44-3대지.06이희상

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1 Urban Machine Space as (Non-)Place: Interpreting Semiotic Representations of Subway Space in Daegu Heesang Lee* 2 3 Abstract This paper is an attempt to explore semiotic representations of subway space as the urban machine space of local mobility in terms of space, time and place. For this, the second section of the paper reviews the contours of the urban space of mobility in terms of machine space, non-place and cognitive map. The third section interprets the sings of spatial and temporal representations of subway space in Daegu, and suggests the implications of the semiotic representations. It is uncovered that various sign-scapes which coexist in the subway space in coordinated or contradictory ways product the space into multiple and complex techno-social spaces. That is, the spatio-temporal representations of the subway space form the space of non-place on the one hand and the space of place on the other hand, and involve the spatialization of memory on the one hand and the spatialization of forgetting on the other hand. Thus, the subway space should be regarded to be not only the space of mobility which people move in and through, but also the space of identity which has effects on the ways for them to see the machine space and its urban space. : mobility, machine space, (non-)place, subway space, sign, representation, memory, forgetting (Teacher, Gosan Middle School, Deagu and Part-time Lecturer, Catholic University of Daegu), thisang@hanmail.net 301

2 (Hannam et al., 2006) (mobility) (Augé, 1995; Appadurai, 1996; Bauman, 2000; Beckmann, 2001; Crang, 2002; Featherstone, 2004; Featherstone et al., 2005; Cresswell, 2006; Hannam et al., 2006; Sheller and Urry, 2006; Urry, 2000; 2007; Merriman, 2007; Adey et al., 2007) (mobility turn) Sheller and Urry KTX (machine space)(horvath, 1974) Cresswell Adey Augé 1995 (non-place) Cresswell(2006) Augé Cresswell Thrift 2004a 302

3 Vertesi Lynch Shields Graham 2000 Crang 2002 (interstitial space) Adey et al

4 Horvath 1974 Horvath Horvath Horvath Horvath Horvath automobility (Beckmann, 2001; Featherstone, 2004; Featherstone et al., 2005; Merriman, 2007). Edensor(1998; 2002; 2004) Lynch 1960; Baudrillard 1988 (Adey, 2004; 2007; Dodge and Kitchin, 2004; 2005a; 2005b; Graham, 2005; Cresswell, 2006) Cresswell (code/space)(dodge and Kitchin, 2004, 198) (Dodge and Kitchin, 2005b) (Graham, 2005) (Thrift and French, 2002) 304

5 (Crang and Graham, 2007) CCTV GPS (Thrift, 2004a; Thrift and French, 2002) Augé Michel de Certeau Augé Arefi Oldenberg (third place) 3 (root) (route) Relph 1976 Ritzer 2000 Webber 2004 Castells 1996 Augé 1995 Benko Bauman 2000 ATM Arefi postsocial Thrift Augé Augé Augé Turner liminality Foucault heterotopia Lloyd 2003 Salter 2007 Christiansen 2008 Oswald Mathias Ungers

6 Urry Sheller (Sheller, 2004; Sheller and Urry, 2000; 2003; Urry, 2004) Beckmann MP3 DMB, PDA, PMP Sheller (post-human) (Sheller and Urry, 2000; Thrift, 2004b) (Urry, 2004; Sheller, 2004; Bull, 2004) (here-and-now) Augé 1995 Lynch 1960 Lynch 1960 Barthes 306

7 Jameson 1991 Lynch Lynch hyperspace Jameson Pile Harry Beck Beck Pike Lefebvre Hadlaw

8 Transport for London( ( Beck Hadlaw Hadlaw Beck Beck Beck 308

9 Hadlaw Beck Hadlaw Hadlaw Lynch Vertesi 2008 Beck Beck Harley

10 m km m m 2 3m

11 m m ( 311

12 Vertesi 2008 Lynch 1960 Pierre Nora Edensor 2005 Legg Morris-Suzuki 2005 (Azaryahu, 1996; Crouch, 1998; Alderman, 2003; Hebbert, 2005; Dwyer and Alderman, 2008) Crang and Travlou

13 Augé (Lowenthal, 1985; Casey, 1987; Malpas, 1999; Ricoeur, 2004) Umberto Eco Hebbert Walter Benjamin physiognomy) Hebbert

14 Chang and Huang Freud Lowenthal 1975 Edensor 2005(topophilia) (Tuan 1974) (topophobia) (Edensor 2002) Marshall 2004 Dwyer and Alderman CCTV (icon) (symbol) (index) 314

15 Saussure Peirce Zukin Cresswell Cresswell Thrift 2004a 315

16 1 1 Sibley 1988 Tuan

17 1 Lynch identity 2 structure 3 meaning imageability 2 cognitive map mental map Tuan 1975 Kitchin and Blades 2002 Wirth 1938 urbanism Wirth Soja 1996 Lefebvre Lefebvre perceived real1 conceived imagined2 lived 3 Pile 1996 Lefebvre Lacan the Real the Imaginary the Symbolic Tuan 1975 Althusser Lacan real Lacan Jameson 1991 Lynch Jameson 3 3 Augé Adey Augé Crang 2002 Merriman Hagman (collective memory) Maurice Halbwachs cultural memory Halbwachs Jan Assmann Aleida Assmann 317

18 (realm of memory) Frances A. Yates (place of memory) Halbwachs Pierre Nora lieux (imagineering)(rutheiser 1996 Short et al UCC 30 e (Chandler, D., 2002, Semiotic: The Basics, Routledge, London) Asia Design Journal Asia Design Journal (Ritzer, G., 2000, The McDonaldization of Society: An Investigation into the Changing Character of Contemporary Social Life, Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA) (Barthes, R., 1982, Empire of Signs, Hill and Wang, New York) (Harootunian, H., 2000, History s Disquiet: Modernity, Cultural Practice and the Question of Everyday Life, Columbia University Press, New York) (Sontag, S., 2003, Regarding the Pain of Others, Picador, New York). 2005DMB

19 (Bauman, Z., 2006, Liquid Fear, Polity Press, Cambridge). Adey, P., 2004, Surveillance at the airport: surveilling mobility/mobilising surveillance, Environment and Planning A, 36, Adey, P., 2007, May I have your attention : airport geographies of spectatorship, position, and (im)mobility, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 27, Adey, P., Budd, L., and Hubbard, P., 2007, Flying lessons: exploring the social and cultural geographies of global air travel, Progress in Human Geography, 31(6), Alderman, D. H., 2003, Street names and the scaling of memory: the politics of commemorating Martin Luther King, Jr within the African American community, Area, 35(2), Appadurai, A., 1996, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN. Arefi, M., 1999, Non-place and placelessness as narratives of loss: rethinking the notion of place, Journal of Urban Design, 4(2), Augé, M., 1995, Non-places: An Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity, London, Verso. Augé, M., 2000, Airport, in Pile, S. and Thrift, N. (eds), City A-Z: Urban Fragments, Routledge, London, 8-9. Azaryahu, M., 1996, The power of commemorative street names, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 14, Baudrillard, J., 1988, America, Verso, London. Bauman, Z., 2000, Liquid Modernity, Polity Press, Cambridge. Beckmann, J., 2001, Automobility - a social problem and theoretical concept, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 19, Benko, G., 1997, Introduction: modernity, postmodernity and the social science, in Benko, G. and Strohmayer, U. (eds), Space and Social Theory: Interpreting Modernity and Postmodernity, Blackwell, Oxford, Bull, M., 2004, Sound connections: an aural epistemology of proximity and distance in urban culture, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 22, Casey, E. S., 1987, Remembering: A Phenomenological Study, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Castells, M., 1996, The Rise of the Network Society, Blackwell, Oxford. Chang, T. C. and Huang, S., 2005, Recreating place, replacing memory: creative destruction at the Singapore River, Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 46(3), Christiansen, S. L, 2008, Airport heterotopias, Paper prepared for International Conference of the 11 th International Society for the Study of European Ideas, Helsinki, Finland. Crang, M., 2002, Between places: producing hubs, flows, and networks, Environment and Planning A, 23, Crang, M. and Graham, S., 2007, Sentient cities: ambient intelligence and the politics of urban space, Information, Communication & Society, 10(6), Crang, M. and Travlou, P. S., 2001, The city and topographies of memory, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 19, Cresswell, T., 2004, Place: A Short Introduction, Blackwell, Oxford. Cresswell, T., 2006, On the Move: Mobility in the Modern Western World, Routledge, London. Crouch, D., 1998, The street in the making of popular geographical knowledge, in Fyfe, N. (ed), Images of the Street: Planning, Identity and Control in Public Space, Routledge, London, Dodge, M. and Kitchin, R., 2004, Flying through code/space: the real virtuality of air travel, 319

20 Environment and Planning A, 36, Dodge, M. and Kitchin, R., 2005a, Code and the transduction of space, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(1), Dodge, M. and Kitchin, R., 2005b, Codes of life: identification codes and the machine-readable world, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 23, Dwyer, O. J. and Alderman, D. H., 2008, Memorial landscapes: analytic questions and metaphors, GeoJournal, 73, Edensor, T., 1998, The culture of the Indian street, in Fyfe, N. (ed), Images of the Street: Planning, Identity and Control in Public Space, Routledge, London, Edensor, T., 2002, National Identity, Popular Culture and Everyday Life, Berg, Oxford. Edensor, T., 2004, Automobility and national identity: representation, geography and driving practice, Theory, Culture & Society, 21(4/5), Edensor, T., 2005, The ghosts of industrial ruins: ordering and disordering memory in excessive space, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 23, Featherstone, M., 2004, Automobilities: an introduction, Theory, Culture & Society, 21(4/5), Featherstone, M., Thrift, N., and Urry, J. (eds), 2005, Automobilities, Sage, London. Graham, S., 2000, Underground, in Pile, S. and Thrift, N. (eds), City A-Z: Urban Fragments, Routledge, London, Graham, S., 2005, Software-sorted geographies, Progress in Human Geography, 29(5), Hadlaw, J., 2003, The London underground map: imagining modern time and space, Design Issues, 19(1), Hagman, O., 2006, Morning queues and parking problems. On the broken promises of the automobile, Mobilities, 1(1), Hannam, K., Sheller, M., and Urry, J., 2006, Editorial: mobilities, immobilities and moorings, Mobilities, 1(1), Harley, J. B., 1988, Maps, knowledge, and power, in Cosgrove, D. and Daniels, S. (eds), The Iconography of Landscape, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Harvey, D., 1989, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, Blackwell, Oxford. Hebbert, M., 2005, The street as locus of collective memory, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 23, Horvath, R. J., 1974, Machine space, The Geographical Review, 64(2), Jameson, F., 1991, Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Verso, London. Kitchin, R. and Blades, M., 2002, The Cognition of Geographical Space, I.B.Tauris, London. Legg, S., 2005, Contesting and surviving memory: space, nation, and nostalgia in Les Lieux de Mémoire, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 23, Legg, S., 2007, Reviewing geographies of memory/ forgetting, Environment and Planning A, 39, Lloyd, J., 2003, Airport technology, travel, and consumption, Space and Culture, 6(2), Lowenthal, D., 1975, Past time, present place: landscape and memory, The Geographical Review, 65(1), Lowenthal, D., 1985, The Past is a Foreign Country, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Lynch, K., 1960, The Image of the City, MIT Press, Cambridge. Malpas, J. E., 1999, Place and Experience: A Philosophical Topology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Marshall, D., 2004, Making sense of remembrance, Social and Cultural Geography, 5(1), Merriman, P., 2004, Driving places: Marc Augé, nonplaces, and the geographies of England s M1 motorway, Theory, Culture & Society, 21(4/5), Merriman, P., 2007, Driving Space, Blackwell, Oxford. 320

21 Morris-Suzuki, T., 2005, The Past within Us: Media, Memory, History, Verso, London. Oldenburg, R., 1989, The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, Beauty Parlors, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You Through the Day, Paragon House, New York. Pike, D., 2005, Subterranean Cities: The World Beneath Paris and London, , Cornell University Press, New York. Pile, S., 1996, The Body and the City: Psychoanalysis, Space and Subjectivity, Routledge, London. Relph, E., 1976, Place and Placelesness, Pion, London. Ricoeur, P., 2004, Memory, History, Forgetting, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Rutheiser, C., 1996, Imagineering Atlanta, Verso, London. Salter, M. B., 2007, Governmentalities of an airport: heterotipia and confession, International Political Sociology, 1(1), Sheller, M., 2004, Mobile publics: beyond the network perspective, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 22, Sheller, M. and Urry, J., 2000, The city and the car, International Journal of Urban and Regional Development, 24, Sheller, M. and Urry, J., 2003, Mobile transformations of public and private life, Theory, Culture & Society, 20(3), Sheller, M. and Urry, J., 2006, The new mobilities paradigm, Environment and Planning A, 38, Shields, R., 1996, A guide to urban representation and what to do about it: alternative traditions of urban theory, in King, A.D. (ed.), Re-Presenting the City: Ethnicity, Capital and Culture in the 21st-Century Metropolis, New York University Press, New York, Short, J. R., Breitbach, C., Buckman, S., and Essex, J., 2000, From world cities to gateway cities: extending the boundaries of globalization theory, City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, 4(3), Sibley, D., 1988, Survey 13: Purification of space, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 6, Soja, E. W., 1996, Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places, Blackwell, Oxford. Thrift, N., 2004a, Remembering the technological unconscious by foregrounding knowledges of position, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 22, Thrift, N., 2004b, Driving the city, Theory, Culture & Society, 21(4/5), Thrift, N., 2008, Non-Representational Theory: Space/ Politics/Affect, Routledge, New York. Thrift, N. and French, S., 2002, The automatic production of space, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 27, Tuan, Y-F., 1974, Topophilia: A Study of Environment Perception, Attitudes and Values, Columbia University Press, New York. Tuan, Y-F., 1975, Images and mental maps, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 65(2), Tuan, Y-F., 1978, Sign and metaphor, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 68(3), Urry, J., 2000, Sociology beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-First Century, Routledge, London. Urry, J., 2004, Connections, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 22, Urry, J., 2007, Mobilities, Polity Press, Cambridge. Vertesi, J., 2008, Mind the gap: the London underground map and users representations of urban space, Social Studies of Science, 38(1), Webber, M., 2004, The urban place and the non-place urban realm, in Graham, S. (ed.), The Cybercities Reader, Routledge, London, Wirth, L., 1938, Urbanism as a way of life, American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), Zukin, S., 2000, Space and symbols in an age of decline, in Miles, M., Hall, T., and Borden, I. (eds), The 321

22 City Cultures Reader, Routledge, London, ode=115&artid= mmunityandeducation/2443.aspx Correspondence: Heesang Lee, Gosan Middle School, 62 Siji-Dong, Suseong-Gu, Daegu, , Korea ( phone: ) 322

44-6대지.07전종한-5

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