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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Relationships between Cognitive and Learning Styles of Premedical Students Sowon Ahn 1, Mira Kim 2 and Ducksun Ahn 3 1 Department of Business Administration, Seoul National University of Technology, 2 Continuing Education Center, Sogang University, and 3 Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea 의예과학생들의인지양식과학습양식의관계 1 서울산업대학교경영학과, 2 서강대학교평생교육원, 3 고려대학교의과대학의학교육학교실 안서원 1, 김미라 2, 안덕선 3 Purpose: We investigated the relationship between cognitive and learning style by comparing the Cognitive Styles Analysis (CSA) with the Index of Learning Styles (ILS). We assessed whether cognitive styles correlated with learning styles with regard to their corresponding dimensions. Methods: One hundred two second-year premedical students participated, and data from ninety-four students were analyzed. One student's data file was lost during data collection, and six students were excluded because their correct response rates on the CSA were lower than 50%. Both scales were presented on a computer item by item, and the assessment was conducted in the computer lab as a group. For analysis, responses and reaction times were recorded. Results: Distributions of the styles were generated. We correlated the verbal-imagery dimension of the CSA with the visual-verbal dimension of the ILS and found no correlation. There was no correlation between the wholist-analytic dimension of the CSA with the sequential-global dimension of the ILS. Excluding intermediate students in the verbal-imagery dimension of the CSA, however, there appeared to be a marginally significant correlation between the verbal-imagery dimension of the CSA and the visual-verbal dimension of the ILS. Conclusion: In the visual (imagery)-verbal dimension, there was some correlation between cognitive and learning styles. Key Words: Cognition, Learning, Premedical students 서론 최근교육현장에서는학습자의 양식 (style) 에대한관심이보다높아지고있는데, 이는멀티미디어나웹을이용한다양 한학습자료의활용과맞춤형학습이가능해졌기때문이다. 인지양식 (cognitive style) 과 학습양식 (learning style) 은정보를처리하는데서나타나는지능외의개인차를설명하기위한개념으로제시되었다. 학습자는주어진정보를처리하는데있어보다선호하는처리방식이있는데, 이를능력 Received: October 7, 2009 Accepted: November 30, 2009 Corresponding Author: Mira Kim Continuing Education Center, Sogang University, 1 Shinsu-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul , Korea TEL) FAX) ) psymira@sogang.ac.kr *This work was presented as a poster at the ICAPP 2009 in Seoul. Korean J Med Educ 2010 Mar; 22(1): doi: /kjme C The Korean Society of Medical Education. All rights reserved. 7
2 Sowon Ahn, et al : Cognitive and Learning Styles of Premedical Students (ability) 과는다른양식의개념으로본것이다. 우리나라의학교육에서도기존의강의식교육에서벗어나다양한교수방법이개발되고있다. 문제바탕학습 (problem based learning) 은이미많은의대에서사용되고있으며멀티미디어나웹기반학습도구도개발되고있다 [1,2,3]. 다양한교수방법과학습매체는교육과정에학습자를보다능동적으로참여시키고자기주도적인학습을가능하게한다. 이처럼다양해지고있는교육환경에서학습자의 인지양식 또는 학습양식 은보다효율적인학습을위해중요한정보를제공할것으로기대된다. 우리나라의대생을대상으로이루어진양식연구들은주로학습양식을다루었다 [4,5,6,7]. Chung et al. [4] 은 Kolb 의 Learning Style Inventory (LSI) 를사용하여의과대학과의학전문대학원학생들의학습양식을비교하였고, Kim & Roh [5] 도 LSI 를사용하여의과대학생의학습양식을분류한후학습양식과연령이나성별, 유급여부와같은학습자변인과의관계를살펴보았다. Yeo et al. [6] 은 Felder 와 Silverman 의 the Index of Learning Styles (ILS) 을사용하여의대생의학습양식을분류하였고, Kim et al. [7] 또한 ILS 를사용하여의예과학생들의학습양식을분류하고학습양식과학점간의관계를살펴보았다. 본연구는국내에서처음으로의예과학생들의인지양식을측정하고이를 ILS 로측정한학습양식과비교하고자한다. 인지양식이론들은 1940년대부터지각과인지에서나타나는개인차에관심을가진실험심리학자들에의해발표되었는데, 이는 1960년대초까지계속된다 [8]. 이후 1970년대에는교육학에서행위중심의학습양식이론이주로발표되었다. 1950년대에서 1970년대초까지전성기를이루었던양식연구는한동안관심을덜받다가 1990년대이후다시관심이증가하게되는데, 이는양식연구가교육이론과교육현장, 또한직업의선택과업무수행에중요한시사점을갖기때문인것으로보인다 [9]. 지금까지발표된양식이론은무척다양하다. Sternberg & Grigorenko [9] 는이를인지중심이론, 성격중심이론, 행위중심이론의세가지로구분하였다. 이들은인지양식이인지와성격을연결하는중요한연결고리가된다고보았고그런점에서성격중심이론을구분하였다. 대표적인성격중심이론으 로는 Jung 의성격이론과 Jung 의성격이론에기반한 Myers- Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) 를들수있다. Rayner 와 Riding 은성격이론과인지양식이론의관련성이적다고보았기때문에크게인지중심이론과행위중심의학습양식이론의두가지로만구분하였다 [10]. 그렇다면인지양식과학습양식은어떤차이를가질까? 단순히같은개념에대한다른이름일까? 아니면서로다른것을가리키는개념일까? Curry 의이론은인지양식과학습양식의차이를이해할수있는좋은개념적모델을제시한다 [11]. Curry 는수많은양식이론들을 양파 (onion) 에비유하여양파에여러층이있듯이여러양식이론들도이러한층을구성한다고제안하였다. 세개의층이있다고보았는데, 제일안쪽에는성격중심의이론들이위치해있고그다음층에는인지양식이론들이위치해있고마지막으로제일바깥쪽에학습방식의선호에대한학습양식이론들이위치해있다고보았다. 안쪽에있을수록더안정적이어서변화가어렵고바깥쪽으로갈수록외부환경에적응적으로변화될수있다고보았다. 한편 Riding 은학습양식보다는학습전략 (learning strategies) 이라는표현을보다선호했는데, 이는그가보는인지양식과학습양식의차이를잘보여준다. 즉, 인지양식은상대적으로안정적인개인의특성으로보았고, 학습양식은환경의요구에맞춰학습되거나수정될수있는것으로보았다. 학습양식은학습전략과유사한개념으로서학습자료가인지양식과부합하지않을때효율적인정보처리를위해각학습자가개발한학습환경에의적응개념으로간주되었다. 이러한구분은인지양식과학습양식에차이가있을수있음을시사한다. 이에본연구에서는의대생의인지양식과학습양식을각각측정하고그둘간의상관을살펴봄으로써두양식이서로관련이있는지아니면독립적인지를경험적으로살펴보고자하였다. 본연구에서는각양식의대표적인척도이며신뢰도와타당도가검증된 Riding [12] 의 Cognitive Styles Analysis (CSA) 와 Felder 와 Silverman [13] 의 ILS 개정판을사용하였다. 참고로두척도에대한국내타당화작업은아직이루어지지않은상태이다. 이두척도는다른방식으로학습자의양식을측정한다. CSA 가반응시간으로인지양식을분류한다는점에서보다객 8 Korean J Med Educ 2010 Mar; 22(1): 7-13.
3 안서원외 : 의예과학생들의인지양식과학습양식의관계 Table 1. Dimensions and Items of the Cognitive Styles Analysis and the Index of Learning Styles Dimensions Number of Items Examples of Items Cognitive Styles Analysis Verbal-Imagery 24 Are blood and tomato the same color? 24 Are car and van the same type? Wholist-Analytic 20 Is this the same as 20 Is this contained in Index of Learning Styles Active-Reflective 11 I understand something better after I (a) try it out. (b) think it through. Sensing-Intuitive 11 When I am reading for enjoyment, I like writers to (a) clearly say what they mean. (b) say thing in creative, interesting ways. Visual-Verbal 11 I prefer to get new information in (a) pictures, diagrams, graphs or maps. (b) written directions of verbal information. Sequential-Global 11 Once I understand (a) all the parts, I understand the whole thing. (b) the whole thing, I see how the parts fit. 관적인방법이라는장점을갖는다면, ILS 는자기보고식설문이고설문지가공개되어있어측정이쉽고결과를바로알수있다는장점을갖는다. Table 1에서보듯이두척도는 언어- 시간, 전체- 분석 의대응되는하위차원을가지고있다. 따라서두하위차원의상관이유의하다면, 보다간단한방법으로두양식에대한정보를얻을수있다는이점이있다. 그러나앞서언급한 Curry와 Riding 의견해에따라두개념이독립적인것이라면두척도의하위차원이대응된다고하여도상관이유의하게나오지않을가능성이있다. 기존연구에서학습양식과인지양식을직접비교한연구는그리많지않다. 의대생을대상으로한연구에서는 CSA 와 ILS 를비교하였는데, 상관이나타나지않았다 [14]. 또영국의경영대학학생들을대상으로한연구에서는 CSA 와 Kolb 의 LSI 간의상관을보았는데, 이역시하위차원간의상관이나타나지 않았다 [15]. LSI 는지각과처리의두차원으로구성되어있고지각은구체적사고와추상적사고, 정보처리는능동과숙고적활동으로이루어져있다. 이두차원을조합하여네개의학습양식이도출되는데, 확산자, 수렴자, 동화자, 조화자가바로그것이다. 이네차원이 CSA 의하위차원과직접적으로대응되는차원은아니기때문에상관이나타나지않았다고해서이것이직접적으로인지양식과학습양식의독립성을보여준다고보기는어렵다. 이에본연구에서는우리나라의예과학생들을대상으로인지양식과학습양식을측정하여둘간의상관을살펴보고과연인지양식과학습양식이독립적인지를경험적으로살펴보고자하였다. 9
4 Sowon Ahn, et al : Cognitive and Learning Styles of Premedical Students 대상및방법 1. 연구대상자및자료수집방법 2006년서울에소재한의과대학의예과 2학년학생 102명이참가하였다. 1명의자료는 CSA 결과파일이제대로작성되지않아제외되었고, 101 명의자료중 CSA 의정확률이 50% 를넘지않는 7명의자료는제외하여최종 94명의자료를분석하였다. CSA 와 ILS 는모두 Superlab 으로프로그램을작성한후컴퓨터에서실시되었다. 컴퓨터스크린에한문제가제시되고응답자가자판의해당키를눌러응답을하면다음스크린으로넘어가새로운문제가제시되는방식으로진행된다. 문제는참가자마다무선적순서로제시되도록프로그램되었다. 두검사모두컴퓨터실습실에서집단으로실시되었고각응답자의응답내용과반응시간이결과파일에저장되었다. 반응시간이중요한 CSA 의경우참가자들이문제와반응에어느정도친숙해진이후의자료를사용하기위해초기 5개문항에대한응답은제외하고분석하였다. 2. 설문도구및분석방법 CSA와 ILS 는각각우리말로번역하여사용하였다. ILS 는 2002년개정판을사용하였고, CSA 의일부문항은우리문화에적합하도록수정하여사용하였다. 자료는 SPSS version 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) 을사용하여분석하였다. 먼저각참가자의인지양식과학습양식유형을측정하고분류하였다. CSA 는 언어- 시각 차원과 전체- 분석 차원으로사람들의인지양식을구분하며네개의하위테스트로이루어져있다 (Table 1). 두개하위테스트는언어- 시각차원을측정하는것으로한문장이컴퓨터화면에제시되면응답자는그문장의진위를판단하여 예, 아니오 로응답하고, 판단시걸린반응시간이측정된다. 첫번째하위테스트에서제시되는문장들은물체의모습을묘사하는것으로이루어져있어시각자가더빨리반응할것으로예상된다. 두번째하위테스트에서제시되는문장들은개념적범주에관한정보를담고있어언어자가더빨리반응할것이라고예상된다. 나머 지두개의하위테스트는전체- 분석차원을측정한다. 이중한테스트는복잡한기하도형쌍을제시하고이들이같은지다른지를판단하게한다. 이판단과제는두도형의전체적인유사성에대해빠르게반응해야되는것으로전체자가더빠를것으로예상된다. 두번째테스트는간단한기하도형과복잡한기하도형이제시되고간단한것이복잡한것에포함되어있는지를판단하는것이다. 이과제에서는분석자가더빨리반응할것이라고예상된다. 각하위테스트에서맞게응답한반응시간의평균을구한후언어 / 시각, 전체 / 분석과같이반응시간의비율을구하였다. 반응시간이빠를수록해당양식을가지고있다고가정되므로언어 / 시각반응시간비율이 0.98 이하이면언어자, 1.10 이상이면시각자로분류되고그사이는중간자이다. 전체 / 분석의반응시간비율이 1.02 이하이면전체자, 1.36 이상이면분석자, 그사이는중간자이다. 기준이되는수치는 Riding 이다양한연령과성별집단을대상으로표준화작업을한후제시한것이다. ILS는시각- 언어, 감각- 직관, 활동- 숙고, 순차- 전체의 4 개차원으로이루어져있고 [7], 이를측정하는도구는각차원당 11개, 총 44개의문항으로구성된자기보고식설문의형태로되어있고 (Table 1) 인터넷으로누구나자신의학습양식을측정할수있다 ( html). 하위테스트에서해당양식의응답을하면 1점을주고총점을구한후높은점수쪽으로양식을분류한다. 양식을분류한후각유형의분포를보기위해빈도분석을하였고, 두하위유형간의상관 (Spearman s rho) 을구하였다. 결과 두척도의하위유형의분포는표에제시하였다. CSA 에따른분류는언어- 시각차원에서는언어자, 중간자, 시각자의순서로빈도가높았고, 전체- 분석차원은중간자, 전체자, 분석자의순서로빈도가높았다 (Table 2). Table 2를보면전체자- 언어자의빈도가 22.3% 로제일높았다. 한편언어 / 시각, 전체 / 분석비율의평균 ( 표준편차 ) 은각각 0.97 (0.15), 1.17 (0.32) 이었다. 언어 / 시각비율범위는 0.53~1.32, 전체 / 분석비율범위는 0.56~1.92였다. 10 Korean J Med Educ 2010 Mar; 22(1): 7-13.
5 안서원외 : 의예과학생들의인지양식과학습양식의관계 Table 2. Frequency of Each Dimension of the Cognitive Styles Analysis (%) Wholist Intermediate Analytic Total Verbal 21 (22.3) 17 (18.1) 12 (12.8) 50 (53.2) Intermediate 8 (8.5) 13 (13.8) 6 (6.4) 27 (28.7) Imagery 5 (5.3) 5 (5.3) 7 (7.4) 17 (18.1) Total 34 (36.2) 35 (37.2) 25 (26.6) 94 (100) Table 3. Frequency of Each Dimension of the Index of Learning Styles (%) Total n=94. Active 35 (37.2) Sequential 54 (57.4) Reflective 59 (62.8) Global 40 (42.6) Sensing 77 (81.9) Visual 72 (76.6) Intuitive 17 (18.1) Verbal 22 (23.4) ILS 의분류는 Kim et al. [6] 에보고되었지만분석에포함된전체인원이본연구와동일하지않아다시보고하였다. 각차원별로보면활동보다는숙고형, 직관보다는감각형, 전체보다는순차형, 언어보다는시각형이빈도가더높았다 (Table 3). 16개유형중에서는숙고 / 감각 / 순차 / 시각형이 26.6% 로가장빈도가높았다 (Table 4). 빈도분석에이어상관분석의결과는다음과같다 (Table 5). CSA 의언어- 시각과 ILS 의시각- 언어차원의상관은 0.118, CSA 의전체 -분석과 ILS 의순차- 전체의상관은 로모두유의하지않았다. 한편 CSA 의언어- 시각차원에서중간자를빼고 ILS 의시각 -언어차원과의상관을보면 (n=67) 로 p=0.08 수준에서유의하였다. 즉, CSA 에서언어자로분류된사람일수록 ILS 에서도언어형으로분류되는것이다. 그러나 CSA 의전체 -분석차원의중간자를빼고 ILS 의순차- 전체차원과상관을보았을때는그상관이유의하지않았다 (r=-0.039, n=59). Table 4. Frequency of 16 Learning Styles of the Index of Learning Styles (%) Sensing Sensing Intuitive Intuitive Active 13 (13.8) 13 (13.8) 1 (1.1) 2 (2.1) Visual Active 5(5.3) 1(1.1) 0 0 Verbal Reflective 25 (26.6) 10 (10.6) 1 (1.1) 7 (7.4) Visual Reflective 6 (6.4) 4 (4.3) 3 (3.2) 3 (3.2) Verbal Sequential Global Sequential Global Table 5. Correlations between Dimensions of the Cognitive Styles Analysis and the Index of Learning Styles: Spearman's rho CSA ILS VI WA AR SI SG WA AR SI SG a) VV VI: Verbal-imagery, WA: Wholist-analytic, AR: Active-reflective, SI: Sensing-intuitive, SG: Sequential-global, VV: Visual-verbal. a) p<0.01. 고찰 본연구의결과는 CSA 의언어- 시각차원에서중간자를빼고 ILS 의시각- 언어차원과상관을구하면, 두하위차원이상관이있음을보여준다. 이는언어 -시각차원에서중간자인학생들이 1년이넘는의학공부의경험으로자신의학습양식을보다시각형으로지각했을가능성을제시한다. 앞서언급하였듯이학습양식은인지양식보다상황의요구로변화할가능성이큰데, CSA 에따른분류로는시각자가 18.1% 인데반해, ILS 에따른분류로는시각자가 76.6% 에이른다. 참고로의과대학전학년을대상으로 ILS 을실시한 Yeo et al. [6] 의연구에서도시각자의비율이 76.4% 로본연구와비슷하였다. 본연구의대상자인의예과학생들이 1년넘게의학에노출되면서, 인간신체의복잡함을이해하는데시각적인정보가유용함을경험한것이자신을시각형으로지각하는결과를가져온것으로보인다. 의대생을대상으로 CSA 와 ILS 의상관을본 Cook & Smith[14] 에서대응되는하위차원간의상관이나타나지않은이유도학습내용에따른적응의결과로나타난것일가능성이있다. 일반적으로의대생들은학업능력 11
6 Sowon Ahn, et al : Cognitive and Learning Styles of Premedical Students 과학습동기가높은편이다. 따라서학습내용에맞게자신의학습양식을적응적으로바꿀가능성이높을수있는데, 이는이후경험적으로검증이필요한부분이다. 시각적인지양식자에게는언어적자료에대한학습을하게하고, 언어적인지양식자에게는시각적자료에대한학습을하게한후에사전사후인지양식과학습양식의변화를관찰하는것과같은종단연구가필요할것으로보인다. 한편본연구의결과는의대생들의양식정보에기초하여학생들에게학습법에대한도움을줄경우언어자에게시각자료를활용할수있도록도움을주는것이보다효과적일수있음을보여준다. 한편 CSA 의전체 -분석차원은중간자를빼고 ILS 의순차 -전체차원과의상관을봐도유의한상관이나타나지않았다. Table 5에서보듯이 CSA 의두하위차원간에는상관이없어두차원이독립적임을검증할수있었지만 ILS 의하위차원중감각- 직관과순차- 전체간의상관은 0.266으로통계적으로유의하였다. 두하위차원간의상관은 Cook & Smith [14] 에서도보고되었는데, 이들은순차- 전체차원을측정하는하위테스트의내적일관도가다른하위테스트에비해낮은점을함께지적하면서순차- 전체차원의타당도에의문을제기하였다. Cook & Smith 의주장대로순차- 전체차원의타당도가문제될수있다면, CSA 의전체 -분석차원과 ILS 의순차- 전체차원간의상관이유의하지않다는점에근거하여인지양식과학습양식이독립적이라는결론을내리기에는아직이른것으로보인다. 이에대해서는본실험에서사용한두검사외에현재사용되고있는다양한반응행동측정검사와자기보고식결과검사를비교하는추후연구가필요할것으로보인다. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by Korea Research Foundation (KRF B007). REFERENCES 1. Park WB, Kim HB, Kim NJ, Oh MD, Choe KW, Lee YS, Shin JS. Using problem-based learning to teach antibiotics use during a clerkship in internal medicine. Korean J Med Educ 2007; 19: Oh SH, Lee SM, Kim HH, Lee EY, Jeong HJ, Lee SY, Kim SS, Kim HK, Park BK, Woo JS, Rhim BY, Baik SW, Jeong IS, Chang CL. Development and assessment of multimedia learning tool on clinical microbiology for undergraduate medical students. Korean J Med Educ 2006; 18: Kang J. Evaluating learners' behaviors in a web-based instructional program. Korean J Med Educ 2007; 19: Chung EK, Oh SA, Rhee JA, Baik YH, Yoon TY, Lee SJ, Woo YJ. Comparison of learning styles between medical college students and professional graduate medical school students. Korean J Med Educ 2009; 21: Kim SH, Roh HR. The assessment of medical students' learning styles using the Kolb learning style inventory. Korean J Med Educ 2007; 19: Yeo SH, Lee KW, Chang BH, Kang E, Kang DS, Kwak YS, Kim BW, Lee YC, Lee JM, Cho HJ, Chung JM. Learning styles in medical school. Korean J Med Educ 2006; 18: Kim M, Ahn S, Lee J, Ahn D, Lee Y. Characteristics of medical students' learning styles and their relationships to GPA. Korean J Med Educ 2006; 18: Riding RJ. On the nature of cognitive style. Educ Psychol 1997; 17: Sternberg RJ, Grigorenko EL. Are cognitive styles still in style? Am Psychol 1997; 52: Rayner S, Riding R. Towards a categorization of cognitive styles and learning styles. Educ Psychol 1997; 17: Korean J Med Educ 2010 Mar; 22(1): 7-13.
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