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1 - * 1) 2) 1), 2),,., (Low Spatial Frequency: LSF).. 1., (High Spatial Frequency: HSF).,, LSF HSF. 2., LSF,, HSF.. * 2012 ( ) (NRF-2012S1A5A2A ). :,,, ( ) 50, scchong@yonsei.ac.kr

2 . (Farah, Klein, & Levinson, 1995; Farah, Wilson, Drain, & Tanaka, 1998; Johnson, Dziurawiec, Ellis, & Morton, 1991; Valentine, 1988).,, (Carey, 1992; Mondloch, Maurer, & Ahloa, 2006).,, (Chiroro & Valentine, 1995; Meissner & Brigham, 2001)., Chiroro Vanlentine(1995),,,. (Hayden, Bhatt, Zieber, & Kangas, 2009; Pezdek, Blandon-Gitlin, & Moore, 2003; Sangrioli & deschonen, 2004). (Tanaka, Kiefer, & Bukach, 2004). (Maurer, Le Grand, & Mondloch, 2002), (inverted face) (Carey & Diamond, 1977; Scapinello & Yarmey, 1970). Yin(1969),,, (face inversion effect). Rhodes, Tan, Brake Taylor(1989),..,.,

3 (Event Related Potential: ERP) N ms, (Eimer, 2000). N170 (Halit, Haan, Schyns, & Johnson, 2000). Stahl, Wiese Schweinberger(2008) N170.., (fusiform gyrus) (McCarthy, Puce, Gore, & Allison, 1997; Kanwisher, McDermott, & Chun, 1997) (Gauthier, Tarr, Anderson, Skudlarski, & Gore, 1999; Rossion, Gauthier, Tarr, Despland, Bruyer, Linotte, & Crommelinck, 2000), (Golby, Gabrieli, Chiao, & Eberhardt, 2001).. (LSF: Low Spatial Frequency) (Derulle & Fagot, 2005; Flevaris, Robertson, & Bentin, 2008; Goffaux, Hault, Michel, Vuong, & Rossion, 2005; Goffaux & Rossion, 2006; Harel & Bentin, 2009). Boeschoten, Kemner, Kenemans Engeland(2005), (HSF: High Spatial Frequency),., Goffaux, Hault, Michel, Vuong Rossion(2005) LSF HSF,..,., HSF, LSF. LSF, HSF. N170. N170 (Halit, 2000), Flevaris (2008)

4 N170 N170 LSF., Goffaux, Jemel, Jacques, Rossion Schyns(2003) HSF LSF N170. LSF, LSF HSF., (Golby, 2001; Michel, Rossion, Han, & Chung, 2006; Rhodes, 1989; Stahl, 2008; Tanaka, 2004), LSF (Derulle & Fagot, 2004; Flevaris, 2008; Goffaux, 2003; Goffaux & Rossion, 2006; Harel & Bentin, 2009).. (Michel, 2006; O Toole, Deffenbacher, Valentine, & Abdi, 1994; Slone, Brigham, & Meissner, 2000; Tanaka, 2004),,. (De Valois & De Valois, 1990), (Blake & Wilson, 2011; Tong, Meng, & Blake, 2006).. (Lee, Blake, & Heeger, 2005; Polonsky Blake, Broun, & Heeger, 2000), (Haynes, Deichmann, & Rees, 2005; Wunderlich, Schnider, & Kastner, 2005), (Tong, Nakayama, Vaughan, & Kanwisher, 1998)., (fmri) Wunderlich (2005),.. (Levelt, 1965).,

5 (Wunderlich, 2005), (Chong, Tadin, & Blake, 2005; Meng & Tong, 2004).,., Yoon, Hong, Joormann Kang(2009),.,,.,.,. 1 HSF LSF, 2.,, (Meissner & Brigham, 2001).., (Chiroro & Valentine, 1995; Meissner & Brigham, 2001). 1,,. HSF LSF. Fahle(1982), HSF,, LSF.,. Fahle(1982) HSF LSF.,

6 Fahle(1982), (Farah,, 1998, Farah, 1995; Johnson, 1991; Valentine, 1988) LSF (Derulle & Fagot, 2005; Flevaris, 2008; Goffaux & Rossion, 2006; Harel & Bentin, 2009), Fahle LSF HSF. 13..,.,.. Matlab (Mathwork, MA) Psychophysics Toolbox 3 (Brainard, 1997; Pelli, 1997), 85Hz, 1600 x CRT 2. -,.. Tanaka (, )., RMS(Root Mean Square) ( : %)., (full spectrum) HSF LSF High(8.07cpd ) Low(4.03cpd )., LSF HSF (spectral contents), LSF HSF, HSF LSF (Goffaux, 2003; Halit, Haan, Schyns, & Johnson, 2006).,.. 6 (full spectrum:, HSF:, LSF: ) 1.67, cm.

7 , LSF 4.99 cd/m 2, HSF 7.29 cd/m 2, full spectrum cd/m cd/m , , 1 1, 2 2,..., full spectrum (, ) LSF HSF [full spectrum, LSF HSF, LSF HSF ].,,.,, LSF

8 ., ( ), ( ).,.,.,

9 ,.,,, ( ). 90..,. 96%, LSF HSF 100%... Full Spectrum 2. (M=20s, SD=13.39) (M=50.24s, SD=11.92) (t(12)=5.87, p<.05)., (F(1,12)=34.452, p<.05)., (F(1,12)=3.475, p=.087), (F(1,12)=.470, p=.506). ( ),. LSF HSF 3A. LSF (M=58s, SD=9.8) HSF (M=13s, SD=9.6) (t(12)= , p<.05)., (F(1,12)=104.18, p<.05), (F(1,12)=2.74, p=.123) (F(1,12)=.003, p=.958). LSF HSF,., Fahle,, LSF HSF. HSF. LSF,

10 . HSF LSF, (Farah, 1998, Farah, 1995; Johnson, 1991; Valentine, 1988). LSF HSF.,,,, (F(1,12)=5.35, p<.05). 3B. LSF HSF, (LSF: M=60s, HSF: M=9.4s) (LSF: M=55.8s, HSF: M=16.7s)., LSF., LSF... Full spectrum (M=16s, SD=16.88) (M=4.1s, SD=6.13) (t(12)=-3.138, p<.05), (F(1,12)=34.45, p<.05),.

11 LSF HSF LSF (M=14s, SD=15) HSF (M=1.7s, SD= 1.1) (t(12)=2.892, p<.05), (F(1,12)=104.18, p<.05).. LSF,..., Tanaka 15.. (F(1,14)=6.560, p<.05). (M=34.98s, SD=15.54) (M=25.83s, SD=12.79) (t(14)=-2.56, p<.05). (F(1,14)=64.76, p<.05). LSF (M= 56.44s, SD=18.74) HSF (M=12.27s, SD=8.15) (t(14)=-8.04, p<.05).

12 1 full spectrum, LSF HSF.,, LSF HSF.., LSF, LSF. 2 [LSF LSF, LSF HSF, HSF LSF, HSF HSF ], 1, ,., full spectrum. 1, ( ), (LSF HSF

13 ),. 1, 8., 90,, (F(3,27)=14.443, p<.05). t. LSF LSF LSF (M=50.58s, SD=21.82) HSF (M=23.02s, SD=17.98) (t(9)=-2.419, p<.05). LSF HSF LSF (M=59.62s, SD= 25.23) HSF ((M=23.02s, SD=17.98) (t(9)=-6.205, p<.05). LSF,. HSF LSF, LSF (M=60.04s, SD=18.44) HSF (M=10.21s, SD=11.85) (t(9)=6.001, p<.05)., HSF HSF, HSF (M=38.05s, SD=35.21) HSF (M=28.67s, SD=33.99) (t(9)=.493, p=.634). LSF, LSF LSF., LSF, HSF LSF... (F(3,27)=4.607, p<

14 .05), LSF (M=25.18s, SD=18.73) (M=4.2s, SD=4.04) (t(9)=-3.969, p<.05), HSF (M=10.86, SD= 13.27) (M=29.09s, SD= 22.67) (t(9)=2.229, p=.053). 1 15, 2 (F(3,42)=37.367, p<.05). LSF LSF LSF (M=53.57s, SD=17.56) LSF (M=16.68s, SD=12.61) (t(14)= p<.05). LSF HSF LSF (M=33.32s, SD=13.37) HSF (M= 11.19s, SD=9.48) (t(14)= , p<.05). LSF,. HSF LSF, LSF

15 (M=63.89s, SD=20.14) HSF (M=11.67s, SD=9.35) (t(14)= 7.296, p<.05)., HSF HSF, HSF (M=343.83s, SD=25.83) HSF (M=33.70s, SD=22.67) (t(14)=.852, p=.409).,..,., LSF HSF., LSF. 1.,, (Chiroro & Valentine, 1995; Meissner & Brigham, 2001). Walker Hewstone(2006). 1, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50,.,, Walker Hewstone(2006). (van Ee, van Dam, & Brouwer, 2005), Walker Hewstone(2006) (Lindsay, Jack, & Christian, 1991; Walker & Hewstone, 2006; Walker & Tanaka, 2003)., 1. LSF HSF, LSF HSF

16 ., (Fahle, 1982). (Farah,, 1998, Farah, 1995; Johnson, 1991; Valentine, 1988). HSF, LSF (Derulle & Fagot, 2005; Flevaris, 2008; Goffaux & Rossion, 2006; Goffaux, 2005; Harel & Bentin, 2009). Fahle, LSF HSF., LSF 4.99cd/m 2, HSF 7.29cd/m 2 HSF, LSF HSF, LSF., HSF LSF,. 2 1., LSF. LSF, HSF, LSF., (Meng & Tong, 2004), (Breese, 1909), (Muller & Blake, 1989; Wunderlich, 2005) (Balcetis, Dunning, & Granot, 2012; Bannerman, Milders, Gelder, & Sahraie, 2008)., Bannerman (2008).,.,.

17 LSF, LSF Bannerman. LSF (Derulle & Fagot, 2005; Harel & Bentin, 2009; Flevaris, 2008; Goffaux & Rossion, 2006; Goffaux, 2005), (Golby, 2001; Michel, 2006; Rhodes, 1989; Stahl, 2008). (Noudoost, Adibi, Moeeny, & Esteky, 2005),. (Caldara & Abdi, 2006; Valentine, 1991). Valentine(1991). Walker Hewstone(2006). LSF,,.,,.,,.,,,..,

18 ..,,,.,.,,. LSF, LSF.. Balcetics, E., Dunning, D., & Granot, Y. (2012). Subjective value determines initial dominance in binocular rivalry. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, Bannerman, R. L., Milders, M., Gelder, B., & Sahraie, A. (2008). Influence of emotional facial expressions on binocular rivalry. Opthalmic and Physiological Optics, 28, Boeschoten, M. A., Kemner, C., Kenemans, J. L., & van Engeland, H. (2005). The relationship between local and global processing and the processing of high and low spatial frequencies studied by event-related potentials and source modelling. Cognitive Brain Research, 24, Blake, R., & Wilson, H. (2011). Binocular vision. Vision Research, 51, Brainard, D. H. (1997). The Psychophysics Toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10(4), Breese, B. B. (1909). Binocular rivalry. Psychological Review, 16, Caldara, R., & Abdi, H. (2006). Simulating the other-race effect with autoassociative neural networks: Further evidence in favor of the face-space model. Perception, 36, Carey, S., & Diamond, R. (1977). From piecemeal

19 to configurational representation of faces. Science, 195, Carey, S. (1992). Becoming a face expert, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London Series B Biological Science, 335, Chiroro, P., & Valentine, T. (1995). An investigation of the contact hypothesis of the own-race bias in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 48A, Chong, S. C., Tadin, D., & Blake, R. (2005). Endogenous attention prolongs dominance durations in binocular rivalry. Journal of Vision, 5(11), Derulle, C., & Fagot, J. (2005). Categorizing facial identities, emotions, and genders: Attention to high- and low-spatial frequencies by children and adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 90(2), De Valois, R. L., & De Valois, K. K. (1990). Spatial Vision. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. Eimer, M. (2000) Event-related brain potentials distinguish processing stages involved in face perception and recognition. Clinical Neurophysiology, 111, Farah, M. J., Klein, K. L., & Levinson, K. (1995). Face recognition and withincategory discrimination in prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 33, Fahle, M. (1982). Binocular rivalry: suppression depends on orientation and spatial frequency. Vision Research, 22, Farah, M. J., Wilson, A., Drain, M., Tanaka, J. W. (1998). What is special about face perception? Psychological Review, 105, Flevaris, A. V., Robertson, L. C., Bentin, S. (2008). Using spatial frequency scales for processing face features and face configuration: an ERP analysis. Brain Research, 1194, Gauthier, I., Tarr, M., Anderson, W., Skudlarski, P., & Gore, C. (1999). Activation of the middle fusiform face area increases with expertise in recognizing novel objects. Nature Neuroscience, 2(6), Goffaux, V., Jemel, B., Jacques, C., Rossion, B., & Schyns, P. (2003). ERP evidence for task modulations on face perceptual processing at diverent spatial scales. Cognitive Science, 27, Goffaux, V., Hault, B., Michel, C., Vuong, Q. C., & Rossion, B. (2005). The respective role of low and high spatial frequencies in supporting configural and featural processing of faces. Perception, 34, Goffaux, V. & Rossion, B. (2006). Faces are spatial - Holistic face perception is supported by low spatial frequencies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, Golby, A. J., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Chiao, J. Y., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2001). Differential responses in the fusiform region to same-race and other race faces. Nature Neuroscience, 4, Halit, H., Haan, M., Schyns, P., & Johnson, M. H. (2000). Modulation of event-related

20 potentials by prototypical and atypical faces. Neuroreport, 11, Halit, H., Haan, M., Schyns, P., & Johnson, M. H. (2006). Is highspatial frequency information used in the early stages of face detection? Brain Research, 1117, Harel, A., Bentin, S. (2009). Stimulus type, level of categorization, and spatial-frequencies utilization: Implications for perceptual categorization hierarchies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(4), Hayden, A., Bhatt, R., Zieber, N., & Kangas, A. (2009). Race-based perceptual asymmetries underlying face processing in infancy. Psychonomics Bulletin Review, 16, Haynes, J. D, Deichmann, R., & Rees, G. (2005). Eye-specific effects of binocular rivalry in the human lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature, 438(24), Johnson, M. H., Dziurawiec, S., Ellis, H., & Morton, J. (1991). Newborns preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline. Cognition, 40, Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. (1997). The Fusiform Face Area: A Module in Human Extrastriate Cortex Specialized for the Perception of Faces. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, Lee, S. -H., Blake, R., & Heeger, D. (2005). Traveling waves of activity in primary visual cortex during binocular rivalry. Nature Neuroscience, 8, Levelt, W. J. M. (1965). On Binocular Rivalry, Soesterberg, the Netherlands, Institute for Perception RVOTNO. Lindsay, D. S., Jack, P. C., & Christian, M. A. (1991). Other-race face perception. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, McCarthy, G., Puce, A., Gore, J. C., & Allison T. (1997). Face-specific processing in the human fusiform gyrus. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9(5), Maurer, D., Le Grand, R., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race advantage in memory for faces: a meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 7, Meng, M. & Tong, F. (2004). Can attention selectively bias bistable perception? Differences between binocular rivalry and ambiguous figures. Journal of Vision, 4, Michel, C., Rossion, B., Han, J., Chung, C. S., & Caldara, R. (2006). Holistic processing is finely tuned for faces of our own race. Psychological Science, 17, Mondloch, C. J., Maurer, D., & Ahola, S. (2006). Becoming a face expert. Psychological Science, 17(11), Muller, T. J. & Blake. R. (1989). A fresh look at the temporal dynamics of binocular rivalry. Biological Cybernetic, 61, Noudoost, B., Adibi, M., Moeeny, A., &

21 Esteky, H. (2005). Configural and analytical processing of familiar and unfamiliar objects. Cognitive Brain Research, 24, Pelli, D. G. (1997). The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision, 10(4), Pezdek, K., Blandon-Gitlin, I., & Moore, C. (2003). Children s face recognition memory: more evidence for the cross-race effect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, Polonsky, A., Blake, R., Braun, T., & Heeger, D. J. (2000). Neuronal activity in human primary visual cortex correlates with perception during binocular rivalry. Nature Neuroscience, 3, Rhodes, G., Tan, S., Brake, S., & Taylor, K. (1989). Expertise and configural coding in face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 80, Rossion, B., Gauthier, I., Tarr, M., Despland, P., Bruyer, R., Linotte, S., & Crommelinck, M. (2000). The N170 occipito-temporal component is delayed and enhanced to inverted faces but not on inverted objects: an electrophysiological account of face-specific processes in the human brain. Neuroreport, 11, Sangrioli, S., & de Schonen, S. (2004). Recognition of own-race and other-race faces by three month-old infants. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, Scapinello, K. F., & Yarmey, A. D. (1970). The role of familiarity and orientation in immediate and delayed recognition of pictorial stimuli. Psychonomic Science, 21, Slone, A. E., Brigham, J. B., & Meissner, C. A. (2000). Social and cognitive factors affecting the own-race advantage in white. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 22, Stahl, J., Holger, W., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2008). Expertise and own-race bias in face processing: an event-related potential study. Cognitive Neuroscience and Nueropsychology, 19, Tanaka, J. W. A race face database: Standardized set of over 200 Caucasian, African American, Asian and Hispanic faces. Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. Tanaka, J. W., Kiefer, M., & Bukach, C. M. (2004). A holistic account of the own-race effect in face recognition: evidence from a cross-cultural study, Cognition, 93, B1-B9. Tong, F., Meng, M., & Blake, R. (2006). Neural bases of binocular rivalry. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, Tong, F., Nakayama, K., Vaughen, J. T., & Kanwisher, N. (1998). Binocular rivalry and visual awareness in human extrastriate cortex. Neuron, 21, Valentine, T. (1988). Upside-down faces: a review of the effect of inversion upon face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 79, Valentine, T. (1991). A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43A(2),

22 van Ee, R., van Dam, L. C. J. & Brouwer, G. J. (2005). Voluntary control and the dynamics of perceptual bi-stability. Vision Research, 45, Walker, P. M., & Tanaka, J. W. (2003). An encoding advantage for own-race versus other-race faces. Perception, 32, Walker, P. M., & Hewstone, M. (2006). A perceptual discrimination investigation of the own-race effect and intergroup experience. Applied Cognitive Development, 20, Wunderlich, G., Schneider, K. A., & Kastner, S. (2005). Neural correlates of binocular rivalry in the human lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature Neuroscience, 8, Yin, R. K. (1969). Looking at upside-down faces, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, Yoon, K., Hong, S., Joormann, J., Kang, P. (2009). Perception of facial expressions of emotion during binocular rivalry. Emotion, 9(2), : : :

23 Effects of Spatial Frequency on the Own-Race Effect using a Binocular Rivalry Paradigm Tae-Woong Yoon Sang Chul Chong Graduate Program in Cognitive Science, Yonsei University The own-race effect (ORE) is a phenomenon of which people are better at recognizing faces of their own race (SR) compared to those of other races (OR). According to Tanaka, Kiefer, & Bukach (2004), the ORE is caused by different levels of holistic process between SR and OR faces. On the other hand, the holistic process mainly relies on low spatial frequency (LSF) information (Derulle & Fagot, 2005; Flevaris, Robertson, & Bentin, 2008; Goffaux & Rossion, 2006; Harel & Bentin, 2009). Based on those two findings, we investigated the interaction between ORE and spatial frequency at perceptual level using a binocular rivalry paradigm. In Experiment 1, we observed the ORE at perceptual level and the perceptual dominancy of LSF face over HSF face. In Experiment 2, we investigated how different spatial frequency information influenced the ORE. Through the experiments, we found that the ORE was observed only when SR face had LSF information. These results show that LSF information in SR face is an important factor of the ORE. Key words : The own-race effect, Spatial Frequency, Binocular Rivalry, Holistic process

* 1 1,2 1 2 (gender aftereffects) ( ) ( )..,..,... * 2010 ( ) (No ) :,, ( ) 134, Tel :

* 1 1,2 1 2 (gender aftereffects) ( ) ( )..,..,... * 2010 ( ) (No. 2010-0028059) :,, (120-749) 134, E-mail : scchong@yonsei.ac.kr, Tel : 02-2123-2447 ...,., 2 3.., (Visual Mental Imagery)., (,,, &, 2009;