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1 Journal of Animal Science and Technology 52(2) 117~124, 2010 DOI: /JAST 균상재배느타리버섯부산물생균발효사료의반추동물조사료원으로서의가치평가 김영일 석준상 곽완섭 * Evaluation of Microbially Ensiled Spent Mushroom (Pleurotus osteratus) Substrates (Bed-Type Cultivation) as a Roughage for Ruminants Young Il Kim, Jun Sang Seok and Wan Sup Kwak* Animal Science, School of Life Resource and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Konkuk University ABSTRACT An in situ ruminal disappearance trial and an in vivo sheep metabolism trial were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of spent mushroom substrate (SMS, originated from Pleurotus osteratus bed-type cultivation). The raw SMS was ensiled (ESMS) for 30 days with 5% (w/w, DM basis) molasses, 0.5% (v/w) yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and 0.5% (v/w) lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum). Two ruminally cannulated Holsteins (average BW 620 kg) were used to evaluate in situ disappearance. Six sheeps (average BW 48 kg) were fed, in 3 3 Latin square design, rice straw alone (Control), 25% (ESMS-25) and 50% (ESMS-50) of rice straw were replaced with ensiled SMS. For an in situ trial, ruminal DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance of SMS were increased after ensiling (P<0.05). For a sheep trial, protein and fiber (NDF, acid detergent fiber, crude fiber) digestibilities were decreased (P<0.05), crude ash digestibility was increased (P<0.00, and nitrogen retention was not affected (P>0.05) as rice straw was replaced with ensiled SMS. Ruminating time was decreased by an average of 28% by feeding ensiled SMS (P<0.05). Ensiled SMS (Bed-type cultivation) had 76% of energy value of rice straw. Consequently, ensiled SMS (Bed-type cultivation, 100% cotton waste) could be used as a roughage source appropriate for maintenance type rations for ruminants. (Key words : Spent mushroom substrate, Spent mushroom compost, By-products, Ensiling, Roughage, Ruminant) 서론, 19 (M/T) (, 2007). neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 76.1%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) 65.4%, crude protein (CP) 11.5%, ether extract (EE) 0.4%, non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) 5.7%, ash 6.3% (, 2007; Kwak, 2009). 64% (, 2007) (Kwak, 2009)., (Yang, 2006; Gao, 2008)., lactic acid (Yang, 2006). NFC, (Weinberg, 2008),. (Kwak, 2009) (Lactobacillus plantarum), (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ph lactic acid,.,. Krehbiel (2003) Direct-fed microbials (DFM),. 이논문은 2009 년도건국대학교학술진흥연구비지원에의한논문임 * Corresponding author : Ph. D. Wan Sup Kwak, School of Life Resource and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju, Chung-Buk, , Korea. Tel: , Fax: , wsk@kku.ac.kr

2 . in situ,. 재료및방법 1. (spent mushroom substrates, SMS). 100%. In situ (ensiled spent mushroom substrates, ESMS) 5% (w/w), Saccharomyces cerevisiae 0.5% (w/v), Lactobacillus plantarum 0.5% (w/v).,. Saccharomyces cerevisiae YM broth (271120, Difco, USA) 30 48, Lactobacillus plantarum MRS broth (288130, Difco, USA) (Akita, Italia) , -20,. 2. In situ in situ cannula 620 kg 2 2, kg rye grass straw 2 kg,. In situ Ørskov (1980). Wiley mill (Thomas Scientific, Model4, New Jersey, U.S.A) ( 100, 2 mm) 100 ~2mm. 10g pore size 50± cm dacron bag (R1020, Ankom Technology, Fairport, NY). dacron bag 20 mg/cm 2 Nocek (1985). 2 bag 0, 24, 48, 72. bag drying oven 48 DM, NDF, CP. DM water-soluble (45 filterable), insoluble degradable non-degradable (Smith, 197. NDF 72 (Smith, 197. NDF 72 non-digestible. CP water-soluble (45 filterable), insoluble degradable non-degradable. 3.. ( P, ) 50% 50% ( ), 25% (ESMS-25) 50% (ESMS-50) Table 1. Chemical composition of feedstuffs fed to sheep Formulated Rice straw feed ESMS 2) % Dry matter Organic matter Ether extract Crude protein Neutral detergent fiber Acid detergent fiber Hemicellulose Crude fiber Nitrogen-free extracts Crude ash On a DM basis. 2) Ensiled spent mushroom substrates (Pleurotus osteratus, bed-type cultivation). (ESMS). ESMS. 48 kg (Corriedale) 6, ESMS (ESMS-25, ESMS-50) 2 3.,. 850g/ ( ), (NRC, 1985). Table 1. ESMS, CP 1.9%, crude ash 2.2%, NDF 9.2%, NDF ADF hemicellulose. Table 2. ESMS CP, ash ADF, NDF

3 Table 2. Ingredient and chemical composition of diets fed to sheep,2) Control ESMS-25 3) ESMS-50 4) Ingredient composition (%) Formulated feed Rice straw ESMS Chemical composition (%) Dry matter Organic matter Crude protein Ether extract Neutral detergent fiber Acid detergent fiber Hemicellulose Crude fiber Nitrogen-free extracts Crude ash ) 3) 4) On a DM basis. ESMS=ensiled spent mushroom substrate. 25% of rice straw was replaced with ESMS. 50% of rice straw was replaced with ESMS.. 7, 5, 14, 8., dry oven 48, 1mm % H 2SO 4 15, 2% (SCR-450, Samsung, Korea). ( + ),,, ( + ), ( + + ) Sample Mill (Cemotec, Tecator, Sweden) 1 mm. DM, CP (N 6.25), EE, crude fiber (CF) AOAC (1990), NDF ADF Van Soest (199. Organic matter (OM) 100- Ash, hemicellulose NDF-ADF, nitrogen-free extract (NFE) 100-(CF% + CP% + EE% + Ash%). (TDN) [( CP + EE CF + NFE) / 100]. 5. General Linear Model one way analysis of variance (Statistix7, 2000). In situ studentized-t test (Statistix7, 2000). In vivo orthogonal contrast (Statistix7, 2000), ESMS-25 ESMS-50; ESMS-25 ESMS-50. 결과및고찰 1. In situ DM, NDF CP (fraction) in situ DM, NDF, CP Table 3. SMS DM 12.2% (P<0.00, NDF NDF 12.3% (P< % ( ), 0.5% ( ) DM (Kwak, 2009) (, 2003). Nsereko (2008) Aksu (2004) silage, ferulate esterase in situ NDF. (P<0.05),. in situ DM, NDF, CP Table 4. DM NDF (P<0.05). SMS DM (P<0.005), 0,. 24 NDF ESMS (P<0.05), 48, 72 ESMS (P<0.05). SMS ESMS NDF 5.7~8.2%. 24 NDF. CP

4 Table 3. Effect of the microbial ensiling on in situ fractions of DM, NDF and CP in spent mushroom substrates SMS 2) Raw Ensiled SE P value Dry matter fractions(%) Water-soluble and 45μm filterable Insoluble degradable Non-degradable NDF fractions(%) Digestible Non-digestible CP fractions(%) Water-soluble and 45μm filterable Insoluble degradable Non-degradable ) Least square means of 4 observations. Spent mushroom substrate (Pleurotus osteratus, bed-type cultivation). Table 4. Effect of the microbial ensiling on in situ ruminal disappearances of spent mushroom substrates,2) SMS 3) Incubation time, hr Raw Ensiled SE P value DMD (%) NDFD (%) CPD (%) Means of 4 observations. 2) DMD = dry matter disappearance; NDFD = neutral detergent fiber disappearance; CPD = crude protein disappearance. 3) Spent mushroom substrate (Pleurotus osteratus, bed type cultivation). 0 ESMS (P<0.05), 72. (Table 3 ). 2. Table 5. ESMS (NDF, ADF, CF) (P<0.05). ESMS

5 Table 5. Apparent nutrient digestibility of the different diets fed to sheep Apparent digestibility (%) Control (A) ESMS-25 (B) ESMS-50 (C) SE Significance of contrast A vs. (B+C) B vs. C Dry matter Organic matter Crude protein 64.4 a 60.2 b 55.5 c Ether extract Neutral detergent fiber 56.9 a 54.5 b 52.1 b Acid detergent fiber 53.7 a 50.0 b 47.4 b Hemicellulose Crude fiber 59.3 a 56.4 b 55.4 b Nitrogen free extracts Crude ash 7.6 a 11.2 b 16.7 c TDN 2) (%) 60.4 a 58.7 b 56.9 b Means of 6 observations. 2) Total digestible nutrients. a,b,c Means with different superscripts within the same row are significantly different (P 0.05)..,, 25% 50% ESMS 6.5%, 13.8%. in situ, SMS DM NDF (P<0.0, in vivo (TDN) ESMS (P<0.05).,., ESMS, (P<0.0. Ashmead (1993), Suhajda (2000) yeast yeast. Weinberg (2008) yeast. Suhajda (2000) Ashmead (1993) Weinberg (2008), ESMS 30. TDN 77%, 41%, ESMS 31% ESMS 76%.. 3. nitrogen balance ESMS Table 6. ESMS., ESMS ESMS (P<0.0,. (1996) (2004). ESMS, ESMS., ESMS 25~50%. 4. Table 7. ESMS (P<0.0, (P<0.02). 25% 50%,, (P>0.05). Erdman (1988) Mertens (1997), NRC (2000) (endf)

6 Table 6. Nitrogen balance of sheep fed the different diet Control (A) ESMS-25 (B) ESMS-50 (C) SE Significance of contrast A vs. (B+C) B vs. C Intake, g/d 14.2 a 14.5 b 14.8 c Excretion, g/d Fecal 5.2 a 6.0 b 6.6 c Urinary Total Absorption, g/d 9.0 a 8.4 b 8.2 b Retention g/d % intake % absorbed Means of 6 observations. a,b,c Means with different superscripts within the same row are significantly different (P 0.05). Table 7. Behavior pattern of sheep fed the different diets Control (A) ESMS-25 (B) ESMS-50 (C) min/day SE Significance of contrast A vs. (B+C) B vs. C Eating time Ruminating time a b b Stand Sit a b b Drinking time Resting time 1,008.0 a 1,137.5 b 1,103.8 b Stand Sit Sleeping a b b Chewing time a b b Means of 4 observations. a,b Means with different superscripts within the same row are significantly different (P 0.05). 20%, endf 25%. endf, ESMS-25, ESMS %, 28.3%, 18.9%. ESMS 0.6 mm Sniffen (1992) endf 1.18 mm, (P<0.05). ESMS. ESMS endf NRC (2000) ESMS. 결론, NDF,. DM NDF. (TDN) 76%

7 ., ( ).. 요약 (SMS) in situ in vivo,. SMS 5%(w/w, ), (Lactobacillus plantarum) 0.5%(v/w) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 0.5% (v/w) kg Holstein 2 in situ. 48kg %, 25% 50% SMS. in situ DM NDF (P<0.00. SMS 25% 50%, (NDF, ADF, CF) (P<0.05), (P<0.00, (P>0.05). SMS 28% (P<0.05). SMS 76%.,. 인용문헌 Aksu, T. E. and Bolat, B. D Effects of a bacterial silage inoculant on corn silage fermentation and nutrient digestibility. Small Ruminant Research 55(1-3): AOAC Official Methods of Analysis, 14th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, D. C., USA. Ashmead, H. D The role of Amino Acids Chelates in Animal Nutrition. Noyes Publications. New Jersey. Edrman, R. A Dietary buffering requirements of the lactating dairy cow : a review. J. Dairy Sci. 71: Gao, L., Yang, H., Wang, X., Huang, Z., Ishii, M., Igarashi, Y. and Cui, Z Rice straw fermentation using lactic acid bacteria. Bioresource Technology 99: Krehbiel, C. R., Rust, S. R., Zhang, G. and Gilliland, S. E Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets : performance responses and mode of action, J. Anim. Sci. 81(2): Kwak, W. S., Kim, Y. I., Seok, J. S., Oh, Y. K. and Lee, S. M Molasses and microbial inoculants improve fermentability and silage quality of cotton waste-based spent mushroom substrate. Bioresource Technology 100: Mertens, D. R Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 80: National Research Council Nutrient requirements of sheep. 6th rev. ed., National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., USA. National Research Council Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 8th rev. ed., National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., USA. Nocek, J. E Evaluation of specific variables affecting in situ estimates of ruminal dry matter and protein digestion. J. Anim. Sci. 60: Nsereko, V. L., Smiley, B. K., Rutherford, W. M., Spielbauer, A., Forrester, K. J., Hettinger, G. H., Harman, E. K. and Harman, B. R Influence of inoculating forage with lactic acid bacterial strains that produce ferulate esterase on ensilage and ruminal degradation of fiber. Animal Feed Science and Technology 145(1-4): Ørskov, E. R., Hovell, F. D. and Mould, F The use of the nylon bag technique for the evaluation of feedstuffs. Tropical Animal Production 5: Smith, L. W., Goering, H. K., Waldo, D. R. and Gordon, C. H In vitro digestion rate of forage cell wall components, J. Dairy Sci. 54: Sniffen, C. J., O'Connor, J. D., Van Soest, P. J., Fox, D. G. and Russell, J. B A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets. II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. J. Anim. Sci. 70:3562. Statistix User's Manual. Analytical Software, Tallagassee, FL, USA. Suhajda, A., Hegóczki, J., Janzsó, B., Pais, I. and Vereczkey, G Preparation of selenium yeasts I. Preparation of selenium-enriched Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine, 14, Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583. Weinberg, Z. G., Chen, Y. and Weinberg, P Ensiling olive cake with and without molasses for ruminant feeding, Bioresource Technology 99: Yang, S. Y., Ji, K. S., Baik, Y. H., Kwak, W. S. and McCaskey, T. A Lactic acid fermentation of food waste for swine feed. Bioresource Technology 97: ,,,,, silage

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45 2, (2018) Korean J. Poult. Sci. Vol.45, No.2, (2018) 73 Calculation of Replacement Price for

45 2, (2018) Korean J. Poult. Sci. Vol.45, No.2, (2018) 73 Calculation of Replacement Price for 45 2, 73 79 (2018) Korean J. Poult. Sci. Vol.45, No.2, 73 79 (2018) https://doi.org/10.5536/kjps.2018.45.2.73 73 Calculation of Replacement Price for Alternative Feed Ingredient in Consideration of Nutrient