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한국임상약학회지제 27 권제 1 호 Korean J Clin Pharm, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2017 Original Article Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy Official Journal of Korean College of Clinical Pharmacy pissn 1226-6051 eissn 2508-786X https://doi.org/10.24304/kjcp.2017.27.1.9 URL: http://www.ekjcp.org 중동호흡기증후군 (MERS) 발생관련전국약학대학의실무실습교육대응현황 최경희 1,2 최경숙 1,3 이영숙 1,4 김재연 1,5 정경혜 1,6 오정미 1,7 최경업 1,8 나현오 1,9 * 김은경 1,7 * 1 한국임상약학회, 2 순천대학교약학대학, 3 분당서울대학병원약제부, 4 계명대학교약학대학, 5 아산병원약제부 6 중앙대학교약학대학, 7 서울대학교약학대학, 8 차의과학대학교약학대학, 9 가톨릭대학교약학대학 (2017 년 2 월 23 일접수 2017 년 3 월 21 일수정 2017 년 3 월 22 일승인 ) Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak and Responsiveness of the Pharmacy Programs on the Pharmacy Practice Education Kyung Hee Choi 1,2, Kyung Suk Choi 1,3, Young Sook Lee 1,4, Jaeyoun Kim 1,5, Kyeong Hye Jeong 1,6, Jung Mi Oh 1,7, Kyung Eob Choi 1,8, Hyeon Oh Ra 1,9 *, and Euni Lee 1,7 * 1 Korean College of Clinical Pharmacy, Committee on Pharmacy Practice Experience Programs, Gyeonggi-do 13496, Republic of Korea 2 College of Pharmacy, Suncheon University, Suncheon, Joellanam-do 57922, Republic of Korea 3 Department of pharmacy, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea 4 Department of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea 5 Department of Pharmacy, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea 6 College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea 7 College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea 8 College of Pharmacy, Cha University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 11160, Republic of Korea 9 College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea (Received February 23, 2017 Revised March 21, 2017 Accepted March 22, 2017) ABSTRACT Background: Pharmacy curriculum change was made from a 4-year program to a 2+4 year program in year 2009 in Korea. The change has resulted in more educational exposures on patient-centered practice environments for about 1,400 hours in the last year of the professional pharmacy program. When the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak hit Seoul and suburban areas and propagated to other provinces in Korea, emergency response to avoid student infection in the pharmacy practice sites became an urgent issue. While other health professional programs such as medicine and nursing had activated emergency preparedness manuals, timely and clear guidelines were not disseminated to all pharmacy programs and protective measures largely relied on individual pharmacy program. Methods: A survey was developed by the Committee on Pharmacy Practice Experience Programs in the Korean College of Clinical Pharmacy to document the status of pharmacy programs during the Korea MERS outbreak in 2015. The 10-question survey was distributed to the pharmacy practice experience coordinators to 34 out of 35 pharmacy schools in Korea by emails. Results: Our findings showed that 82.4% of the program coordinators (28/34) responded to the survey, 96.4% of the programs did not have emergency preparedness manuals, administrative meetings were held in 89.3% of the pharmacy programs, the rotation schedules were modified or withheld in 53.6% of schools, and the changes were mostly observed from the programs classified as MERS outbreak regions. Conclusion: Further needs in establishing the emergency preparedness manual should be explored for pharmacy education stakeholders. KEY WORDS: Emergency preparedness, pharmacy practice experience, MERS *Correspondence to: Euni Lee, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea Tel: +82-2-740-8588, Fax: +82-2-880-9122 E-mail: eunilee@snu.ac.kr *Co-correspondence to: Hyeon Oh Ra, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Jibong-ro 43, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea Tel: +82-2-2164-4049, Fax: +82-2-2164-4059 E-mail: hola@catholic.ac.kr 9

10 / Korean J Clin Pharm, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2017 우리나라의약학대학에 6년제학제가도입되고 2013년부터전국약학대학의실무실습교육이각의료기관및지역약국등의현장에서시행되었다. 1,2) 새롭게개편된국내약학대학의 6 년제학제는과거에이루어지던이론중심의약학교육에서탈피하여, 약사업무의선진화를이룬외국약학교육의목표 3) 와견주어도손색이없도록마련되었다. 그러므로새로운 6년제학제는전문적인지식과실무능력, 그리고태도를함께갖추어환자중심의약료서비스를제공하는전문인을양성하고, 급변하는국내보건의료체계에서약사의직무와관련하여필수적으로요구되는항목과특화된약료서비스를제공할수있는실무능력의함양이라는교육목표에적절한기준을만족시킬수있는변화이다. 2) 이러한새로운학제에서는전문기술과실무능력함양을위해주로 5학년과 6학년학생들에게의료기관과지역약국실무실습은필수적으로이수해야하는과정으로진행되고있다. 전국약학대학학생들의실무실습교육환경이 3년째이르러점차안정화되고있던 2015년 5월말, 첫 메르스 ( 중동호흡기증후군, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, MERS) 환자가발생하였다. 신속한대응이미비했던이후 2개월동안, 수도권일대뿐아니라지방까지감염범위가넓혀지면서총 186명의환자가 MERS로확진되었으며, 이중 38명이사망하였다. 4) 환자와최접점에서일하는의료기관종사자들의경우감염질환에노출되어있는상태이며다른질환에비해치사율이높은 MERS, 중증급성호흡기증후군 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS), 에볼라나조류인플루엔자감염위험률또한일반인보다높은것으로알려져있다. 5) 이로인해각의료기관에서는철저한방역이질병의전파를막기위해매우중요한요소로작용되었으며이는의료기관에서실습을진행하고있던많은약학대학학생들도예외는아니었다. 2003년홍콩에서발생하였던 SARS 의경우 16명의의과대학생들이감염되었고이러한감염병의경우상황에대한빠른판단과이에대응하는지침의정확한준수가질병전파예방에매우중요하다고보고되었다. 6) 한국임상약학회는약학대학실무실습교육의코디네이터이며의료기관약제부와긴밀한협력관계를유지하는임상약학전공교수들을중심으로다양한임상업무와관련된회원으로구성된학회로, 한국임상약학회실무실습위원회에서는 MERS 감염에노출될수있는실습환경이당시학생들에게미치는위험, 감염병의위기상황중약학대학실무실습현황, 그리고이러한위기상황에서필요한대응책을제시하는구체적인지침서의필요성에대한조사의필요성을제안하였고, 이에본설문조사를수행하였다. 연구방법 연구대상및자료수집본연구는 2015년 7월 20일부터 1주일동안한국임상약학회실무실습위원회가전국총 35개약학대학중의료기관실무실습담당코디네이터로서공식적인연락처정보가있는 34개약학대학의담당교수에게설문지를발송하였고, 그중총 28개대학으로부터수집된 MERS 설문자료 결과를근거로진행되었다. 본설문자료는한국임상약학회실무실습위원회가개발한총 10개항목으로구성되었으며 MERS 확산위험에따른교육환경의변화를예측하여이에대응하는약학대학교의민감성유무를확인하는설문으로시작하고있다. 전국적으로 MERS라는감염질환이확산되었던상황에서실무실습교육지속여부와기간변경등교육과정의수정여부를결정하는단계가존재했었는지와함께실습사이트의위치, 수정시그결정의근거, 교육과정의수정결정이교육기간에미치는영향의유무를확인하였다. 또한, 교육과정의수정으로인해전체실무실습이수시간이규정된시간보다부족해진경우그에따른보충방법, 위급사항발생시대응매뉴얼의존재유무와매뉴얼의필요성과관련된내용이질문내용에포함되었다 (Appendix 1). MERS 관련설문은 Ozsurvey (Webstage corporation, Seoul, Korea) software를사용하여작성하였고, 전자우편을통한온라인방식으로분포되고취합된결과를수집하여데이터자료화하였다. 통계분석구축된설문데이터자료는한국임상약학회를통하여학술목적으로의사용허가를받아분석을진행하였다. 통계분석목표는 MERS 확산위험과같은감염질환전파위험이발행한상황에서교육환경의변화에대한각약학대학교의민감성빈도, 실무실습교육기간의변경결정비율, 실무실습기관의위치가교육지속변경결정에미치는영향등을산출하고메뉴얼의형태로표준화된위기사항대응지침서의필요성여부를확인하고지침서개발의주관기관에대한우선순위를보고하는것이다. 기술적통계분석은단변량분석법이사용되었으며실습교육과정변경과 MERS 위험지역으로분류된지역과의상관관계를확인하기위해이변량분석법이사용되었다. 수집된자료는 Window용 SPSS Version 21.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY) 를사용하여분석하였다. 연구대상자의개인정보보호한국임상약학회에서소장하고있는 MERS 설문자료 는

중동호흡기증후군 (MERS) 발생관련전국약학대학의실무실습교육대응현황 / 11 설문참여자의개인정보가보호되며연구자료에정보를포함하지않은자료로서한국임상약학회의동의와서울대학교생명윤리위원회의심의와승인을받아연구분석이수행되었다 (IRB No. E1608/003-006). 연구결과 전체응답한약학대학의 89.29% 는 MERS 사태와관련된실무실습진행여부의논의가이루어졌다고보고하였다. MERS의감염전파위험때문에실습교육과정의중단혹은변경이있었던학교는 53.58% 이었으며, 이러한실습교육과정의중단 혹은변경이있었던지역은대부분 MERS 위험지역으로분류되었던서울경기충남 / 대전경남 / 부산지역이었다 (85.71%). 이때실습교육과정의중단혹은변경의판단주체는병원약제부혹은약학대학단독적인결정보다는실습기관과약학대학간의협의 (61.90%) 가가장높은빈도로보고되었다. 약학대학에서의료기관실무실습교육과정을변경하게되었을때, 변경결정의근거로는 의료기관의요청 이 42.86% 로가장빈도가높았고 약학대학의정책 을근거로제시한경우도 35.71% 의높은빈도로보고되었다. 흔하지않았으나 의과대학의임상실습지침 (10.71%) 이나 타의료관련대학의임상실습지침 (7.14%) 도결정에근거로사용되었다고보고되었다 (Table 1). Table 1. Responses from the pharmacy programs related to the pharmacy during the MERS outbreak in Korea. Survey items Response Number % Program-level administrative meeting Type of changes in the pharmacy Yes 25 89.3 No 3 10.7 Withholding 4 14.3 Modification 11 39.3 No change 13 46.4 Seoul 13 46.4 Gyeonggi 5 17.9 Gangwon 1 3.6 Location of the pharmacy practice rotations Chungbuk 0 0.0 Daejeon / Chungnam 3 10.7 Jeonbuk 1 3.6 Gwangju / Jeonam 0 0.0 Daegu / Gyeongbuk 2 7.1 Busan / Gyeongnam 3 10.7 Decision makers for the changes in pharmacy Pharmacy program 4 19.0 Training institution 4 19.0 Both 13 62.0 Policy of the pharmacy program 10 35.7 Basis of the changes in the pharmacy Requirements by the training institution 12 42.9 Mannual of Korean Association of Medical Education 1 3.6 Clinical education guidelines from Medical Schools 3 10.7 Manuals from other health professional programs 2 7.1 Contact hour deficits of the pharmacy Presence of the emergency preparedness manuals in your pharmacy program Yes 6 31.6 No 13 68.4 Yes 1 3.6 No 27 96.4 Korean Association of Pharmacy Education 17 60.7 Suggested developer of the emergency manual Korean College of Clincal Pharmacy 3 10.7 Korean Pharmaceutical Association 0 0.0 Individual pharmacy program 8 28.6 Not required 0 0.0

12 / Korean J Clin Pharm, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2017 필수실무실습에서의무적으로수행하도록규정하고있는실무실습시간의부족여부에대한설문항목에대해서는총 19 개약학대학이응답하였고, 그중 6개약학대학이 MERS로인해실습시간이부족했음보고하였다 (31.58%). 부족했던실습시간이전체실습시간에대해차지하는비율은 4~27% 범위로나타났으나, 이와같이실무실습교육중단으로인해발생한시간부족에대해서는일정기간후의료기관실무실습을재개하여보충하거나 (50%), 학교에서다양한방법으로 (50%) 보충하여 MERS 사태로인해발생한실무실습의시간부족에대해보충하지않은약학대학은없는것으로보고되었다. MERS 사태와같이예상하지못한천재지변이나위급사항발생시이에대한적절한대처가가능한교내매뉴얼이존재하느냐에대한질문에는 1개약학대학을제외한 27개대학이 (96.43%) 매뉴얼의부재를답변하였다. 설문지에응답한 28개약학대학모두가표준화된지침서가필요하다고보고하였으며, 만일위와같은매뉴얼혹은표준화된지침서의개발은 약학교육협의회 (60.71%) 가주관해야한다는의견이가장높았다. 그뒤로 자율적으로대학이 (28.57%) 혹은 한국임상약학회 (10.71%) 가주관해야한다고보고하였다. 고찰 본연구는 2015년여름 MERS 위급상황발생당시전국약학대학이경험한실무실습의기초실태를보고하면서수집된데이터를분석하여안전하고효과적인실무실습교육대응책의필요성을제안하며, 추후유사한 outbreak가발생할때이결과를 1차증거기반으로제시하여궁극적으로대비전략을도출하는것을목적으로수행되었다. 본설문조사의필요성이대두되었던당시에는사안의중요성으로인해우선적인현황파악을목적으로최대한간단한형태로설문이작성되었으며, 그로인해 MERS outbreak에따른여러가지상황들과고찰할문제점들에대해서는본연구가깊이있는분석결과를제공하기어렵다는한계점을가지고있다. 그러나약학대학 6년제학제의시작과함께환자혹은의료인과의접촉이빈번히이루어지는실무실습사이트에서본격적으로실습교육이수행되는중에전파의위험이큰감염질환이발생한이례적인위급상황이었다는사실을감안할때본연구와유사한국내연구물은극히드물며, 특히약학대학을대상으로한연구결과는현재까지보고된내용이확인되지않았으므로본연구에의의가있다고사료된다. 특히본연구가한국임상약학회의주도적연구로서 MERS 사태중실무실습이이루어지고있는상황에서수행되었고결과물또한설문자들에게유포되어서로정보를공유할수있었다는사실은학회차원의노력이적절하고시의성있게반영되었다고볼수있다. 보건복지부와질병관리본부에서 2015년 6월 10일출판한 메 르스 (MERS) 학교대응매뉴얼 은집단생활에대한감염전파를우려한일반대학생에대한대응책을자세히기술하고있으며의약학계를포함한다양한보건의료계전공학생들에대한대응책으로 학사운영 항목에 학생참여집단활동자제 의세부사항으로 감염우려가높은지역에서의보건의료계현장실습 을 자제를요하는사항 으로명기하고있다. 7) 이매뉴얼은대학생에대한감염예방에대한예방관리의강화, 학내감염자의확인및접촉자조치, 학생출결등에해당하는포괄적인대응책을구체적으로설명하고있으나 MERS와같은감염병이발생하였을때가장큰위험에노출될가능성이있는보건의료계학생에대한대응책은단순하게한항목으로일람되어아쉬운면이있다. 본연구에서대부분의약학대학설문자들이보고한 매뉴얼의부재 는보건복지부와질병관리본부에서출판한 메르스 (MERS) 학교대응매뉴얼 이정부가기대한것과는달리신속하고영향력있는수준으로전국약학대학내에서는공유되지않았음을시사한다고판단된다. 정보공유취약의원인은본연구의관점이아니기때문에정확한정보전달의취약고리를발견할수없었다. 그러나, 실습학생과환자의안전을보호하는역할을담당하는실무실습코디네이터가실무실습기관과약학대학간정보전달자로서두기관사이의가교역할을담당할수있다는점에서정부차원의매뉴얼이존재하고있다는사실과 보건의료계현장실습의자제 항목이효과적으로전달되지못하였음을시사한다. 일부약학대학설문자들은약학대학실무실습교육변경의근거로 의료기관의요청, 의학교육협의회의지침, 의과대학의임상실습지침, 타의료관련대학의임상실습지침 등이참조되었다고답변하고있다. 이는최근에임상교육이시행된약학대학에비하여감염환자의치료와적극적감염예방 / 관리를감당하여야했던의료기관이나환자와의접점에서오랜기간임상교육을수행해온의과대학과간호대학에서비교적빠른학생대응책을실행하였고, 이후약학대학담당자들에게대응책들이확산되었을가능성을시사한다. 실제로의과대학의경우 MERS 발생 1개월후한국의과대학의과전문대학원협회에서는전회원학교를대상으로 메르스 (MERS) 관련의대 의전원임상실습운영권고안 을배포하여통일된대처를보여주기도했다. 8) MERS 확산발생을계기로지역단위보건소의역량강화가대두되고있는것처럼위기상황에서학생교육의제1선에위치하고있는실습코디네이터의역할을담당하고있는임상담당교수들의적절한판단과한국임상약학회와같은단체수준에서의긴밀화된정보공유, 대화와활동이표준화된지침서의존재만큼이나중요하고의미있는응급상황시정보전달의매체가될것으로예상된다. 9) 최근발표된한연구에서는 MERS outbreak 당시사태의중

중동호흡기증후군 (MERS) 발생관련전국약학대학의실무실습교육대응현황 / 13 심에서임상실습을수행하였던한의과대학이얻은 5가지방법을교훈으로제안하고있다 ; 1) 임상실습의즉각중지 ; 2) 휴교의논리적인결정 ; 3) 정보기술의활용 ; 4) 실습기관인병원과의지속적인대화 ; 5) 교수-직원-학생사이의열린대화창구이다. 10) 또한원격교육 (distance learning) 과같은교육방안의고려도제안되었다. 10) 환자와의접점에서업무가진행되는의료기관및지역약국의실무실습기관에서는 2015년 MERS outbreak과유사한위험상황은언제든지발생할수있다. 그러므로, 이에대비하여전국약학대학에서는조직적이고선제적인노력을통하여약학대학의표준화된지침서를수립하거나또다른임상교육의주체인, 보건의료계학생과다각적협력을통한방지책과해결책의모색이필요하다고사료된다. 결론 예기치않았던 MERS 발생으로인하여 2개약학대학중 1개약학대학의비율로실무실습교육의일정변경을경험하였고, 교육일정을변경한학교의 85% 가 MERS 위험지역으로분류되었던지역에실습지가위치하고있었다. 또한, 3개약학대학중 1개약학대학의비율로교육일정이변경되면서의무적으로수행받아야할실무실습시간의부족이발생하였으나이후모두보충하였다고보고하였다. 천재지변이나위급사항발생시대부분의약학대학은표준지침서의부재를보고하였으며설문에응답한모든약학대학은표준화된지침서가필요하다고보고하였다. 참고문헌 1. Chang MJ, Noh H, Lee JI. Construction and evaluation of the student practice program in the hospital under the 6-year college of pharmacy curriculum. Kor J Clin Pharm 2013;23:300-6. 2. 한국약학교육협의회실무실습위원회 2015 년백서. 3. Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. Accreditation standards and key elements for the professional program in pharmacy leading to the doctor of pharmacy degree Standard 2016. Chicago, Illinois. Available at https://www.acpe-accredit.org/pdf/standards2016 FINAL.pdf. Accessed on February 6, 2017. 4. B. Nuntra and Anucha A, Risks to healthcare workers with emerging diseases: lessons from MERS-CoV, Ebola, SARS, and avian flu. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015; 28:349-61. 5. 보건복지부, 2015 메르스백서 Vol. version 1. 2015: 보건복지부. 6. Lee N, et al. A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1986-94. 7. 교육부, 보건복지부. 메르스 (MERS) 학교대응매뉴얼 대학용. < 제 2-1 판 >, Available at http://www.mers.go.kr/mers/html/jsp/main.jsp. Accessed on February 6, 2017. 8. 한국의과대학 의학전문대학원협회, 메르스 (MERS) 관련의대 의전원임상실습운영권고안. Available at http://webzine2.kamc.kr/webzine/ tmpl/sub_main.php?st_id=14&m_cd=38&m_id=0308&wr_id=39. Accessed on February 14, 2017. 9. Na BJ and Kim DH. Improving capability of local public hospital and health center against newly emerging infectious diseases after Middle East respiratory syndrome epidemic in Korea. J Kor Med Assoc 2015;58:700-5 10. Park SW. Avoiding student infection during a Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak: a single medical school experience. Kor J Med Educ 2016;28:209-17.