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1 J Korean Acad Nurs Adm ( 간호행정학회지 ) Vol. 23 No. 3, , June 2017 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) 김진현 1 김성재 2 박은태 3 정수용 3 이은희 4 서울대학교간호대학 간호과학연구소 1, 경복대학교간호과 2, 서울대학교간호대학 3, 한림대학교간호학부 간호학연구소 4 Policy Issues and New Direction for Comprehensive Nursing Service in the National Health Insurance Kim, Jinhyun 1 Kim, Sungjae 2 Park, Euntae 3 Jeong, Suyong 3 Lee, Eunhee 4 1 College of Nursing Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University 2 Department of Nursing, Kyungbok University 3 College of Nursing, Seoul National University 4 Division of Nursing Research Institute of Nursing Science, Hallym University Purpose: This study was done to identify issues surrounding comprehensive nursing care within the national health insurance, analyze results and problems within national health insurance and to suggest new policy directions for stability. Methods: A literature search was performed using RISS, KISS, PUBMED databases. Eighteen studies were analyzed. Results: For implementation of comprehensive nursing care, there was improvement in nursing and in facilities. By improvement of structure, this new system showed positive outcomes in term of patient satisfaction and indicators related to patient safety. However, issues related to overload, job stress and evaluation of the system remain. In order to establish this system, staffing levels for nurses and nurse aids need to be adjusted to appropriate levels that reflect requirements for nursing. In addition, range of work needs to be determined clearly. Lastly, regular and systematic evaluation is needed to provide safe quality services to patients and to prevent waste of financial resources, Conclusion: Comprehensive nursing care needs to be implemented in ways that patients can be provided with safe and high quality service. There is a need to resolve several issues to allow this new system to function. Key Words: Comprehensive nursing care, Nurse staffing, Patient safety, Job satisfaction 서론 1. 연구의필요성 간호인력배치수준은입원서비스를받는환자결과에직접적인영향을미치는요인임에도불구하고 [1,2], 우리나라의간 호인력은적정수준이하로 [3]. 일본이나미국보다최소 2배에서최대 6배이상의환자를한명의간호사가담당하고있다 [4]. 1999년간호입원료차등제가도입되면서일부의료기관의간호인력배치수준이향상되었으나, 대부분 500병상이상의종합병원으로규모가작은많은의료기관은여전히간호인력배치수준이낮은상태로입원서비스를제공하고있다 [5]. 주요어 : 간호 간병통합서비스, 간호인력, 환자안전, 직무만족 Corresponding author: Lee, Eunhee Division of Nursing Research Institute of Nursing Science, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Korea. Tel: , Fax: , ehlee@hallym.ac.kr - 이논문은 2016년도정부 ( 미래창조과학부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된연구임 (No. 2016R1A2B ). - This work was supported by Mid-career Researcher Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No. 2016R1A2B ). Received: Apr 20, 2017 Revised: May 29, 2017 Accepted: Jun 16, 2017 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. c 2017 Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
2 입원환자간호에필요한적정간호인력이투입되지못함에따라간호사의업무중일부분이보호자에게전가되고, 간호서비스의질이저하되는결과를초래하였다. 보호자가필요한경우, 핵가족화, 여성의사회진출확대등간호할사람이부족함에따라입원환자의 13.8~25.5% 가사설간병인을고용하고있는실정이다 [6]. 이러한간병비용은환자가족에게의료비보다더큰경제적부담을초래하였으며 [7,8], 환자개인의문제를넘어과도한사회적비용을발생시켰다 [6,8]. 또한전문인이아닌간병인이돌봄으로인해감염문제나, 안전문제가발생하는등간호의질관리에있어서도문제점을드러냄에따라 [9], 사설간병에대해서근본적인대책이필요성이제기되었다. 이러한문제를해결하기위해정부는 2006년 보호자없는병원 시범사업을시작으로환자가부담했던간병부분을제도권으로편입하고자하였다. 2006년 4월종합병원급이상병원 4개로시작하여, 2010년부터는공동간병모형으로 10개병원에서시범사업을시행하였다. 공동간병시범사업의결과입원서비스의질저하, 간호인력부족, 환자부담의증가등이여전히지적됨에따라단순히공동간병형태를벗어나간호인력확충을통한한국형포괄간호제도도입필요성이제기되어, 2013 년에시범사업이시작되었다. 2013년 13개기관, 29개병동으로시작된사업은 2015년 6월에발생한메르스 ( 중동호흡기증후군 ) 이후사설간병인이나보호자의상주로발생할수있는문제점이극명하게드러나면서가속화되어시행규모가급속히확산되었다. 시행확대와더불어 2015년건강보험급여사업으로전환되었고, 의료법개정으로시행근거를확립함에따라지속사업의근간을마련하였다. 2016년간호 간병통합서비스는 300개기관, 451개병동, 18,646개병상으로확대시행되고있으며 [10], 시행기관및시행병상은추후더증가할것으로전망된다. 간호 간병통합서비스는간병부담을해소하고감염관리등입원서비스의질을제고하기위해간호인력을충원하여간호와간병을제공하도록개발된새로운입원서비스모형으로환자가안전한간호를받을수있도록간호사와간호조무사를적정하게고용하고, 관련시설을구비하도록하고있다. 간호사한명이담당하는환자는최소 5명에서 16명까지로의료기관종별, 병동의특성, 환자구성등을고려하여배치하고있으며, 간호조무사의경우한명이최소 25명에서최대 40명으로간호사배치수준에따라결정되도록기준이마련되어있다 [10]. 간호 간병통합서비스가시작된 2013년이후간호 간병통합서비스의운영현황및성과등에대한연구는간호사직무만족, 스트레스, 경험등주로간호사를대상으로한연구가많았 고 [11-18], 환자대상연구는환자의만족도, 재이용의사를조사한연구가있었다 [19,20]. 환자대상건강결과에대한연구는기관보고서에국한되었다. 간호 간병통합서비스시행이후환자들의만족도나욕창, 낙상, 감염등환자안전지표에있어서는대부분문헌에서긍정적인결과를보인반면 [4,21], 간호사측면의직무만족, 스트레스, 경험등은연구마다상이한결과를보였다. 또한업무량을고려한간호사배치, 간호사와간호조무사간의업무관계에대한부분은개선이필요하다고언급하고있다 [11,22]. 간호 간병통합서비스로간호인력배치수준은향상되어환자들에게안전한간호를제공할수있게됨에따라정부는국민의간병부담을해소하면서입원서비스의질을확보하고자간호 간병통합서비스를확대할계획이다. 이에본연구는간호 간병통합서비스제도가안정적으로확산될수있도록관련문헌을고찰하여간호 간병통합서비스제도를평가한후추후정책의방향을제시하고자한다. 2. 연구목적본연구의목적은우리나라간호 간병통합서비스와관련된선행연구를고찰하여간호 간병통합서비스의성과를분석하고, 문제점을파악하여, 지속가능한제도로정착하기위한추후정책방향을제시하고자하는것이다. 본론 본연구는간호 간병통합서비스의현황을분석하고, 향후정책의방향을제시하기위한연구로정부보고서, 문헌조사를통해간호 간병통합서비스현황을조사하고, 관련문헌에서결과를분석하여정책방향을제시하고자하는서술적문헌조사연구이다. 1. 분석대상및자료수집본연구는간호 간병통합서비스의운영현황부터성과까지관련내용을분석한다양한형태의국내외문헌을검색하였다. 간호 간병통합서비스사업이현재의운영형태로시행된것은포괄간호서비스라는명칭으로 2013년부터시작된시범사업이시초이므로 2013년이후부터 2017년 5월까지출판된국내외문헌및연구보고서를검토하였다. 문헌검색은 2인의연구자가동시에수행하였으며, 국내문 Vol. 23 No. 3,
3 김진현 김성재 박은태등 헌은 KISS, RISS, 국회도서관데이터베이스로검색하였고, 검색영역은전체영역으로주제어는 간호간병통합, 포괄간호서비스, 포괄간호병동, 포괄서비스, 보호자없는병원, 환자안심병원 를입력하여학위논문, 학술지와연구보고서를추출하였다. 국외문헌의경우 Pubmed 데이터베이스로검색하였으며, 간호 간병통합서비스혹은포괄간호서비스명칭으로검색하는경우축소검색가능성이높아주제어로 nursing 또는 nurse staffing 또는 nurse 와 Korea 를조합하여넓은범위로검색하였고, 제목과초록검토를통해관련문헌을추출하여조사하였다. 국내외문헌이외에정부보고서와공공연구기관및병원에서발간된보고서를검토하기위해각기관홈페이지에접속하여보고서를추출하였다. 2인의연구자가추출한문헌은중복을제거하고, 원문을검토하여 2013년이전에시행된공동간병인제도등과같이현취지와다른유형으로시행되었던제도에대한연구는제외하였다. 원문을확인하여간호 간병통합서비스와관련된연구를 1 차추출한결과학위논문 5편 ( 석사학위논문 ), 학술지 15편, 기관보고서는 5편이었다. 1차추출된연구를다시확인한결과학위논문의경우학술지에게재한경우가있어중복되는 4편을제거하였고, 학술지 2편은학술대회자료를인용한것으로인용한기초연구를포함함에따라제거하였다. 기관보고서의경우간호 간병통합서비스수가개발단계연구가 1편포함되어있어이를제거하였다. 최종적으로간호 간병통합서비스의성과를분석한연구는총 18편으로학위논문 1편, 학술지 13편, 기관보고서 4편이었 다. 이중질적연구는 2편, 나머지 16편은양적연구로양적연구가많은부분을차지하였으며, 연구대상은간호사대상의연구가 14편으로많은부분을차지하였다 (Table 1). 2. 간호 간병통합서비스운영간호 간병통합서비스는 2013년 13개기관 29개병동 1,423 병상에서시범사업으로시작되었고, 2015년건강보험에적용받게되면서시행규모가급격히확대되어 2016년 300개기관, 451개병동, 18,646병상으로확대되었다 (Table 2). 지역별운영병원의분포는경기도, 경상도, 서울순으로많았고, 전체병상의 58.2% 수도권에분포하고있었으며, 의료기관유형중종합병원의병상수가전체 54.1% 로가장많았다 (Table 3). 간호 간병통합서비스는병동단위로시행되며, 병동에서필요한인력을추가로고용하여운영하게된다 [10]. 간호인력은간호사와간호조무사로구성되며, 간호사는환자안전과관련되며, 의학적으로지식요구도가높은영역의행위를수행하고, 간호조무사는간호사의지도감독하에간호보고및환자의일상생활을보조한다. 간호인력배치기준은의료기관종류에따라다양하게구성되어있고, 시행병동에따른배치기준을적용한다. 간호조무사는간호인력비율에따라배치된다 [10]. 상급종합병원에서는환자구성, 병원의특성에따라 1명의간호사가최소 5명부터최대 7명까지입원환자를담당할수있으며, 간호조무사의비율은 1:30과 1:40 중간호사배치수준에따라결정할수있다 [10]. 종합병원과병원의경우상급종합병 Table 1. Location, Type and Subjects in Research on Comprehensive Nursing Service Types Study subject Nurse Patient Policy, environment Total Thesis Quantitative 1 1 Journal Quantitative Qualitative Organization report Quantitative 3* 2* 1 4 *Two organizational reports were evaluated both patients'and nurses' outcomes. Table 2. Trends for Comprehensive Nursing Service Pilots from 2013 to 2016 Variables Average increase in rate (%) Number of hospitals Number of nursing units Number of beds 1,423 2,363 7,443 18, Source: National Health Insurance Service (2016). 314 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
4 원에비해배치기준의범위가훨씬넓은데, 종합병원에서는간호사 1인당최소 7명에서최대 12명까지입원환자를배치할수있으며, 병원에서는최소 10명에서최대 16명까지 1명의간호사가환자를담당하도록기준이제시되어있다. 간호조무사의경우간호사배치기준에따라 1:25~1:40의배치기준이적용된다 [10]. 또한병동의환자운송, 운반, 기타보조업무를수행하기위한인력을최대 4명까지추가로배치하게된다 (Table 4). 배치된간호사는근무숙련도에따라담당환자를배정받아간호를제공하기도하고, 팀간호의일원이되어간호를수행하기도한다. 간호 간병통합서비스는환자와보호자에게가장부담이되었던간병비부담을입원서비스에포함시켜 2015년부터는건강보험으로보상하는체계를구축하였다. 간호 간병통합서비스의수가는기존의입원료대신새로운 간호간병입원료 로 서신설되었고, 간호간병입원료에대한본인부담금은일반적인입원환자의본인부담률 20% 를동일하게적용받고있다. 간호간병입원료중간호간병료는간호사와간호조무사의인건비에재료비와관리비등추가적인소요비용이합산된금액이며, 정책가산료는해당서비스를제공하기위한시설개선, 행정비용등을고려하여추가로지급되는금액이다 [10]. 간호간병입원료 = 의학관리료 + 병원관리료 + 간호간병료 + 정책가산종합병원 6인실기준, 환자 1인당일반병실 1일입원료는 47,490원 ( 간호관리료 3등급기준 ) 인데비하여, 간호간병입원료는표준배치 ( 간호사 1:10, 간호조무사 1:30) 의경우 106,240 원으로일반병실에비해 123.7%(58,750원 ) 더높은수준이다 [10]. 이중에서실제환자가부담하는본인부담금은배치수준 Table 3. Distribution of Comprehensive Nursing Service in 2016 Types Categories Total Seoul Gyeonggi Province Gyeongsang Province Jeolla Province Chungcheong Province Jeju and Gangwon Provinces Total Hospitals Units Beds (%) ,646 (100.0) ,303 (23.1) ,547 (35.1) (23.6) ,447 (7.8) ,607 (8.6) (1.8) Tertiary hospital Hospitals Units Beds (%) ,053 (11.0) General hospital Hospitals Units Beds (%) ,093 (54.1) , , Hospital Hospitals Units Beds (%) ,500 (34.9) , , Source: National Health Insurance Service (2016). Table 4. Criteria for Nurse Staffing Levels Types Registered nurse Staffing level Nurse aid Assistant staff Tertiary hospital 1:5 1:6 / 1:7 1:40 1:30 / 1:40 General hospital 1:7 / 1:8 1:10 / 1:12 Hospital 1:10 1:12 / 1:14 / 1:16 Source: National Health Insurance Service (2016). 1:30 / 1:40 1:25 / 1:30 / 1:40 1:30 / 1:40 1:25 / 1:30 / 1:40 Maximum 4 assistant staff per nursing unit Vol. 23 No. 3,
5 김진현 김성재 박은태등 에따라 19,110원 ~25,060원으로산출되어, 일반병동입원시의본인부담금에비해 50.3~62.1%(9.620원 ~15,570원 ) 더증가하게된다. 본인부담금이상승되었으나, 사설간병인을 1:1로고용하는경우 1일평균 7~8만원, 1:6 공동간병의경우 1일평균 2 만 3천원의본인부담이발생하므로실제간호 간병통합서비스의본인부담은기존간병비부담에비해 17~69% 정도감소한것으로추정된다. 빠뜨린간호의감소, 간호서비스의질개선이있다. 구조와과정의개선으로인한결과측면의성과는간호사측면과환자측면으로나누어볼수있으며, 간호사측면의성과는간호사의만족도증가와스트레스와이직률의감소, 환자측면의성과는환자만족도및재이용의도증가와욕창, 낙상및감염등환자안전지표개선이있다. 간호 간병통합서비스의성과를구조, 과정, 결과측면으로나누어 Table 5에제시하였다. 3. 간호 간병통합서비스의성과간호 간병통합서비스의성과는구조-과정-결과측면의성과로나누어평가하였다 [23]. 구조측면의성과는인력증가와병동환경개선이있고, 과정측면의성과는간호시간의증가, 1) 구조지표개선간호 간병통합서비스병동의간호사배치기준은상급종합병원은 1:5~1:7, 종합병원은 1:7~1:12, 병원은 1:10~1:16로일반병동에비해입원간호에서간호사배치수준은크게향상되었다 [4,21]. 우리나라의경우인구 1,000명당간호조무사를포 Table 5. Research Results by Structure, Process, and Outcome Variables Categories Key findings Research Structure Nurse staffing Nurse number increased more than twice. [4], [21] Environment Supporting system (ie, bed, computer system, sub-station) improved. [16], [21], [27] Process Nursing time Nursing time per nurse increased 22~59.5 minutes. [4], [21] NHPPD by RN was 3.0 hours. [24] Time for education, nutrition and support care was higher than general ward. [25] Missing care Missing care decreased. [23] Service quality Perceived service quality was higher than general ward. [17] Outcome Patient Satisfaction and revisit intention Safety indicators Patients' satisfaction and revisit intention were higher than general ward. [19], [20] Pressure ulcer OR (vs general ward) was Incidence rate was 0.087% (vs 0.178% in general ward). Falls OR (vs general ward) was Incidence rate was 0.118% (vs 0.170% in general ward). [4], [21] [4], [21] Infection OR (vs general ward) was of urinary tract infection, of nosocomial infection and of pneumonia. Incidence rate of nosocomial infection was 0.56 per 1000 days (vs 0.90 per 1000 days in general ward). [4], [21] LOS LOS of surgery patient was shorter than general ward[21]. [21] Nurse Satisfaction Job stress Turnover intention No significant difference. Satisfaction increased more than general ward. [14], [16], [17], [18] Several factors caused work stress. [11], [12], [13], [15], [16] NHPPD=Nursing hours per patient day; RN=Registered nurse; OR=Odds ratio; LOS=Length of stay. 316 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
6 함함활동간호사수가 5.6명으로 OECD 평균 9.6명에비해절반수준에불과하였으나 [3] 간호 간병통합서비스의시행으로이제해당병동의간호인력이 OECD 평균수준으로접근하게된것이다. 간호인력의증가뿐만아니라간호 간병통합서비스로인해병동에상주하던가족이나사설간병인이없어져병원의환경도많이개선되었다. 간호 간병통합서비스시행으로환자안전사고방지를위해전동침대, 낙상패드, 감염및욕창관리용품등이구비되었고, 환자모니터링및간호요구에대한대응을위해콜벨, 모니터링장비, 서브스테이션등도구비되었다 [16,21]. 이렇게시설확충과인력증가로구조적측면이개선되면서, 서비스과정또한변화되었다. 2) 과정지표개선간호인력증가로인해피부간호, 구강간호, 식이, 체위변경, 보조간호, 환자사정에있어빠뜨리는간호가유의하게감소되었으며 [24], 간호사가스스로인지한간호서비스의질이반응성, 확신성, 공감성측면에서유의하게증가되었다 [17]. 간호사 1인당간호제공시간도 22~59.5분으로증가되었고 [4,21], 간호사에의한환자 1인당간호시간또한 3.0시간으로일반병동에비해높은수준임을알수있었다 [22]. 그리고간호 간병통합서비스시행이전에비해교육, 영양및보조간호를위한간호시간등이유의하게높게나는것으로나타나 [25], 필수적인기본간호제공시간이증가됨을알수있다. 3) 결과지표개선 (1) 환자측면 : 환자만족도및재이용의사, 안전지표구조적측면과과정적측면의개선은간호서비스의결과지표에긍정적인영향을미치게되는데 [23], 간호 간병통합서비스로인해환자에게제공되는간호의질이개선됨에따라결과측면에서도긍정적인성과를보였다. 먼저, 환자측면에서살펴보면, 서비스의만족도가높아졌고, 그로인한재이용의사또한높아졌다 [4,19-21]. 주관적지표인만족도이외에실제적으로환자에게큰영향을미치는욕창, 낙상, 병원내감염과같은환자안전지표도향상되었다. 욕창발생률또한일반병동에비해낮게나타났으며 [4,21], 발생위험이 34% 감소됨을알수있었다 [4]. 낙상또한발생률이낮게나타났고 [4,21], 발생위험이일반병동에비해약 43% 낮아짐을알수있었다 [4]. 감염에서도개선됨을보였는데, 요로감염, 병원감염, 폐렴모두일반병동에비해낮게발생함을알수있었다 [4,21]. 간호 간병통합서비스시행으로비수술환자의재원일수는 0.46일증가되었고, 수술환자의재원일수는 1.34일단축되었 다 [21]. 그러나이는시범사업시행초기사업대상환자중에서경증환자의비율이높아나타났을가능성이있고, 또한재원일수에미치는영향요인이다양함에따라추후세부요건을감안하여추가분석할필요가있을것이다. 에따라대상을넓혀측정될필요가있다. 간호인력배치수준이향상되면간호사가제공하는간호시간이증가하여환자결과, 건강지표뿐만아니라사망률에이르기까지다양한지표가변화하고 [1,2], 재원일수와비용이감소하여간호생산성에도영향을미치게된다 [26]. 간호 간병통합서비스는간호인력의증가와더불어전문교육을받지않은보호자나간병인이제공하던모든분야를간호인력이담당함에따라입원서비스의양적 질적변화가동시에나타나환자결과향상과더불어간호생산성이증가될것으로예상된다. 하지만, 간호 간병통합서비스운영성과지표로재원일수및비용등생산적인측면을측정한연구가미흡하여간호생산성과관련된성과를확인하기어려웠다. (2) 간호사측면 : 직무만족, 직무스트레스, 환자간호경험본연구의분석대상중간호사를대상으로한연구는 14편이었으며, 간호 간병통합서비스운영성과로간호사만족도, 직무스트레스, 환자간호경험등을제시하였는데, 상이한연구결과를보였다. 환자에게전인간호를제공하는부분과업무환경등이개선됨으로인한업무만족도가일반병동에비해높게나타난연구도있었으며 [14,15,21], 질적연구에서는전문성확대로자신감이생기며, 전인간호를제공하면서경험한것이긍정적으로평가되기도했다 [11,12]. 직무스트레스의또한일반병동에비교하여통계적으로유의한차이가없는것으로나타났다 [15,18]. 하지만, 부정적인결과를보인연구도있었는데, 환자의요구증가, 기존에간병인이나보호자가했던보조업무의과중화등은스트레스요인으로작용한다고나타났다 [11-13,15]. 즉, 입원시스템의변화로인해기존수행업무의범위와종류가변경됨에따라변화된환경으로부터의스트레스를받고, 변화된환경에아직체계화되지않은시스템이스트레스요인으로작용한것으로보인다. 또한시간외근무가간호 간병통합서비스병동에서높게나타났고, 식사시간을포함한개인시간이짧게나타나는등 [22], 근무량을고려하지못한간호사배치기준의문제가제기되고있었다. 간호 간병통합서비스의핵심인력인간호인력의직무스트레스나직무불만족은곧이직으로이어지고, 이직이후추가인력의수급이제대로되지않는다면, 이제도의지속적인시행은불가능하다. 이직한인력을바 Vol. 23 No. 3,
7 김진현 김성재 박은태등 로보충할수있다고하더라도해당시스템에적응하기까지시간이소요되므로인력교체로인한관리비용이지출된다. 따라서안정된시스템으로정착되기위해서는근무환경을점검하고, 문제점을개선할필요가있다. 4. 간호 간병통합서비스의문제점 1) 과도한업무량본연구결과공통적으로제기되는간호 간병통합서비스의문제점은업무량이과다하여결국간호사의만족도가떨어진다는점이 [11-13,15]. 업무량이과도한이유중첫째는간호요구량을반영하지못하는간호사의배치기준이다. 간호사대상연구에서간호 간병통합서비스시행으로간호사인력이많이충원되었지만환자의치료와간호, 돌봄, 간병서비스를전담하는과정에서업무량이훨씬많이늘어나이에따른업무스트레스가높은것으로알려져있다 [11,12,15]. 특히, 보호자를상주시키지않는새로운체계에서기존간호업무뿐만아니라환자를보호관찰해야하는의무와책임이늘어났는데, 현행배치기준이새롭게요구되는업무량을충분히반영하지못하고있다는점을지적하고있다. 또한환자의무리한요구, 부족한지원인력으로인해간호사는증가하였지만, 그보다더많은다양한업무가주어져간호사의직무만족이떨어질뿐만아니라 [11,12], 간호사가꼭해야하는위임이불가능한간호업무또한제대로수행하지못하는경우가발생한다. 간호사가꼭수행해야하는환자관찰, 투약, 호흡, 상처간호등의업무를제대로수행할수없는환경이라면, 간호인력이증가한다고하더라도환자에게질높은간호를제공하지못할것이다. 현행배치기준은의료기관종별에따라몇가지세부기준 ( 상향-표준-하향 ) 이제시되어있고, 이를병동상황에따라선택할수있도록허용하고있다. 병동상황을고려하기위해몇가지기준안을제시하고있지만, 실제의료기관의특성은제시된배치기준보다더다양하고, 의료기관내에서도진료과에따라다양한간호요구도를보인다. 특히종합병원이나병원은병상규모의범위가매우넓고, 지역에따라, 진료특성에따라환자의중증도가상당히다름에도불구하고이런부분이충분히반영되지못하고있다. 또한상급종합병원으로갈수록환자의중증도가높아지고, 그에따른간호요구도가증가하는부분도있지만, 환자의중증도만이간호요구도를완벽하게설명한다고볼수없다. 예를들어, 해당기관의기본적인환자이송, 검체운반, 호출지원체계나병동의제반시설은실제보호자가상주하지않는상황에서간호사의근무량에직접적인영향을미 치는요소이다 [11,27]. 따라서이러한부분을인력배치에반영하지못한다면, 결과적으로간호 간병통합서비스는환자안전을보장하지못할뿐만아니라, 간호인력부족을호소하는의료현장에간호인력의이탈만을촉진할것으로예상된다. 둘째, 간호사배치기준뿐만아니라간호조무사의배치기준또한실무환경을반영하지못한측면이있고, 이는결국간호사의근무부담으로이어졌다. 간호조무사배치기준은 1:25~1:40 수준으로실제병동규모를고려할경우, 대부분병동에 1명이배치된다. 병동전체환자의기본업무만으로도간호조무사의근무량이과다한상태이므로이경우간호사가환자의기본적인일상생활보조및간병업무를많이담당하게된다. 간호사를대상으로한질적연구에서간병업무에치중됨으로인해소진을경험한다고보고하고있다 [11,12]. 즉, 환자관찰, 투약간호, 호흡간호, 상처간호등간호사만이수행할수있는직접간호행위가빠짐없이수행될수있도록지원체계가마련되어야하지만, 실제배치기준은간호조무사인력도매우제한적이고, 병동의지원인력도제한적이다. 간호지원인력이잘갖추어지지않은상황에서간호사수가늘었다고간호간병업무를간호사가모두수행해야한다는것은간호사의직무불만족원인이될뿐만아니라병동운영에측면에서도효율성을저하시키는요인이다. 셋째, 간호 간병통합서비스를시행하기에적절하지않은병동환경또한과도한근무의원인으로지적되었다 [11,27]. 기존입원실은병동에스테이션이하나이고스테이션주변으로처치실, 물품실, 배선실이모여있는구조이다. 그러다보니, 스테이션에멀리위치한병실의경우시설이나물품을사용하기위해서는여러번이동을해야한다. 불필요한이동이잦음으로인해간호사의근무피로도가증가하고, 더큰문제는환자를관찰을할수없는상황이만들어진다는것이다. 간호 간병통합서비스를수행하기쉬운구조로시설이배치되어야간호사의불필요한이동을방지할수있고, 안정적으로환자를관찰할수있는구조를만들어줌으로써환자안전을지킬수있다. 2) 간호인력간모호한역할분담간호 간병통합서비스를정착시키는데간호인력간의역할정립과위임가능한업무를구분하는것은매우중요하다. 이시스템하에서간호사는보호자나간병인이상주하지않음으로인해환자를관찰해야하는책임이늘어나고, 일상생활보조를포함하는폭넓은간호를제공하여야한다. 한연구에서포괄간호서비스병원, 보호자없는병실운영에대한의견조사결과, 간호사의 79% 가 좋은제도이지만간호사에게부담이 318 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
8 된다 라고응답하였다 [14]. 일상생활보조업무수행은직무스트레스와양의상관관계가있으며직무만족과는음의상관관계가있다는연구결과에근거할때이제도의시행으로늘어난일상생활보조수행은간호사에게부정적인영향을미치는것으로판단된다. 또한간호인력간의역할과업무범위규정이모호하면팀워크나의사소통에문제를일으킬가능성이있다. 나이가어린간호사가간호조무사나간병인을관리감독하게되면서갈등이발생한다는연구결과에서보는바와같이 [9], 간호 간병통합서비스에서팀리더를담당하는간호사의연령이간호조무사나, 보조인력에비해낮음으로인해팀리더의역할을수행하기에어려움이있을것으로생각된다. 이러한상황에서각직종별업무에대한명확한기준이없을경우, 직종간스트레스의원인이되기도하지만, 무엇보다의사소통오류로인해환자안전을위협하는가장심각한요인이될수있다. 간호 간병통합서비스를시행하는병원중간호인력의업무를개략적으로분류하고, 각업무의위임정도를구분하고는있으나 [21], 간략한분류로인해실제발생하는업무모두를예측하기는어렵다. 그리고병동에서이루어지는다양한업무중위임여부에따른간호인력별업무량의파악한연구가없었다. 따라서간호 간병통합서비스가시행되는병동의업무를분석하고, 위임여부에따른직종별업무량을분석하는연구가선행되어야할것으로생각된다. 그리고이를통해다양한환자와병원환경에서기본적으로적용될수있는업무범위에대한명확한표준이수립되어야할것이다. 3) 미흡한보상간호 간병통합서비스가도입되면업무강도및책임의정도가높아질것으로예상되지만, 현재간호인력의투입에대한보상으로의료기관에주어지는간호간병입원료가해당간호인력의보상으로연결되는기전이취약하다. 실제간호 간병통합서비스병동에근무하는간호사는환자의안전사고발생에대한우려로근무량이늘어나고, 간병업무까지적지않게담당함에도불구하고이에대한보상이나인정이미흡하여 [11], 일반병동에서근무하는것이오히려수월하다고인식하였다 [11,12]. 일반병동에비해보호자가상주하지않는상황에서발생하는환자관찰및간병에대한추가적인업무로스트레스가높은데, 이에대한보상과인정까지따르지않는다면일반병동과통합병동을함께운영하는병원의경우인력확보의어려움을겪을것이다. 간호 간병통합서비스수가가의료기관의수익에만기여하고간호생산의주체에게응당한보상으로주어지지않는다면숙련된간호인력의계속근무와간호의질향상 효과가기대하기어려울것이다. 4) 환자안전및환자결과에대한평가체계미흡간호 간병통합서비스제도의궁극적목적은사회안전망구축과함께간호의질을개선하여환자안전을확보하여환자결과를제고하는것이다. 아직은간호 간병통합서비스로환자결과가향상되었다는연구가많지않으며, 어떤지표가어떻게관리되는지에대한관리체계가명확하지않다. 간호 간병통합서비스이후일부의료기관의보고서에서낙상, 욕창, 병원감염등의안전지표가향상되었다고조사되어있으나 [4,21] 그밖의환자안전및환자건강결과지표에대한조사연구는없는상태이다. 많은국외문헌에서제시된간호민감지표인중추신경계부작용, 심부정맥혈전증, 위장관출혈, 패혈증, 쇼크, 사망률, 소생실패등 [28] 을간호 간병통합서비스의성과평가시고려해볼필요가있다. 또한이러한지표가주기적, 정기적으로관리되어간호 간병통합서비스의도입목적대로안전한간호제공을할수있도록체계를수립해야한다. 간호 간병통합서비스의환자 1인당 1일입원료는일반병실입원료의 2배이상으로높다. 물론추가고용인력의비용이높은대형병원은운영에따른이익이없을수도있으나, 간호사의임금이취약한병원의경우는간호 간병통합서비스병동운영으로수익이크게발생할가능성이높다. 수익이발생하는경우는환자의입원이장기화되는등비효율적운영이될수있다. 실제운영목적에맞게급성기치료에서간병이필요한환자가이용할수있도록시스템이작동되도록하려면목적에맞는평가기준의수립이필요하다. 현재재원일수를 14일이내로통제하고있으나 [10], 실제다른병동에입원했다가다시통합병동으로입원하는경우에대해서통제하고있지는않다. 환자안전및환자결과와더불어효율적으로시스템이운영될수있도록재원일수, 환자특성또한평가가필요하다. 5. 간호 간병통합서비스의정책방향 1) 근무여건개선간호 간병통합서비스가앞으로안전한간호를시행하기위해서는간호제공의핵심인력인간호인력의근무여건을개선시켜야한다. 근무여건개선을위해서첫째, 간호사및간호조무사의배치기준에대해객관적분석이필요하며, 현실을반영한기준이제시되어야한다. 객관적인배치기준을제시하기위해서는먼저, 간호현장에서요구되는간호요구량이세부적으로분석되어야한다. 현재간호업무량을평가할수있는도구로 Vol. 23 No. 3,
9 김진현 김성재 박은태등 써한국형환자분류도구 (KPCS-1) 가사용되고있다. KPCS-1은간호행위의수행여부에따라가중치를적용하여간호시간을도출하는방법으로써활력징후, 검사, 감시, 호흡치료, 위생, 식이등 12가지영역, 50가지간호활동, 73개항목으로구성되어있다 [29]. 환자의중증도를반영하는신뢰도와타당도가검증된도구이나, 간호 간병통합서비스에서추가적으로요구되는일상보조, 낙상위험, 욕창위험대상자감시, 수술과검사와같은환자이동에대한부분이반영되지않는다는한계가있다 [21]. 따라서환자곁에간병을하는사람이없는새로운시스템에서요구되는다양한상황을반영한예측력이높은도구개발이먼저수행되어야될것이다. 객관적인간호업무량측정결과를바탕으로현실을감안한배치기준이제시될필요가있을것이다. 간호사인력배치뿐만아니라간호조무사인력배치에대해서도현실을반영할필요가있다. 간호조무사배치는간호조무사의근무부담및간호사의근무부담으로이어진다. 앞서간호업무량을측정할때, 전체업무량뿐아니라간병의업무, 간호서비스지원업무에대해서세부적으로분류하여효율적인인력배치가이루어져야한다. 간호사배치기준과간호조무사배치기준, 지원인력배치기준이모두병동상황에따라상이하고, 각직종간업무가모두연관성이있으므로이를모두고려하여배치기준이제시되어야할것이다. 인력배치뿐만아니라근무환경또한간호 간병통합서비스를효율적으로수행하기위해서는개선이되어야한다. 담당하는환자를모두관찰할수있는곳에서기록, 관리, 물품을모두손쉽게접근할수있도록구조적으로개선이되어야간호사의동선등이효율적으로바뀌고, 동시에환자안전을지킬수있을것이다. 2) 간호업무범위에대한체계적인분석및교육간호 간병통합서비스로간병인및보호자가상주하지않음에따라기존입원간호에서수행했던간호업무, 간호보조업무와새로운제도에서의업무는상이한패턴을가질수밖에없다. 그리고환자스스로도새로운시스템에서어떤서비스를요구할수있는지아닌지에대해서구분이명확하지않다. 어떤서비스를제공하는지에대해서명확하게규정되지않으면, 환자의무리한요구가이어질것이고, 그로인해받는직무스트레스는더커질것이다. 따라서입원시간호 간병통합서비스에서제공하는서비스의범위를명확하게하여환자에게교육할필요가있다. 환자에게제공되는서비스의범위를명확하게하는것과동 시에해당서비스를어떤직종이수행할것인지에대해서도범위를규정하고, 표준화할필요가있다. 간호 간병통합서비스는간호사와간호조무사, 지원인력등환자를간호하기위해여러직종이함께팀을이루기때문에직종별업무에대해서명확하게규정하지않으면일의효율성이떨어질뿐만아니라의사소통오류로인해환자안전의문제가발생할수있다. 따라서환자별로제공할수있는서비스의범위를명확히규정하고입원초기이를환자에게교육할필요가있다. 또한직종간에수행할수있는업무범위를상호논의하여규정하고, 이를프로토콜화하여업무의누락없이효율적으로수행하도록해야한다. 3) 보상체계개발간호 간병통합서비스병동에근무하는간호사의보상체계가미흡하다는지적은그동안업무량에비해보상을받지못하였기때문이다. 보상체계가미흡하다고생각한근본원인은배치된인력수준이적절하지않기때문이다. 배치기준이적절하다면, 일반병동에비해근무량이과도하게많고, 그에대한보상이주어지지않는다는불만족으로이어지지는않을것이다. 간호간병입원료는해당병동시스템을유지하기위해사용되어야한다. 즉, 근무량이과도한환경을그대로유지하면서해당병동간호사에게일부제공되는보상보다는증가된입원료가실제간호요구량에맞는고용으로이어져적정근무환경을유지시켜주는것이되어야간호 간병통합서비스장기적으로유지될수있을것이다. 4) 평가시스템개발간호 간병통합서비스는환자에게통합적인안전한간호를제공하기위함이다. 따라서서비스의질이지속적으로유지될수있도록평가시스템이개발되어야할것이다. 서비스운영인력, 시설등의구조적인측면이지속적으로잘유지되는지, 간호서비스가빠짐없이제공되고있는지, 사업의성과가안정적인수준을나타내는지에대해서점검할필요가있다. 인력이나시설에대해서도초기에기준인력을충족하였으나, 인력의이탈등다양한사유가서비스중간에발생할수있으므로이를정기적으로평가하는것이필요하며, 간호서비스가제대로수행되는지, 그결과실제로환자가안전한간호를받고있는지에대해서정기적인평가가있어야한다. 또한환자의건강결과뿐만아니라시설을효율적으로운영하는지에대해서도재원일수, 환자특성, 의료비용을통해평가할필요가있을것이다. 간호 간병통합서비스가건강보험적용을받기때문에환자결과못지않게적정하게재원을사용하는지도중요한지표중 320 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
10 하나이다. 따라서서비스의성과를종합적으로평가할필요가있으며, 장기적으로운영되는시스템으로정착되기위해서는평가기준, 평가방법, 평가주기등평가시스템을개발하여안정된간호를수행할수있는기관으로자리잡을수있도록할필요가있다. 결론 간호 간병통합서비스는사회구조의변화로점차수요가늘어날것으로예상된다. 실제로시범사업이시작된이래로개설기관수는가파르게상승하였다. 간호 간병통합서비스가환자의간병부담을해소하면서질높은간호를제공하자는본래의취지에맞게잘운영될수있도록현재까지나온개선사항을반영하여제도를보완할필요가있을것이다. 이제까지연구결과를살펴보면, 간호 간병통합서비스는환자에게긍정적성과를보인제도로평가된다. 기존입원체계보다제공받는서비스의질이나입원환경이개선되었기때문이다. 환자가양질의간호를받고, 환자만족도뿐만아니라건강결과도향상되었다면이시스템이유지되어야한다. 다만, 이제도를수행하는핵심인력인간호인력이안정되게서비스를제공할수있는구조여야가능한것이다. 따라서간호사, 간호조무사, 지원인력의근무환경을점검하고, 적절하게인력이배치되고, 효율적으로간호를제공할수있는환경이조성되어야할것이다. 또한건강보험재원이기존입원에비해추가되어투입되므로운영구조, 과정, 결과에대해철저하게평가되어야할것이다. REFERENCES 1. Stalpers D, de Brouwer BJ, Kaljouw MJ, Schuurmans MJ. Associations between characteristics of the nurse work environment and five nurse-sensitive patient outcomes in hospitals: A systematic review of literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2015;52(4): Needleman J, Buerhaus P, Mattke S, Stewart M, Zelevinsky K. Nurse-staffing levels and the quality of care in hospitals. N England Journal of Medicine. 2002;346(22): Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. OECD Health statistics 2013[internet]. France: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [cited 2017 Apri 14]. Available from: STAT 4. Ahn HS. Report on monitoring and evaluation of comprehensive nursing care. National Health Insurance Service November. 5. Cho SH, June KJ, Kim YM, Park BH. Changes in hospital nurse staffing after implementing differentiated inpatient nursing fees by staffing grades. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration. 2008;14(2): Ahn HS, Kim HJ. Challenges for introducing comprehensive nursing service system for hospitalized patients. Journal of Hospital Management & Policy. 2015;4(1): Hwang NM. An analysis of the debates on introduction of public caregivers' services in acute medical centers. Health and Welfare Policy Forum. 2010;170: Cho SH, Kim HR. Family and paid caregivers of hospitalized patients in Korea. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2006;15(8): Gil HH, Choi JS. Affecting factors of hospital caregivers on the level of practice, knowledge, and importance of work under no guardian. Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing. 2012;21(1): National Health Insurance Service. Policy direction of comprehensive nursing care [Internet]. [updated September 1, 2016; cited April 14, 2017]. Available from: Park KO, Yu M, Kim JK. Experience of nurses participating in comprehensive nursing care. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration. 2017;23(1): Joo M, Jang S. Nursing experience in a hospital without guardians. The Korean Journal of Health Economics and Policy. 2015;21(4): Lee E, Chang SS. Factors influencing depression of nurses among comprehensive nursing care service ward. Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing. 2016;25(4): Yeun YR. Effects of comprehensive nursing service on the nursing performance, job satisfaction and customer orientation among nurses. Journal of the Korea Academia Industrial cooperation Society. 2015;16(1): Lee MK, Jung DY. A study of nursing tasks, nurses' job stress and job satisfaction in hospitals with no guardians. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration. 2015;21: Bang MR, Shim SS, Lee DS. Comparison of patient-sitter ward nurses and general ward nurses on work-related musculoskeletal symptoms, occupational stress and nursing work environments. Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science. 2015; 17(2): Vol. 23 No. 3,
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