Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science 2015;17(1):44-49 pissn eissn
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1 Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science 2015;17(1):44-49 pissn eissn 여성노인의피부두겹두께와우울의관련성연구 김증임 1 양영미 2 박지현 3 신희진 3 1 순천향대학교간호학과교수. 2 순천향대학교일반대학원간호학과박사지원생, 3 순천향대학교일반대학원간호학과박사과정생 Study on the Relationship between Skinfold Thickness and Geriatric Depression in Older Adult Woman Kim Jeung-Im 1, Yang Young-Mi 2, Park Ji-Yeon 3, Shin Hee-Jin 3 1 School of Nursing, Soonchunhyang University, 2 Doctoral Candidate, School of Nursing, Soonchunhyang University, 3 Doctoral Student, School of Nursing, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea Purpose: This research was aimed at evaluating the differences in depression by skinfold thickness, and the relationship between two variables. Methods: Research design was a non-experimental descriptive survey. Using a caliper, we measured skinfold thickness on the triceps, and then on the suprailiac, and the mid-thigh. Depression was evaluated using the Geriatric Depression Scale- Short Form (GDS-SF). Data were collected for one month from Sept 1st to 30th, There were 52 subjects, 25 of which were from elderly welfare centers and 27 were hospitalized. Results: Subjects were an average age of 76.4± 4.45, and the incidence rate of depression ( 6) was 36.5% and those who had a sum of 3 skinfolds over 62 mm were 22.7%. The GDS-SF was significantly different in only the suprailiac skinfold thickness (F = 7.25, p <.05). Conclusion: Findings indicate that depression is different based on suprailiac thickness in older adult women at elderly welfare centers and those who were hospitalized in an medical ward. It suggests that the suprailiac skinfold may be an indicator of abdominal obesity when considering depression in elderly women. Further study is needed to evaluate a cutoff score of skinfold thickness in obesity for older adult women. Key Words: Aged; Depression; Skinfold thickness; Women 국문주요어 : 피부두겹두께, 우울, 여성, 노인 서론 1. 연구의필요성비만과우울은세계보건기구 (World Health Organization, WHO) 가제시한중요한건강문제이다 [1-3]. 먼저비만은심혈관질환, 당뇨, 고혈압, 뇌졸중, 특정암과같은많은만성질환의주요위험요인및조기사망의원인이되며, 여러가지심리적요인에의해매개되는신체적고통과식이장애가동반되는경우우울증의위험을증가시킨다 [4,5]. 또한비만정도가높아질수록삶의질이낮아지므로 [6] 개인뿐만이아니라사회적차원에서도많은관심을갖고있다. 우리나라에서도제3기국민건강영양조사의 2차자료를이용하여만 19세이상성인의비만과삶의질을분석한결과, 비만은여성에게서운동, 통증 / 불편감영역에영향을미쳐삶의질을악화시키는것으로나타났다 [7]. 일연구결과비만은남성보다는여성에서높게나타나남녀성별에따라차이가있었으며 [8], 이는전국민을표본추출하여제4기국민건강영양조사를한 2차자료분석을통해서도알수있었다 [7]. 이결과에서한국여성노인의비만, 복부비만, 대사증후 Corresponding author: Young-Mi Yang School of Nursing, Soonchunhyang University, , Hyanggyo 1-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, , Korea Tel: Fax: yangym1228@hanmail.net * This work was supported by the Soonchuhyang University Research Grant. 투고일 : 2014 년 12 월 27 일심사의뢰일 : 2014 년 12 월 27 일게재확정일 : 2015 년 2 월 1 일 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 44
2 여성노인의피부두겹두께와우울의관련성연구 45 군의유병률은각각 46.9%, 56.3%, 46.7% 로나타나한국남성노인의 23.1%, 26.6%, 21.7% 보다높게나타났다 [9]. 또한비만은연령에따른차이를보였는데비만여성군의평균연령이정상여성군의평균연령보다높았고, 복부비만여성군도정상군보다평균연령이높았으며나이가들수록복부비만이증가하였다 [10]. 노년기우울증은신체적건강및사회적활동에부정적영향을미치고의료비용지출을증가시킴으로써경제적부담이가중되고, 삶의질을저하시키는결과를가져올수있다 [11]. 신체활동의저하는신체기능을저하시킬뿐만아니라다양한정신적징후를유발하여우울과소외감등의사회적고립을가져올수있다 [12]. 비만과우울간의상관성을살펴본결과, 캐나다다섯지역의성인 59,652 명을대상으로비만과우울의상관성을본연구에서우울증의유병률은다섯지역에거주하는성인의 5.3% 였고, 남성보다여성에서더높게나타났으며, 과체중인사람들은우울증의위험이증가하는경향이있었다 [13]. 또한, 중년과노인여성의우울증과비만사이의양방향상관성연구결과우울증은모든여성의추적관찰기간에서비만의위험증가와관련이있었다 [8]. 국내연구결과에서도우울증을가진여성이정상여성보다대사증후군이유의하게높았고대사증후군지표점수가증가할수록우울증상이증가하였다 [14]. 또한여러연구에서남성보다여성에서우울의유병률이높고, 정상체중보다는비만여성에서우울발생률이높아비만이우울의병인이됨을밝혔다 [8,12-14]. 노화가되면여성에서는허리둘레와종아리둘레가증가하고, 남성에서는둔부둘레가감소하는특징을보인다. 그동안 60세이상한국노인에서가장적절한비만지표로허리둘레와체질량지수가사용되어왔다 [15]. Carpenter 등 [16] 는비만과주요우울장애, 자살충동및자살시도간의관계연구에서체질량지수 (body mass index, BMI) 를이용하였다. 우리몸은지방혹은지질의화학물질전체를포함하는체지방과지방이없는나머지부분인무지방조직인제지방으로구성되며체지방은체중과신장으로측정될수있으나지방함유량이남성의경우체중의 5-50%, 여성의 10-61% 까지변동이있어두곳혹은세곳의피부두겹두께를측정하는것이제안되었다 [17]. 피부두겹두께는피하지방의두께를말하는데여성의경우에스트로겐의영향으로 50세까지는증가하다가이후에감소한다 [18]. 피부두겹두께는체질량지수와는달리특정부위지방의증가와감소를반영하여상대적인비만의유용한지표로제안되었으며, 수행방법이간단하고소요비용이낮아임상이나지역현장에서체지방률사정척도로사용할수있다 [19]. 이는 ( 체중 표준체중 ) 100으로나누어 120% 이상일때비만으로평가하는 Broca법이나키가작은경 우비만으로나올수있는신장 / 체중비율보다더직접적인비만도의측정방법이된다. 그러므로다양한비만지표가운데현장에서활용가치가높은간편하고경제적인방법의제안은비만관련사정과간호활동을촉진할뿐만아니라독자적인간호활동을촉진시킬수있을것으로기대된다. 피부두겹두께를이용한비만의평가시남성은가슴, 복부, 허벅지를측정하지만여성의경우에는상완의삼두근, 대퇴, 상장골의세곳에서측정하고합산하여계산한다 [20]. 세곳에서측정한값의합은다중피부두겹두께로서여성노인의비만율을검토하여보고된비만율과비교해볼필요가있다. 이에본연구는비만여성군중우울여성에서복부비만비율이통계적으로유의미하게높았던선행연구결과 [10,14,21] 를근거로병원에입원한사람과노인복지관을이용하는여성노인을대상으로피부두겹두께를측정하여우울과의관련성을살펴보고자한다. 이는여성노인에서피부두겹두께측정의활용가능성을밝히고여성노인우울의한요인을이해하는데중요한자료가될것으로사료된다. 2. 연구목적본연구는여성노인에서다중피부두겹두께가비만을평가하는요소로서의적합성및우울과의관련성을알아보고자하며구체적인목적은다음과같다. 여성노인의다중피부두겹두께에따라우울정도에차이가있는지를평가한다. 여성노인의연령, 다중피부두겹두께, 우울의상관성을평가한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계본연구설계는여성노인을대상으로설문지조사와생리적변수측정을수행한서술적조사연구이다. 2. 연구대상연구대상자를확보하기위해병원과복지관의관리자에게연구목적이포함된설명문과함께협조문을보낸후사전회의를하였다. 입원환자의선정기준은일반외과대상자는수술및단기입원이많아내과병동에입원후 3-7 일이내의대상자가운데수간호사가우울및비만도검사를해도좋다는환자와접촉하여설명을한후에참여를희망하는환자로하였으며, 노인복지관이용자의선정기준은우울및비만도를검사받기를희망하는여성노인으로하였다. 선정의제외기준은수간호사의추천이있었을지라도당시검
3 46 김증임, 양영미, 박지현외 1 인 사를받으러가야하거나본인의참여의사가없는경우로하였다. 최종적으로노인복지관 25명, 종합병원내과입원환자 27명이선정되어총 52명을연구대상자로하였다. 3. 연구도구우울대상자를선별하고우울점수를알기위해한국판단축형노인우울측정도구 (Geriatric Depression Scale-short form, GDS-SF) [22] 를이용하였다. 이도구는지난일주일간을돌아보면서각문항에응답하도록되어있으며, 긍정문항인 5문항은역코딩을하였으며, 예 는 1점, 아니오 는 0점으로계산하여 6점이상인경우를우울이있다고평가하였다. 개발당시신뢰도는 Cronbach s α =.94였고 [22], 본연구에서내적신뢰도는 Cronbach s α =.806이었다. 4. 피부두겹두께측정피부두겹두께를측정할때마다발생할수있는오차를줄이고또한사람에게소요되는시간을줄여노인들의불편감이적도록미리준비를해두기위해 3일간연구책임자로부터훈련을하였다. Jackson등 [20] 의측정방법에근거한다중피부두겹두께측정은상완의삼두근 (triceps), 몸통의상장골 (suprailiac), 다리의대퇴부 (midthigh) 를피부두겹 caliper로소수점한자리까지측정하였고연속으로 3번측정하여중간값을기록하였다. 5. 자료수집피부두겹두께는계절의영향을받으므로 [23] 조사기간은 2011년 9월 1일부터 30일까지기온의차가거의없는동일한계절에이뤄졌으며, 설문에대한설명을한후참여하겠다는서명을한노인을대상으로하였다. 연구보조원은총 6명으로먼저 2명씩 2개조가대상자의개인적인특성과우울을평가하는조사를한후피부두겹두께를측정하는 2명에게안내하는방식으로각각역할을분담하여이루어졌다. 조사및검사에동의하신분께는소정의선물을드렸다. 6. 자료분석연구목적에따른분석은 PASW 18.0 프로그램을이용하여대상자의연령, 피부두겹두께, 우울정도는평균및표준편차를구하였다. 전체대상자는 52명이었으나피부두겹두께의차이를검토할때는대퇴와상완에서측정이어려웠던 8명을제외한 44명의자료를분석하였다. 여성노인의연령, 피부두겹두께, 우울정도를입원노인과복지관노인사이의기술적평균표준편차를살펴보았고피부두겹두께에따른우울점수차이를 ANOVA로분석하였다. 대상자의피부두겹두께, 우울의상관성은 Pearson correlation 으로분석하였다. 1. 대상자의특성 연구결과 조사한총대상자수는병원 27 명, 복지관 25 명이었고대상자의 평균연령은 76.4 ± 4.45 세였다. 6 점이상의우울점수를가진대상자 는 52 명중 19 명으로발생률은 36.5% 였고, 세부위의피부두겹두께 의합인다중피부두겹두께가 62 mm 를넘었던대상자는 44 명중 10 명으로본조사대상자의비만율은 22.7% 였다 (Table 1). 2. 피부두겹두께에따른우울점수의차이 세부위에서측정한다중피부두겹두께에따른우울점수는유 의한차이가없었고 (F = 6.00, p =.315) 상장골의두께만우울점수에 서유의한차이를보였다 (F=7.25, p <.05)(Table 2). 3. 피부두겹두께와우울의상관성평가 피부두겹두께와우울의상관관계를살펴본결과세부위의피 부두겹두께및다중피부두겹두께모두우울과유의한상관을보 이지않았다. 세부위의피부두겹두께는서로유의한상관성을나 타내었으며, 상장골과삼두근 (r =.560, p <.001), 상장골과대퇴 (r =.328, p<.05), 대퇴와삼두근 (r =.502, p<.01) 로정적상관을보였 으며다중피부두겹두께와각각의피부두겹두께도모두유의수 준.001 수준에서 r=.6 이상의강한상관을나타내었다 (Table 3). 논의 본연구는임상현장에서입원환자의절반정도는노인이기때문 에여러질환의원인으로알려진비만과우울의문제를노인을대 상으로조사하고관리해나가는방안을모색할필요가있다는연 Table 1. Characteristics of Variables Variables Facility Mean (SD) Total Mean (SD)/% Age Supra-iliac (n= 48) Triceps (n= 48) Thigh (n= 44) Sum of 3 skinfolds Depression *: (mm 62); :( 6) (4.24) 74.6 (5.65) 16.1 (4.20) 16.5 (4.93) 18.8 (4.21) 16.5 (4.93) 17.7 (5.14) 20.5 (8.98) 51.9 (11.8) 53.5 (17.6) 3.91 ( 3.23) 5.57 ( 4.32) 76.4 (4.45) 16.1 (4.77) 18.5 (4.32) 18.1 (5.65) 22.7%* 36.5%
4 여성노인의피부두겹두께와우울의관련성연구 47 Table 2. Differences of Depression by Skinfold Thickness (N= 44) Site (mm) Mean SD F 구배경에서시도되었다. 본연구에서는내과병동에입원 3-7 일인 여성노인과노인복지관을이용하는여성노인을대상으로피부두 겹두께를이용한비만도를측정하고단축형노인우울척도를이용 하여우울발생률을검토한후피부두겹두께와우울과의관계를 살펴보았다. 먼저다중피부두겹두께를이용하여비만도를평가한결과비만 율은 22.7% 로나타났다. 또단축형노인우울척도 6 점이상을기준 으로하였을때본연구대상자의우울유병률은 36.5% 로미국의 60 세이상노인의 31% 보다높게나타났다 [3]. 우울유병률은우울판 정기준점수와도구가연구마다다르기때문에정확한비교는어 렵지만홍콩노인의경우, 8 점이상을기준으로한유병률은남녀 노인전체에서 9.3% [24], 캐나다인의연구에서는여성 6.7%, 남성 3.9% [13] 로나타나우리나라나미국의결과와는매우큰차이가있 음을알수있다. 그러나노인에서우울은과체중, 비만일경우발생 가능성이높았으나두변수간의연구가거의이루어진바가없어 [8, 21] 향후지속적인연구가이뤄져야한다. 다음단계로우울점수가다중피부두겹두께에따라차이가있 는지를평가한결과, 우울점수는다중피부두겹두께에따라유의 한차이가없었고상장골의피부두겹두께에서만우울점수가유의 한차이를보여상장골피부두겹두께가여성노인의비만지표로활 용될가능성을보였다. 상장골피부두겹두께는직접적인복부비 만을의미하지는않지만허리둘레의변화를나타내는것으로한국 여성에서대사증후군의연구에서복부비만의지표로허리둘레를 이용한것 [14] 과연관이있다는점이있었다. 또아시아성인 2,604 명 의조사에서우울은복부비만과정적상관이있어복부비만을측 정하는것이유익함을밝힌보고내용을 [25] 볼때복부비만에관 심을가질필요가있다고본다. 95% confidence interval Lower Upper Suprailiac Triceps Thigh Sum of 3 skinfolds 지금까지많은선행연구에서는비만의척도로 BMI, 체지방률, 허리둘레가이용되어왔다. 그가운데서도 BMI 가많이이용되어왔 다. 예를들어주요우울장애, 자살충동및자살시도간의관계에 관한연구에서 BMI 가이용되었고 [8,16], 우울에대한독립예측변인 으로체지방률과근력이이용되었으며 [26], 유럽성인 3,922 명을대 상으로수행한우울지수와 BMI, 허리둘레, 복부비만율의상관성연 p Table 3. Relationship between Depression and Skinfold Thickness (N= 44) (r/p) Depression Suprailiac Triceps Thigh Sum of 3 skinfolds Depression 1 Suprailiac Triceps <.001 Thigh Sum of skinfolds.496 <.001 <.001 <.001 구에서도 BMI 가유효한척도임을보고하였다 [27]. 그러나비만도를 측정함에있어 BMI 보다는피부두겹두께의유용성이제안된바 있으므로 [17] 추후연구에서는허리둘레와허리둔부비, BMI 와함 께다중피부두겹두께를측정하여이들에대한타당성을검토할 필요가있다. 우리나라는 2000 년고령화사회가된이후노인이이용하는의료 비가계속해서상승되고있다. 이러한상황에서우울증과비만과관 련된의료부담을낮추기위해서는조기발견과생활습관과관련된 행동수정이중요하다 [16]. 이러한행동수정관련중재에서도우울과 비만정도를주의깊게추적평가할필요가있으며, 비만도의평가 는피부두겹두께측정기를적용해볼수있을것으로생각된다. 본연구에서는입원후 3-7 일이내의내과환자를대상으로 1 회 측정을하였고입원기간에따른변화는살피지않았다. Choe [28] 는 삼두근의피부두겹두께가입원 3, 7, 14 일째유의하게저하했고대 퇴의피부두겹두께는입원 14 일째유의하게저하했으며비복근의 피부두겹두께는유의한차이가없었으나감소하는경향이있었다 는결과를보면입원기간에따른변화를살펴볼필요가있다고본 다. 본연구에서는세부위에서측정한피부두겹두께의합인다중 피부두겹두께를 62 mm 이상을기준으로비만발생률이 22.7% 로 나타났다. 이는 2009 년의연구에서 62.4 mm 이상을여성노인의비 만기준으로했을때비만발생률인 27.4% [29] 보다낮았는데그이유 로는본연구대상자의 50% 가입원환자였기때문에입원으로인한 변화가작용하였을것으로추측할수있다. 또한복부비만정도가 BMI 보다심혈관계질환및대사성질환의 예후를평가하는요소가될수있다는보고 [27] 에비춰볼때복부 비만도를평가하기위한적합한방법이무엇인지를시도해볼필요 가있음을알수있다. 피부두겹두께의측정을통해비만도를결정 하는방법으로네부위를측정하는방법과세부위를측정하는방 법이보고되었으나 [19-21], 추후연구에서는더많은여성노인을대 상으로여러부위의피부두겹두께를측정하여복부비만을대표
5 48 김증임, 양영미, 박지현외 1 인 할수있는부위를탐구할필요가있다. 마지막으로, 본연구는우울과피부두겹두께의관계를살펴본 연구가지금까지거의수행되지않은상태에서시도되었다는데에 연구의의의가있다. 일부연구에서우울과비만의다른척도와의 관계연구 [27] 나전체비만도의평가척도로 BMI 와복부비만의척 도로허리둘레를이용하여쥐는힘인근력과의관계를보는연구 [30] 가이루어졌지만, 향후생리학적변수와사회심리학적변수의 관계를확인하는연구와더불어여성노인의복부비만을측정하는 적합한변수를밝혀줄연구가활발해질것을기대한다. 결론 본연구에서는입원한여성노인과복지관을이용하고있는지역 거주여성노인을대상으로피부두겹두께와우울을살펴보았으며 그결과는다음과같다. 먼저여성노인을대상으로다중피부두겹두께를이용하여비만 도를평가할수있음을확인하였다. 이비만도를활용하였을때비 만율은 22.7% 로나타났다. 또한노인성우울도구로평가하여 6 점 이상이었던대상자는 36.5% 로나타났다. 한편세부위에서측정한피부두겹두께중상장골의측정값에 따라서만우울점수의차이를보여상장골의피부두겹두께가우울 의중요한변수가될수있음을시사하였다. 그러므로여성노인의 비만도를측정할때에세부위를측정하는다중피부두겹두께도 의미가있으나스크리닝의 1 단계로상장골의피부두겹두께를측 정하는것도임상에서고려해볼여지가있다고본다. 세부위피부두겹두께의합인다중피부두겹두께는각부위의 피부두겹두께와통계적으로유의한상관성을나타냈으나우울과 의상관성은보이지않았다. 이상의연구결과를토대로다중피부두겹두께중상장골의피 부두겹두께가복부비만의척도가될수있는지를검토하기위해 향후복부둘레와 BMI 와의상관성연구가필요하다고본다. 또한장 기입원한여성노인을대상으로우울점수의변화및상장골의피 부두겹두께의변화를추적조사하여상장골의피부두겹두께값 이우울의예측요인이될수있는지검토할것을제언한다. REFERENCES 1. Bulletin of World Health Organization. The world health report-2001 mental health: new understanding, new hope. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001;79(11) Caballero B. The Global epidemic of obesity: An overview. Epidemiological Reviews, 2007;29: /epirev/mxm Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2006;295: Cited Nov 15, 2014 Available from 4. Burton BT, Foster WR, Hirsch J, Van Itallie TB. Health implications of obesity: An NIH consensus development conference. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorder. 1985;9: Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field, A, Colditz G, Diet W. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999;282: Jia H, Lubetkin EI. The impact of obesity on health-related quality-of-life in the general adult US population. Journal of Public Health. 2005;27(2): Kim SY, Yun JE, Jee SH. The relation of physical activity by the IPAQ to Healthrelated Quality of Life - Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) IV Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion. 2011;28(2): Cited Jan 17, 2015 Available from 8. Pan A, Sun Q, Czernichow S, Kivimaki M, Okereke OI, Lucas M, et al. Bidirectional association between depression and obesity in middle-aged and older women. International Journal of Obesity. 2012;36(4): /ijo Lim JW, Kim SY, Ke SS, Cho BL. The prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome among elderly in general population. Korean Journal of Family Medicine. 2011;32(2): Yoon DH, Park JH, Lee CM, Shin CS, Cho SH, Oh BH. The relationship between obesity and depression in Korean women. Journal of The Korean Psychosomatic Society. 2007;15(1): Cited Sep available from img.kisti.re.kr/originalview/originalview.jsp 11. Suh GH, Ryu SG, Yeon BK. A community study of depression in old age. Journal of Korean Geriatrics Society. 2005;9(4): available from medrang.co.kr/kgs/009/kgs pdf 12. Kressig RW, Wolf SL, Sattin RW, O Grady M, Greenspan A, Curns A, et al. Associations of demographic, functional, and behavioral characteristics with activity-related fear of falling among older adults transitioning to frailty. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2001;49(11): /j x 13. Chen Y, Jiang Y, Mao Y. Association between obesity and depression in Canadians. Journal of Women s Health. 2008;18: Doi: /jwh Yoon DH, Park JH, Cho SC, Park MJ, Kim SS, Choi SH, et al. Depressive symptomatology and metabolic syndrome in Korean women. Journal of Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. 2005;14(4): Yoon JH, Kim JW, Lee SY, Kim KN, Cho IY, Cho YM. What is the most reliable obesity index in Korean elderly population?. Journal of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. 2012;21(3): Carpenter KM, Hasin DS, Allison DB, Faith MS. Relationships between obesity and DSM-Ⅳ major depressive disorder, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts: Results from a general population study. American Journal of Public Health. 2000; 90: pdf/ pdf
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