Original Article Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry 2018;22(2):41-46 ISSN Copyright 2018 Korean Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 지역사
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1 Original Article Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry 2018;22(2):41-46 ISSN Copyright 2018 Korean Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 지역사회기억상실형경도인지장애조기발견프로그램개발 : 예비연구 조선대학교의과대학정신건강의학교실, 1 조선대학교병원정신건강의학과 2 추일한 1,2 Early Detection Program Development of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Community : Preliminary Study IL Han Choo, MD, PhD 1,2 Department of Neuropsychiatry, 1 College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Department of Neuropsychiatry, 2 Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea Objective:Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has high conversion risk to dementia. However, it is not easy to detect amnestic MCI patient early in the community. This study aimed to evaluate the three-stage design for early detection of amnestic MCI in the community. Methods:Overall 4,385 persons participated who were already registered with Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) evaluation. It was conducted in Nam-Gu district, one of the 5 districts of Gwangju, Korea from Jan 1, 2017 to May 31, We first screened them applying inclusion criteria of over 5-year education and age, gender, education adjusted norm based MMSE Z score between -1.5 and 0. Second stage assessments were done by telephone interviews with asking subjective memory complaints and 5 words list recall tests. And 3rd stage evaluation of neuropsychological tests and clinical interview with visit were performed. Results:We screened 456 of the 4,385 persons and 2nd stage included 51 of the 211 participants telephone interview completed. Twenty-four individuals visited clinic center for 3rd stage evaluation. We finally diagnosed 17 MCI including 16 amnestic MCI and 1 non-amnestic MCI. Conclusion:Our three-stage evaluation detected 16 amnestic MCI patients of the 4,385 community dwelling persons with primary screening of MMSE. Our study suggests that this three-stage performance could be effective for early detection of amnestic MCI in large sample community. KEY WORDS:Early detectionㆍprogram developmentㆍamnestic mild cognitive impairmentㆍcommunity. 서 경도인지장애 (mild cognitive impairment, MCI) 는정상과 치매의중간단계로 65 세이상정상인에서치매발생이 1~2% 인반면경도인지장애는 10~15% 에서치매가생기고 6 년장 론 기추적한결과 80% 가치매로진행한다는보고도있다. 1) 특히기억상실형경도인지장애 (amnestic mild cognitive impairment, amci) 는알츠하이머병치매의전단계로알려 져있으며, 여러가지인지기능영역중기억력감퇴를포함 본연구는광주광역시광역치매센터지원에의하여이루어졌음. 접수일자 : 2018 년 2 월 23 일 / 심사완료 : 2018 년 3 월 19 일게재확정일 : 2018 년 3 월 19 일 Address for correspondence IL Han Choo, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 365 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea Tel : , Fax : ilhan.choo@chosun.ac.kr 하지만아직치매에이르지않은상태이다. 기억상실형경도인지장애의경우대상자가진단을받기전에자신의기억력감퇴를심각하게생각하고정밀검사를받기도하지만, 일상생활에심각한지장을받지않기때문에추가검사를받지않고지내는경우도상당수있을것으로추정된다. 그러므로, 치매전문클리닉을제외한대부분의진료현장에서경도인지장애, 특히기억상실형경도인지장애환자를진단하고치매예방을위한인지중재치료를시행하는것은일반적인양상은아니다. 하지만, 치매를조기에진단하기위해서경도인지장애대상자를빨리발견하고관리하는것은치매유병률을줄이기위해매우중요하다. 따라서, 치매전문클리닉이아닌지역사회에서경도인지장애대상자를발견하고인지정도에따른적절한인지중재치료를시행하거나예방교육을시행할필요성이높다. 41
2 42 Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry 2018;22(2):41-46 본연구는현재보건복지부에서시행하고있는치매조기검진시행대상자에게시범적으로적용가능한경도인지장애대상자발굴프로그램을시행하고향후프로그램의확대적용가능성에대해고찰해보고자한다. 대상및방법 광주광역시남구보건소치매상담센터에서 2017 년 1월 1일부터 5월 31일까지보건복지부치매조기검진을시행한 4,385 명을대상으로하였다. 기억상실형경도인지장애대상자를발굴하기위해 1, 2, 3 단계평가로각각나누어시행하였으며, 단계별평가내용은다음과같다. 1단계평가조선대학교병원에서자체개발한 1단계경도인지장애선별프로그램 (Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea)(Fig. 1) 을남구보건소내운영중인지역보건의료정보시스템 (Public Health Information System, PHIS) 에적용하여간이정신상태검사 (Korean version of Mini-Mental Status Examination for Dementia Screening, MMSE-DS) 표준점수 (Z-score) 가 -1.5~0 사이에있고교육수준이 6년이상인대상자를 1차선정하였다. 1단계경도인지장애선별프로그램은 PHIS에서 Microsoft 엑셀프로그램파일로추출가능한대상자의나이, 성별, 교육수준및 MMSE-DS 총점에대해 MMSE-DS 의나이, 성별, 교육수준에따른정상규준의평균및표준편차를적용하여표준점수 (Z-score) 를구한후그점수가 -1.5~0 사이에있고교육수준이 6년이상인대상자를선별하게된다. 2단계평가 2단계평가는검사진행과방법에대해훈련받은연구원이보건소를방문하고보건소전화를사용하여대상자들에게전화를걸어평가를시행하였다. 전화평가의내용과진행은다음과같다. 전화평가내용 1차선정된대상자들에게전화를걸어주관적기억저하호소설문지 (Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire, SMCQ) 와한국어판간이블레스트검사 (Short Blessed Test, Korean version, SBT-K) 중기억력과집중력항목을포함한다. 전화평가진행첫번째, SMC 질문 14가지를시행한다. 두번째, 즉시기억 (immediate recall) 질문 ( 서울시, 명동, 14번지, 한, 철수 ) 을하고따라서하도록하고정확히대답할수있을때까지최대세번반복해서불러주고주소와사람이름을잠시기억해두라고한다. 세번째, 집중력평가와지연회상의시간을확보하기위해 20~ 1까지거꾸로세어보기와요일과사계절을거꾸로말하기를시행한다. 네번째, 조금전에기억해두시라고했던이름과주소를말하게하여지연회상 (delayed recall) 점수를평가한다 ( 지연회상의총점은정확히대답한단어의숫자로기록 ). 선정기준 : SMC 총점 6점이상또는 modified SBT-K 검사중지연회상점수가 3점이하제외기준 : 부재, 연락처오류, 거절혹은청력저하로검사 Figure 1. Executive Program to select optimal subjects by education and Korean version of Mini-Mental Status Examination for Dementia Screening Z-score.
3 IL Han Choo:Community MCI Detection Program 43 가가능하지않는경우 3단계평가 2단계평가에서선정 / 제외기준에맞는대상자에게서울신경심리검사 2판 (Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery, 2nd edition, SNSB-II) 의일부와임상치매평가척도 (Clinical Dementia Rating, CDR) 및임상진단을시행하였다. SNSB-II 는전체검사항목중다음 8가지항목을시행하였다. 1) Digit Span Test(DST), 2) 한국판보스톤이름대기검사 (Korean-Boston Naming Test, K-BNT), 3) Rey Complex Figure Test(RCFT) Copy, 4) RCFT 즉각회상 (immediate recall), 지연회상 (delayed recall), 재인검사 (recognition), 5) Seoul verbal learning test-elderly s version(svlt-e) : 즉각회상 (immediate recall), 지연회상 (delayed recall), 재인검사 (recognition), 6) Korean-Color Word Stroop Test(K- CWST) : 글자읽기 (word reading), 색깔읽기 (color reading), 7) Controlled Oral Word Association Test(COWAT) : 범주유창성검사 (Category/Sematic Fluency Test), 글자유창성검사 (Letter/Phonemic Fluency Test), 8) Korean-Trail Making Test-Elderly s version(k-tmt- E) : K-TMT-E ; Part A, TMT-E ; Part B. 위검사들은다음과같은네가지인지기능영역을포함한다 : 기억력 (RCFT : immediate/delayed recall and recognition, SVLT : immediate/delayed recall and recognition), 집중력-실행기능 (DST, COWAT, TMT, CWST), 언어능력 (BNT), 시공간능력 (RCFT Copy). 임상진단은연구자가대상자를직접만나병력과현재정신및신경학적상태를평가하고 CDR을시행한후최종진단을내렸으며, 경도인지장애진단의포함기준은다음과같다. 1) 대상자, 정보제공자, 또는임상가의판단에의한인지기능감퇴, 2) 신경심리평가에서 4가지인지기능영역중하나또는그이상에서받은점수가나이, 성별, 교육수준에따른 4,385 MMSE-DS completed MMSE-DS Z-score Education >5 456 cases selected 245 cases deleted Refusal; absence Hearing impairment Interruption Imcorrect phone number etc. 211 cases Telephone interview 1) SMCQ >5 or 2) Modified short blessed test delayed recall score <4 51 cases selected 26 visit refusal 24 cases Figure 2. Flow chart of multi-stage amci detection program. MMSE- DS : Korean version of Mini-Mental Status Examination for Dementia Screening, SMCQ : Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire, amci : amnestic mild cognitive impairment, namci : non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment, SNSB-II : Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery, 2nd edition, CDR : Clinical Dementia Rating. 7 Cognitively normal 16 amci 1 namci 8 SNSB-II tests CDR Clinical diagnosis
4 44 Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry 2018;22(2):41-46 정상규준의 1.5 standard deviation(sd) 아래에해당, 3) 일상생활에유의한지장을줄정도의기능감퇴가없음, 4) 정신질환의진단및통계편람제5판 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, DSM-5) 에의한주요신경인지기능장애 (major neurocognitive disorder) 가없음, 5) 전반적임상치매평가척도 (CDR) 가 0.5인경우. 제외기준은다음과같다. 1) 정신상태에영향을줄수있는주요내과적, 신경과적, 정신과적질환이동반된경우, 2) 평가및검사에지장을줄정도의의사소통의장애가있는경우경도인지장애로 1차진단을받은대상자중기억력인지기능영역에서점수가나이, 성별, 교육수준에따른정상규준의 1.5 SD 아래에해당할경우기억상실형경도인지장애로최종진단하고기억력이외의인지기능영역에서점수가나이, 성별, 교육수준에따른정상규준의 1.5 SD 아래에해당할경우비기억상실형경도인지장애 (non-amci, namci) 로진단하였다. 결과 모집단 (4,385명 ) 에서조선대학교병원에서개발한프로그램을이용해경도인지장애위험후보군 456명을선정하였다. 2017년 6~8월까지두달간전화인터뷰를통한평가를실시하여경도인지장애위험군을선별하였다. 456명중 245명은부재, 연락처오류, 거절혹은청력저하등으로전화인터뷰가불가능하였다. 나머지 211명에대해 2 단계전화인터뷰평가를실시하였고, 이들가운데 51명이경도인지장애위험군에해당하여 3단계평가에의뢰하였다. 51명중 31명만정밀검진예약에응하였고, 2017년 9월한달간경도인지장애위험군에대한 3단계정밀검진을위해포괄적신경심리평가, CDR 평가및임상진단을조선대학교병원에서진행하여실제내원한인원은 24명이었다. 24명중 7명은정상인지기능 (cognitively normal, CN), 16명은기억상실형경도인지장애 (amci), 1명은비기억상실형경도인장애 (namci) 로최종진단받았다 (Fig. 2). CN와 amci 대상자의나이와성별, 교육수준은통계적으로유의한차이가없었고, 신경심리검사에서 amci 대상자가 CN에비해 Digit Span Forward, SVLT delayed recall, SVLT recognition, RCFT immediate recall, RCFT delayed recall, Fluency score for 3 Korean alphabet, Trail Making Test B 등의표준점수가유의하게낮았다 (Table 1). 고찰 본연구에서시범개발한다단계기억상실형경도인지장애발견프로그램을통하여지역사회에서 5개월동안선별 Table 1. Demographic and neuropsychological test performance for finally assessed subjects CN (n=7) amci (n=16) p-value Age (yr) 77.4 (5.0) 75.5 (5.2) Gender, female (%) Education (yr) 9.3 (3.8) 9.1 (3.8) CDR MMSE (0.56) (1.47) Attention DSF 0.27 (0.61) (0.92) 0.032* DSB (0.68) (1.04) Language BNT 0.58 (0.94) (0.74) Visuospatial functions RCFT copy 0.35 (0.97) (2.63) Memory SVLT imm (0.61) (0.68) SVLT delayed (0.53) (0.82) 0.012* SVLT rec 0.03 (0.94) (1.08) 0.044* RCFT imm (0.52) (0.80) 0.039* RCFT delayed (0.57) (0.79) 0.009* RCFT rec 0.32 (0.43) (1.04) Executive functions Fluency A 0.14 (0.69) (0.90) Fluency S (0.99) (0.92) Fluency P (0.50) (0.77) 0.014* Stroop (0.38) (1.20) TMT A 0.07 (0.87) (0.86) TMT B 0.00 (0.64) (0.99) 0.045* Neuropsychological data presented as group mean Z-scores based on age-, education-, and gender specific normative information (standard deviation). * : Significant at p<0.05 for unpaired t-tests. CN : cognitively normal, amci : amnestic mild cognitive impairment, CDR : Global score of Clinical Dementia Rating, MMSE : Mini Mental Status Examination, DSF : Digit Span Forward, DSB : Digit Span Backward, BNT : Boston Naming Test (15 item), RCFT copy : Rey Complex Figure Test copy score, SVLT imm : Seoul Verbal Learning Test immediate recall score, SVLT delayed : SVLT delayed recall score, SVLT rec : SVLT recognition score, RCFT imm : RCFT immediate recall score, RCFT delayed : RCFT delayed recall score, RCFT rec : RCFT recognition socre, Fluency A : Fluency score for animal, Fluency S : Fluency score for supermarket list, Fluency P : Fluency score for 3 Korean alphabet, Stroop : Stroop score for color naming in color-word in incongruent condition, TMT : Trail Making Test 검진으로 MMSE-DS 를시행한전체 4,385 명중 16 명의기억 상실형경도인지장애대상자를발견하였다. 단계별평가에서 1 단계평가로 MMSE-DS 표준점수 (Zscore) 의범위가 (-1.5~0) 에해당하고교육수준이 6 년이상인 대상자는전체 4,385 명중약 10% 에해당하는 456 명이었다. 본연구자가상기표준점수를적용한이유는현재보건복지 부시행치매조기검진의경우표준점수가 -1.5 이하의경우 에만진단 / 감별검사등정밀검사를시행하도록방침이정해 져있어 MMSE-DS 검사에서매우경하게감퇴가있거나평
5 IL Han Choo:Community MCI Detection Program 45 균에근접한정도의대상자들중경도인지장애환자가상당수있을것으로예상하였기때문이다. 또한, 교육수준이 6년이상인대상자로한정한이유는교육수준이높을수록전화및특정장소로방문하여시행되는신경심리평가에대한순응도가높을것으로예상하였기때문이다. 2단계평가인전화인터뷰의시행이가능한대상자는 456 명의 46.3% 에해당하는 211명이었으며이들중선정기준과제외기준을만족하는대상자는 211명의 24.2% 에해당하는 51명이었다. 최종방문평가 (3단계평가 ) 는 51명중 47% 에해당하는 24명이가능하였고이중 67% 에해당하는 16명이기억상실형경도인지장애로최종진단되었다. 본연구는 2단계평가에서전화인터뷰를시행하였는데, 2011년연구자가공동으로발표한인지상태전화인터뷰 (telephone interview for cognitive status, TICS) 의타당성조사에관한연구에서 TICS는정상군과치매의감별에민감도 / 특이도가 87.1/90.1 로비교적높은수준이었으나, 정상군과경도인지장애의감별에는민감도 / 특이도, 69.3/68.6로 MMSE와비슷한정도라고보고하였다. 2) 2011년 Manly 등 3) 이시행한 TICS 연구에서총 377명의대상자중에 68명 (18%) 의경도인지장애대상자와 53명 (14.1%) 의치매환자를발견하였다. 정상인지군과경도인지장애군사이의 ROC curve 분석에서 area under the curve는 0.71 로상대적으로낮았다. 따라서, 본연구에서는전화인터뷰만의상대적으로낮은정상인지기능군과경도인지장애의감별력과기억력평가위주의단점을보안하기위해전화인터뷰평가항목에 2009년국내에서개발된 SMCQ를추가로적용하였다. SMCQ 개발연구에서치매예측력은 77.0% 에불과하지만, 객관적인인지기능검사 (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer Disease 신경인지검사 ) 와의상관성이유의하게발견되었다. 4) 또한, 인지기능정상대상자의 17% 가주관적기억감퇴를호소한반면, 경도인지장애환자는 38% 가주관적기억감퇴를호소한다고보고도있어, 5) 연구자는 SMCQ의추가적용이경도인지장애의발견에긍정적인역할을할것으로기대하였다. 본연구의기억상실형경도인지장애발견율과관련하여, 211명의전화인터뷰시행대상자의 24.2% 인 51명이최종평가대상자에선정되었으며, 이중평가가시행된 24명의 67% 인 16명이기억상실형경도인지장애로최종진단되었다. 이러한발견율은 2단계 /3단계평가로진입시각각약 53.7% 와 54% 에달하는높은탈락률에대한정밀조사가필요하겠지만, 비교적높은발견율에해당한다고할수있다. 65세이상에서경도인지장애유병률은 10~20% 정도로보고되었고, 특히기억상실형경도인지장애발병률은인구 1,000명중 10~ 14명정도로보고되었다. 6) 이는본연구에서 2017 년 5개월동아 4,385 명중 16명의기억상실형경도인지장애발견과비교해볼때 2/3단계평가에서각각 53.7% 와 54% 의탈락률을고 려하면비슷한정도이나, 본연구에서는 MMSE-DS 표준점 수가 -1.5 이상인군에서추가적인 amci 군이발견된점을고 려하면비교적높은발견율로볼수있다. 본연구가가지는중요한장점은 3 단계평가를시행하기까 지높은탈락률을보였음에도불구하고보건복지부치매조 기검진시스템에서정상군으로분류된대상자에서알츠하이 머병치매의고위험군에해당하는기억상실형경도인지장애 대상자를조기에발견할수있다는점이다. 이번연구는다음과같은한계들을가지고있다. 전체 4,358 명대상자들의자료는모두지역보건의료정보시스템 (PHIS) 에보관되어있으며, 개인정보보호법에의해보건소 치매상담센터컴퓨터이외의장소로자료이동이불가능하 였다. 따라서, 3 단계평가를제외한 1 단계및 2 단계평가는 모두보건소치매상담센터를방문하여시행되었다. 공공기관 의근무시간이일과시간에한정되어대상자들이주로집에 있을것으로예상되는아침및저녁시간의전화평가가가 능하지않은것이 2 단계평가를완료한대상자가 46.3% 로높 지않은데에기여한것으로추정된다. 이러한요인은대상자 선정의선택적치우침 (selection bias) 을유발하여평일일과 시간에상대적으로사회활동이적은대상자를선택하였을 가능성이있다. 본연구에서는인력및시간의부족으로인 해방문평가를시행하지않았다. 노인의경우신체및여러 가지이유로인해이동이자유롭지않은경우가있을수있 어이후에시행될본연구에는방문평가를시행하여더많 은기억상실형경도인지장애환자를발견할수있을것으로 기대된다. 또한, 2 단계평가에서시행한전화인터뷰의경우 대면평가와달리시공간기억이제외된언어기억에전적으 로의존하고있어, 시공간기억감퇴가있는경도인지장애대 상자가제외되었을가능성이높다. 결론적으로, 본예비연구는지역사회에서기억상실형경 도인지장애대상자를조기에발견하기위해전화인터뷰를 포함한다단계프로그램을적용하였다. 향후 2 단계전화평 가를개인정보보호법에위배되지않는범위내에서보건소 가아닌다른장소에서시행하는등추가적인보완과정을 거친다면본프로그램이현재전국보건소에서시행되고있 는치매조기검진의효율을증대시키고치매유병률을낮추 는역할을할수있을것으로기대된다. 중심단어 : 조기발견 프로그램개발 기억상실형경도인지 장애 지역사회. REFERENCES 1) Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med 2004;256: ) Seo EH, Lee DY, Kim SG, Kim KW, Kim DH, Kim BJ, et al. Validity of the telephone interview for cognitive status (TICS) and modified TICS (TICSm) for mild cognitive imparment (MCI) and dementia screening. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2011;52:e26-30.
6 46 Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry 2018;22(2): ) Manly JJ, Schupf N, Stern Y, Brickman AM, Tang MX, Mayeux R. Telephone-based identification of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in a multicultural cohort. Arch Neurol 2011;68: ) Youn JC, Kim KW, Lee DY, Jhoo JH, Lee SB, Park JH, et al. Development of the Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009;27: ) Mitchell AJ. The clinical significance of subjective memory complaints in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008;23: ) Roberts R, Knopman DS. Classification and epidemiology of MCI. Clin Geriatr Med 2013;29:
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