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18 .,,,.,..,,,.,,,,..,,..., (2013). :. (2), 5-24.,,,, (2007).. (1), 1-19.,,, Kim, S. W. (2010). :. (2), (2010). :. (1), , (2003).. (2), ,, (2004).. (2), ,, (2012).., (2006)..., (2002).. (2), , (1996). :

19 ., , (2003).?:. (3), (1996).. (2), 1-21., (1998).. (1), ,,, (2009). :,,,. (2), (2012). 2. :. (2008).. :., (2013).. (8), (2002).. (1), ,,, (2011).. (1), (2004).,, :. (2), (2002).. (2003).. (1), ,, (2010).. (3), ,, (2011). :. (2), ,,. (2005).. (2), ,, (1973).. (19), (2009). :.,, (2005). :. (1), (2005).? (1), Blumstein, A., Farrington, D. P., & Moitra, S. (1985). Delinquency careers: Innocents, desisters, and persisters. Crime and justice, 6, Bolen, D. W., & Boyd, W. H. (1968). Gambling and the gambler: A review and preliminary findings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 18(5), Carlton, P. L., & Manowitz, P. (1994). Factors determining the severity of pathological

20 gambling in males. Journal of Gambling Studies, 10(2), Coderre, F., Mathieu, A., & St-Laurent, N. (2004). Comparison of the quality of qualitative data obtained through telephone, postal and surveys. International Journal of Market Research, 46(3), Commission on the Review of the National Policy Toward Gambling. (1976). Gambling in America. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. Custer, R. L. (1984). Profile of the pathological gambler. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 45(12), Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson. Gertz, M. G., & Gould, L. C. (1995). Fear of punishment and the willingness to engage in criminal behavior: A research note. Journal of Criminal Justice, 23(4), Gino, F., & Margolis, J. D. (2011). Bringing ethics into focus: How regulatory focus and risk preferences influence (un)ethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2), Hamstra, M. R., Bolderdijk, J. W., & Veldstra, J. L. (2011). Everyday risk taking as a function of regulatory focus. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(1), Hare, R. D. (1983). Diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder in two prison population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(7), Herscovitch, A. G. (1999). Alcoholism and pathological gambling: Similarities and differences. Holmes Beach, Florida: Learning Publications, Inc. Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, O. N., & Taylor, A. (2001). Achievement orientation from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), Knowles, E. S. (1976). The risk-taking questionnaire(rtq) ued to assess risk approach motivation. In W. R. Eadington(Ed.) Gambling and Society: Interdisciplinary Studies on The Subject of Gambling. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas. Ladouceur, R., & Walker, M. (1996). A cognitive perspective on gambling. In PM Salkovskis (Ed), Trends in Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies(pp ). New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Massimini, F., & Carli, M. (1988). The systematic assessment of flow in daily experience. In I. S. Csikszentmihalyi(Ed.) Optimal Experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Paternoster, R., Saltzman, L. E., Waldo, G. P., & Chiricos, T. G. (1983). Estimating perceptual stability and deterrent effects: The role of perceived legal punishment in the inhibition of criminal involvement. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 74, Quay, H. C. (1965). Psychopathic personality as pathological stimulation-seeking. American Journal of Psychiatry, 122(2), Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General

21 and Applied, 80(1), Roster, C. A., Rogers, R. D., Albaum, G., & Klein, D. (2004). A comparison of response characteristics from web and telephone surveys. International Journal of Market Research, 46(3), Saltzman, L., Paternoster, R., Waldo, G. P., & Chiricos, T. G. (1982). Deterrent and experiential effects: The problem of causal order in perceptual deterrence research. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 19(2), Sparrow, N., & Curtice, J. (2004). Measuring the attitudes of the general public via internet polls: an evaluation. International Journal of Market Research, 46(1), Toneatto, T. (1999). Cognitive psychopathology of problem gambling. Substance Use and Misuse, 34(11), Teevan, J. J. (1976). Subjective perception of deterence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 13, Tittle, C. R. (1980). Sanctions and Social Deviance: A Question of Deterrence. New York: Praeger. Tyler, T. R. (1990). Why people obey the law. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Taylor, H. (2000). Does Internet research work? Comparing online survey results with telephone survey. International Journal of Market Research, 42(1), : : :

22 Why and Who Participate in Illegal Gambling?: The Psychological Characteristics of Illegal Gamblers Junbok Lee Sangyeon Yoon Taekyun Hur Korea University The previous researches of gambling have been rather focused on the legal gambling industry and gambling addiction and ignored the issue of illegal gambling. But, illegal gambling in Korea has been continuously growing in its volume and the numbers of the relevant mental and social problems such as gambling addiction, crimes, suicides, and etc. have been increasing rapidly. The present study investigated the psychological characteristics of illegal gamblers with comparing gamblers who never experienced illegal gambling (NE), who experienced illegal gambling but participate mainly in legal gambling (EIG), and who participate mainly in illegal gambling (MIG) NEs, 177 EIGs, and 37 MIGs were recruited and completed an online survey that measured individual dispositions (risk-taking tendency, regulatory focus, locus of control), attitudes towards gambling regulations, misconception of illegal gambling, motives (monetary, excitement, socialization), and emotions. First, EIGs and MIGs, compared to NEs, preferred risk-taking, and EIGs were more promotion focused than NEs. Also, EIGs perceived illegal gambling as less illegal and tended to hold more misconceptions about illegal gambling, compared to NEs. Furthermore, EIGs and MIGs had stronger monetary and excitement motivation than NEs. Finally, MIGs were more likely to feel anxious than other groups. Focusing on the illegality of gambling, the characteristics of illegal gamblers are discussed and political implication on illegal gambling is suggested. Key words : illegal gambling, individual disposition, perception on law, gambling motivation, emotion during gambling

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