는점이본연구의중요한의미라고할수있다. 인지기능의회복은뇌졸중환자뿐아니라외상성뇌손상환자에게도중요한문제이므로외상성뇌손상환자의인지기능을향상시킬수있는중재법과함께전산화인지재활훈련에관한연구가활발히이루어져야할것이다. 본연구는뇌졸중환자뿐아니라외상성뇌손상의고위인지기능향상에도전산화인지재활프로그램이긍정적인영향을미친다는것을지지하며, 임상환경에서뇌손상환자의집행기능을향상시키기위한중재방법으로유용하게적용될수있음을시사한다. 하지만대상자수가적었으며, 다양한일반적특성이고려되지못했다는제한점이있다. 따라서후속연구에서는많은대상자를통한다면적접근이필요할것이라사료된다. 5. 결론본연구는한국형전산화인지재활프로그램이외상성뇌손상환자의전두엽- 집행기능에미치는영향을알아보고자하였다. 본연구를통해얻은연구결과는다음과같다. 첫째. 한국형전산화인지재활프로그램을이용하여인지재활훈련을실시했을때, 외상성뇌손상환자의인지기능을향상을확인할수있었다. 둘째, 전반적인인지기능뿐아니라전두엽 -집행기능에도효과적임을알수있었다. 본연구의결과를통하여한국형전산화인지재활프로그램을이용한전산화인지재활프로그램이외상성뇌손상환자의하위인지뿐만아니라고위인지기능에도효과적임을알수있었고, 추후연구에서전두엽-집행기능외에다른고위인지기능에도추가적인확인이필요할것으로사료된다. 3349

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