Current Status of Honeybee Production for Pollination Service in 2013 Kyeong Yong Lee, Seung Geu Lee 1, Young Bo Lee, Nam Jung Kim, Jung Hwa Kim 1, Yong Soo Choi, Pil Don Kang and Hyung Joo Yoon* Department of Agricultural Biology, The National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, 565-851, Republic of Korea 1 R&D Extension Division, Extension Service Bureau, RDA, Jeonju, 560-500, Republic of Korea (Received 3 October 2014; Revised 23 October 2014; Accepted 2 November 2014) Abstract Recently, the importance of insect pollinators is a significant and growing for efficient pollination of the crop. We surveyed current status of production of honeybee for pollination service in 2013. Total 2,224 beekeepers produce 216,846 honeybee colonies for pollination in 2013 survey. This account 13.2% of beekeepers and 12.1% of honeybee colony in Korea. In the province-wise, Gyeongbuk was number one with 898 beekeepers (20.0%) and 74,180 colonies (17.2%), followed by Chungnam (16.3%, 14.8%), Gyeongnam (15.4%,16.0%), and Jeonnam (15.0%, 10.0%). The Annual gross income of honeybee pollination service was 23.1 billion won (USD 21.7million) and was 5.8% of total gross income of beekeeping with 378.3 billion won (USD 355 million). Among 7 gross income category of beekeeping industry, honey was the highest with 67.4%, followed by bee venom with 17.3% and then pollination service. The rental price and sale price of colony for pollination service were 82,892 2,819 won (USD 77.8) and 130,586 4,118 won (USD 122.6). The ratio rental to sale was 0.65. In survey that asked the beekeeping income of beekeeper producing pollination colony, honey was higher with 67.4% followed by pollination service with 23.4%. Most beekeeper expressed a positive intention as 92.8% in produce and providing colonies for pollination service. Key words: Current status, Honeybee pollination, Pollination service, Pollination colony (Free, 1970). 65%,, (Pollinator) (Barth, 1985). *Corresponding author. E-mail: yoonhj1023@korea.kr 245
246 2 (Lebuhn et al., 2013), 300 84% (Richards, 1993)., 80~85% (Free, 1970; Delaplane and Mayer, 2000; Klein et al., 2003). 90% (Allsopp et al., 2008). 146 (Morse and Calderone, 2000), 189, 143 (Levin, 1983). 150 43 (Potts, 2004). 35, 17 (RIRDC, 2010). Jung(2008) 5.9, 1 18., Seo et al.(2011) 7,559, 1,838., 19, 99% (Yoon et al., 2011; Yoon et al., 2013).,, (Kim et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2008; Kim and Jung 2013; Ahn et al., 2013), (Lee et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2010),., (Lee et al., 2007; Yoon et al., 2008; Yoon et al., 2011; Yoon et al., 2012; Yoon et al., 2013).,.,,,,,,,,,,. 2012 (2012, MAFRI),,. 2013, (RDA, 2014). ( ), ( ) (RDA, 2014). 2014 3 3 3 14 8, 1, 8 158.. 2013 12,,,,.
.,,,. Chi-square test.,,.. 2014 3 2 2014 6 2 3 2013 12. (purposive sampling) 42 95.,.,,,,,,,,,,,,., 1 2,000, 2,000. PASW 18 (IBM Inc., 2009) One-way(welch s) ANOVA test, T- test, (Correlation Analysis), (Frequencies Analyze) (Multiple response analyze). One-way ANOVA test,,, Tukey HSD Duncun method. T- test. 40%,,. 158 2013 (Table 2), 2,244, 216,846. 2013 12 16,877 1,795,527 13.2%, 12.1% (RDA, 2014)., 10% 20 (Koapis, 2007), 2007 8.4%. (Table 2), 898 40%, 375 (16.7%), 244 (10.9%). 74,180 (34.2%), 36,060 (16.6%), 32,970 (15.2%). 23 (1%) 1,690 (0.8%),. (Table 2), 11.7 1.5%, 20.0 5.2%. 16.3 5.8%, 15.4 4.5%, 15.0 4.1% 247
248 Table 1. The number of beekeepers providing pollination service in survey of producing honeybee colonies for pollination in 2013 Province Surveyed city or county Number of counties Bee keepers Suwon (2), Namyangju (3), Anseong (1), Gyeonggi-do Yangpkeong (3), Hwaseong (1), Gwangju (1), 8 17 Icheon (3), Yangju (3) Gangwon-do - 0 0 Chungju (3), Jwcheon (1), Jincheon (1), Chungcheongbuk-do Cheongwon (3), Okcheon (1), Goesan (1), 9 17 Eumseong (3), Danyang (2), Boeun (2) Chungcheongnam-do Seocheon (3), Hongseong (3), Taean (3), Dangjin (3) 4 12 Jeollabuk-do Iksan (1) 1 1 Jeollanam-do Boseong (3), Jangheung (-), Yeongwang (3), Hwasun (1), Gokseong (3) 5 10 Sangju (1), Gumi (2), Yeongju (1), Gyeongsangbuk-do Chwongsong (3), Goryeong (3), Chilgok (3), 8 19 Yecheon (3), Seongju (3) Gyeongsangnam-do Gimhae (5), Haman (3), Changnyeong (3), Goseong (2) 4 13 Jeju-do - 0 0 1) Metropolitans Daegu (3), Incheon (2), Daejeon (1) 3 6 Total 42 95 1) Metropolitans is included following cities: Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gwangju, Incheon, Daejeon, Ulsan, Sejong. Table 2. Current beekeeper, colonies and rate of beekeepers and colonies for crop pollination in 2013 Province No. of beekeepers No. of colonies Colonies/ beekeepers Honeybee for crop pollination No. of beekeepers No. of colonies Rate of beekeepers Rate of colonies for for pollination pollination (%) (%) Gyeonggi-do 1,287 133,332 104.4 30.2 ab 65 8,416 8.3 3.9 ab 6.1 2.0 abc Gangwon-do 992 99,569 93.5 43.4 ab 23 1,690 2.8 1.5 b 1.6 0.8 c Chungcheongbuk-do 1,633 173,660 310.6 98.9 a 46 19,260 3.3 1.4 b 8.3 2.8 abc Chungcheongnam-do 1,328 167,801 135.4 53.8 ab 244 32,970 16.3 5.8 ab 14.8 5.4 ab Jeollabuk-do 1,109 173,369 74.7 27.3 b 86 5,605 7.5 2.7 ab 5.2 1.9 bc Jeollanam-do 1,860 165,049 67.3 14.9 b 243 14,240 15.0 4.1 ab 10.1 3.5 abc Gyeongsangbuk-do 4,629 398,730 155.5 40.2 ab 898 74,180 20.0 5.2 a 17.2 3.6 a Gyeongsangnam-do 2,234 239,065 175.3 39.6 ab 375 36,060 15.4 4.5 ab 16.0 3.4 ab Jeju-do 397 61,969 1) Metropolitans 1,408 182,715 66.5 18.5 b 264 24,425 13.9 6.1 ab 9.3 4.9 abc Total 16,877 1,795,259 133.9 16.1 2,244 216,846 11.7 1.5 10.0 1.2 1) Metropolitans is included following cities: Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gwangju, Incheon, Daejeon, Ulsan, Sejong. 2) The rate of beekeepers, colonies and colonies per beekeepers for pollination service are significantly different among province and metropolitans (Oneway ANOVA test, p<0.05).. Table 2. 10.0 1.2%, 17.2 3.6%., 16.0 3.4%, 14.8 5.4%. 2.8 1.5%, 1.6 0.8%,.
A Royaljelly 109 Propolis 2.7% 160 4.0% Pollen 99 2.5% Beeswax 14 0.3% B Royaljelly 955 3.1% Bee venom, 474 1.6% Pollination 231 5.8% Vee venom, 69 17.3% Annual gross income of beekeeping n=158 (100 million won) Honey 2,707 67.4% Beeswax 2,741 9.0% Pollen 2,917 9.5% Pollination service 2,244 7.3% No. of beekeepers selling bee products and pollination service n=30, 573 Propolis 5,730 18.7% Honey 15,512 50.7% Fig. 1. Annual gross income of beekeeping (A) and number of beekeepers selling bee products and pollination service (B) (Welch s ANOVA test:, F=3.385, df=8,55.071, p=0.003;, F=5.351, df=8,52.189, p=0.000). 27.4%, 22.2% 8 (RDA, 2014), (81.2%) (17.8%) (Yoon et al., 2013; Statistics Korea, 2013)., (99.9%) (45.8%) (Yoon et al., 2013; Statistics Korea, 2013). 40%,,, (Correlation analysis: r=0.913),. 94 133.9 16.1. (310.6 98.9 ), 2.3 (Table 2).,,,,,,. (One-way ANOVA F=2.365, df=8,85, p=0.024). 231. (7, 3,783 ) 5.8%, (67.4%, 2,707 ) (17.3%, 694 ) (5.8%, 231 ) (Fig. 1A). 15,512 50.8% (18.7%, 5730 ), (9.5%, 2917 ), (9.0%, 2,741 ), 7.3% (Fig. 1B).,,, 8.5%..,,,,,. 94 Table 3. 130,586 249
Table 3. Current state of production and marketing of honeybees as pollinator for crop pollination in 2013 250 Province Beekeepers Gyeonggi-do 65 147,344 7,241 a 91,250 7,388 68.4 3.7 Gangwon-do 23 119,250 14,738 b Chungcheongbuk-do 46 142,222.2 360 ab 82,778 4,006 58.5 3.3 Chungcheongnam-do 244 101,818 9,635 b 70,000 10,110 60.8 7.9 Jeollabuk-do 86 152,857 34,206 a 77,142 7,468 56.1 10.2 Jeollanam-do 243 140,000 8,548 ab 79,000 9,481 52.3 7.0 Gyeongsangbuk-do 898 133,125 6,239 ab 89,166 7,004 71.6 6.2 Gyeongsangnam-do 375 118,000 4,899 ab 85,909 5,909 75.4 5.7 Jeju-do 1) Metropolitans 264 113,333 19,734 b 82,000 11,135 67.6 11.9 Total 2,244 130,586 4,118 82,891 2,819 64.5 2.5 1) Metropolitans is included following cities: Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gwangju, Incheon, Daejeon, Ulsan, Sejong 2) The Average sale price is significantly different among province and metropolitans (One-way ANOVA test, p<0.05) 4,118, 82,892 2,819. 152,857 34,206, 147,344 7,241 12~17%.,, 13 14 (Table 3).,,, 9% 23%. (One-way ANOVA F=2.047, df=8,77, p=0.05)., 10% 91,250 7,388.,, 82,000. 5~16%,. 64.5 2.5% (Table 3)., 11% 75.4 5.7%.,,, 4~7%. 2008 Sale Average price Rental The ratio of rental to sale (%) 91,354 16,932 (Yoon et al., 2011), 2010 80,937 51,675 (Yoon et al., 2012), 107,162 40,396 10,000~20,000,.,,, (Yoon et al., 2013),.,. 95 (Table 1), 342.5 92.0 (Fig. 2). 200 70.5% 100 37.6%, 100-199 32.9%, 1,000 7%., 88.2%
300-399 colonies 4.7% 500-999 colonies 3.5% 400-499 colonies 4.7% 1000-3000 colonies 3.5% 200-299 colonies 9.4% No. of colonies providing pollination service n=95 100-200 colonies 32.9% More than 3000 colonies 3.5% Below 100 colonies 37.6% Fig. 2. The number of colonies providing crop pollination service., 11.8% (Fig. 3A). (120 ) 48.7%, 21.8%, 16.8%, 6.7%, 2.5%.,,, (Fig. 3B). (17 ), 41.2%, 17.6%, 11.8%,,, 5.9% (Fig. 3C). 2011, 43.3%(14,749 ), 25.8%(8,801 ), 17.2%(5,869 ), 8.6%(2,932 ), 4.5%(1,532 ), (Fig. 3B)(Yoon et al., 2013). 34.1%(3,932 ), 31.9%(3,675 ), 17.9%(2,056 ), 5.6%, 4.3%, 2.9%, 2.3% (Yoon et al., 2013). 17., 59%, 50%, 65% (Fig. 4).,. 2009 49.4%, 46.8% (Yoon et al., 2011). (87 ), 54.3%, 45.7% 10% (Fig. 5A). Fig. 5B., 4 32.2%, 3 30.5% 67.7% 3~4 Fruits 11.8% Crop provided pollination service n=137 Vegetables 88.2% Melon 2.5% Oriental melon 16.8% Pumkin 0.8% Vegetables Crop provided pollination service n=120 Strawberry 48.7% Rasberry 5.9% Cherry 5.9% Blueberry 5.9% Peach 11.8% Fig. 3. The rate of crop (A), vegetable crop (B) and fruit crop (C) provided colonies for pollination service in 2013. Pepper 6.7% Daicon 0.8% Eggplant 0.8% A B C Chinese cabbage 0.8% Fruit tree crop provided pollination service n=17 Sweet persimmon 11.8% Water melon 21.8% Pear 17.6% Apple 41.2% 251
252 Ratio of sale to rental (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0.0 40.7 59.3 Oriental melon Fig. 4. The providing ratio of sale between rental in 3 vegetable crops in 2013. There is statistically no significant difference in the ratio of sale to rental among 3 vegetable crops (Oneway ANOVA, p>0.05).. 5 20.3%. 2 10.2%, 3, 4 3.4%. 93.2% (Fig. 5B). 2009 4.8 0.1 4~5 60.7%.,,. 2,000 80.9% (Yoon et al., 2011). 49.7 50.3 Strawberry Vegetable crops Rental Sale 65.0 35.0 Water melon, 57.5%, 31.0% 11.5% (Fig. 5C). 88.5%,, (RDA, 2009).., 58.4%, 37.7%, 3.9% (Fig. 6A).,,. 225 93.9%, 1~2 54.3%, 3~4 39.0%, (Fig. 6B). 92 (Fig. 7A), 1 Providing method n=87 3 combs, weak 3.4% 5 combs, strong 20.3% 2 combs, strong 10.2% 4 combs, weak 3.4% A B C Rental 45.7% Sale 54.3% Colony strength n=92 4 combs, strong 32.2% In the province 31.0% Out of the province 11.5% Seles area n=113 In the City country and district 57.5% 3 combs, strong 30.5% Fig. 5. The providing method (A), colony strength (B) and sales (C) of colonies for crop pollination service in 2013.
A Plastic 3.9% B No care 7.1% 3 times/month 14.2% 1 time/month 27.6% Wood 37.7% Structure of beehive n=154 Styrofoam 58.4% Over 4 times/month 24.4% Colony care after sale n=225 2 times/month 26.7% Fig. 6. The structure of beehive (A) and colony care after sale (B) for pollination service, 2013. 32.6%, 23.4%, 17.7%, 13.2%, 8.0%, 3.2%, 1.9%. 10~20 29.7%, 10% 23.1%, 20~30% 17.6%, 40% 17.6%, 30~40% 12.1% 10~40% 59.4% (Fig. 7B).,., 5.8%,, 5~20%.. (Fig. 8A), 104 65.4%. (28.8%), (15.4%), (10.6%). 35.6%,. (Fig. 8B), 69.6%, 12%. 24.1%, 20.0%, 19.9%, 18.1%, 14.9%, 3.1% (Fig. 8C).,,. Choi(1987) 94.4%, Kim and Jung(2013) 2011 3, 72%. 40% (Choi and Lee, 1986), 34% (Jung and Kim, 2013). 2011 67.9% (Yoon et al., 2013),.,, 253
254 A Saleing colonies 13.2% Propolis 17.7% Contribution apiculture income n=92 Pollination 23.4% Honey 32.6% More than 40% 17.6% Pollination total income n=92 Fig. 7. Distribution of annual income of beekeepers who provide pollination service (A) and the proportion of income from pollination service (B). Education experience and institution n=104 Bee venom 3.2% Royaljelly 8.0% Etc. 1.9% Satisfaction degree n=92 B 20-30% 17.6% 30-40% 12.1% Beekeeper cooperative union Very low Very high 1.1% A 2.9% B 3.3% C Beekeeper society 10.6% Agricultural Extension Agencies 15.4% Universty 7.7% Beekeeping association 28.8% Inexperience 34.6% Low 15.2% High 10.9% Medium 69.6% Manual of honeybee pollination 18.1% Below 10% 23.1% Production of colony for pollination 14.9% 10-20% 29.7% Etc.3.1% Problem of colony production n=95 Education shortage 19.9% Pesticide damege 24.1% Sales route 20.0% Fig. 8. The education experience of production of colony (A), the satisfaction degree of production of colony (B) and the problem of colony production (C) for pollination service, 2013. 95 (Fig. 9A), 74.7% (Chi-square test: x 2 =46.449, df=4, p=0.0001), 97 (Fig. 9B), 92.8% (Chi-square test: x 2 =61.733, df=3, p=0.0001).,,.,,,,.,,,.., 2013 2,244, 216,846.
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