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대한견 주관절학회지제 13 권제 1 호 J. of Korean Shoulder and Elbow Society Volume 13, Number 1, June, 2010 주관절의생역학 고려대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 문준규 Biomechanics of the Elbow Jun-Gyu Moon, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose: Understanding elbow biomechanics is necessary to understand the pathophysiologic mechanism of elbow injury and to provide a scientific basis for clinical practice. This article provides a summary of key concepts that are relevant to understanding common elbow injuries and their management. Materials and Methods: The biomechanics of the elbow joint can be divided into kinematics, stability and force transmission through the elbow joint. Active and passive stabilizers include bony articular geometry; soft tissues provide joint stability, compression force and motion. Results and Conclusion: Knowledge of elbow biomechanics will help (i) advance surgical procedures and trauma management, (ii) develop new elbow prostheses and (iii) stimulate future research. Key Words: Elbow joint, biomechanics, stability I. 서론생역학은생체에서일어나는힘과그힘의영향에대해연구하는학문 (the science that study forces acting upon and within a living things and effects produced by such forces) 이다 13). 생체에서힘은운동을발생시키기때문에결국생역학은힘 (kinetics, 동역학 ) 과운동 (kinematics, 운동학 ) 을다루는학문이라고할수있다. 주관절에서임상적으로중요한생역학은운동 (motion) 과안정성 (stability) 에관한부분이다. 이상반되는두작용의조화 (balance) 가일상생활이나스포츠활동에서필요하며, 외상등으로인해어느역할의손상이발생했을때주관절의능률은감소한다. II. 운동학 (Mobility, Kinematics) 견관절운동이손을움직일수있는구 (sphere) 의표면에닿게하는동작이라면주관절운동은구의내면에손을가져가는운동이다. 주관절의운동은두가지 통신저자 : 문준규서울특별시구로구구로동길 97 고려대학교구로병원정형외과 Tel: 02) 2626-1163, Fax: 02) 2626-1164, E-mail: moonjg@korea.ac.kr 접수일 : 2010 년 5 월 10 일, 게재확정일 : 2010 년 6 월 16 일 141

대한견 주관절학회지제 13 권제 1 호 자유도 (degree of freedom; 굴곡 / 신전, 회내 / 회외 ) 운동으로견관절운동범위와비교하면비교적제한되어있다. 주관절은원위상완골의활차와소두, 근위척골및근위요골이만나는 3개의관절 ( 척-상완, 요-상완, 근위요-척골관절 ) 로구성되어있다. 정상주관절의운동범위는신전 / 굴곡 : 0/140도, 회내 / 회외 : 75/85도이며일상생활에필요한운동범위는 30/130도, 50/50 도로알려져있다 5). 하지만회내전은 50 도미만이어도견관절의내회전으로보상이되지만회외전은 50 도보다많은각도가일상생활에필요할때가있다. 1. 굴곡-신전 (Flexion-extension) 척-상완및요-상완관절에서일어나며일정한회전축 (instant center of rotation, ICR) 에서일어난다. 1909년 Fischer 등은 ICR 의 locus가활차의중심에서 2~3 mm 범위에존재한다고발표하였다 10). 이후비슷한실험을통해밝혀진바로는회전축이축상면에서는상과면에대해 3~8 도내회전, 관상면에서는상완골장축과직각이아닌 4~8 도정도로열려있는각도에존재한다 6). 하지만실제로회전축의변화는미세하여단일한회전축에서움직이는경첩관절 (hinge joint) 로생각할수있다. 이회전축은외상과의중심과내상과의전하방의점을지나간다. 이회전축은임상적으로경첩관절성의외고정장치, 주관절인대재건술및주관절치환술에서응용되고있다 1). 2. 회전운동 (Rotation) 근위요척관절에서일어나고주관절의위치에상관없이회전축은요골두의중심에서원위요척관절의척골의중심을지난다. 이회전축은요골경부의장축을지나며이는요골두치환술시요골두절제시중요한표지가될수있다 25). 요골두치환술시인공요골두가회전축에맞지않으면부정주행 (maltracking) 이발생할수있으므로주의해야한다 28). 3. 운반각 (Carrying angle) 상완골의장축과척골의장축이이루는각으로남자에서 10~15 도이며여자는 5도정도더증가되어있다. 주관절이신전에서굴곡될때운반각은감소한다. Fig. 1. 주관절굴곡 - 신전의회전축. Fig. 2. 전완부회내 - 회외운동의회전축. 142

문준규 : 주관절의생역학 III. 안정성 (Stability) 주관절은인체의관절중에서가장관절면이서로일치되어 (congruous) 있는안정된관절이다. 이안정성은골관절면과이를둘러싼연부조직의역할로이루어진다. 골관절면은구상돌기, 주두및요골두가관절의안정성에기여하며, 연부조직은크게전방관절낭과내외관절낭이두꺼워져형성된측부인대복합체로나눈다 1,9). 1. 골성안정성 (Osseous stabilization) 구상돌기 (coronoid) 는주관절의후방탈구를막는중요한구조로특히전방관절낭, 내측측부인대및상완근이부착되어있어안정성에기여한다 7). 50% 이상의구상돌기가골절되면측부인대의손상여부에상관없이주관절의내-외반불안정성과후방탈구가증가한다. 한편최근구상돌기의전내측골편의골절은외측측부인대파열과동반되어후내방회전불안정성을초래하는병변으로알려지고있다 19,23). 주두 (olecranon) 는주관절의안정성에상관없이 80% 정도까지제거할수있다고알려져있다 4). 하지만다른동반골절이있거나젊은환자에서는절제술을피하는것이좋으며이는 50% 이상의주두절제술이관절면의압력을증가시켜장기합병증으로관절염을야기할수있기때문이다. 요골두 (radial head) 는주관절의외반력에저항하는이차안정구조물로일차구조물인내측측부인대손상시에주안정물로작용한다 18,24). 또한외측척골측부인대와함께후외방회전안정성에도기여하는것으로알려지고있다 6). 2. 연부조직안정성 (Soft tissue stabilization) 내측측부인대복합체는전방속 (anterior bundle), 후방속 (posterior bundle) 및횡인대 (transverse ligament) 로구성된다. 이중전방속은상완골내상과에서척골의구상돌기내측에부착하며주관절외반력의 1차안정구조물로작용한다. 후방속은얇은막처럼구성되어있고 90 도이상굴곡시안정성에기여하며횡인대는주관절을건너지않은구조물로안정성에기여하지않는다 26,27). 외측측부인대복합체는요측부인대 (radial collateral ligament), 윤상인대 (annular ligament), 외측척골측부인대 (lateral ulnar collateral ligament), 부요측부인대 (accessory radial collateral ligament) 로구성되어있다. 외측척골측부인대는외상과에서기시하여척골의회외근능선 (supinator crest) 에부착하며내반및외회전에대한 1차안정구조물로알려져있다 22). 특히이인대의파열은후외방회전불안정성 (posterolateral rotatory instability) 을야기시킨다 8,20,21). IV. 주관절동역학 (Force transmission, Kinetics) 주관절에작용하는굴곡및신전근육들은비교적짧은레버암 (lever arm) 을가지고있어동역학적으로는비효율적이며따라서물체를들거나밀때큰힘을필요로한다. 1. 근력 Fig. 3. 주관절신전시축성부하의전달 주관절의굴곡및신전은상완이두근, 상완근, 삼두근의주근육으로발생한다. 주관절의등척굴곡력 (isometric force of the flexor) 은 90 도굴곡상태와회외전 (supination) 에서최대를나타내며남자가여자보다두배정도높으며최대등척토크 (maximum 143

대한견 주관절학회지제 13 권제 1 호 isometric torque) 는남자의평균값이 7 kg m정도이다. 굴곡근의등척근력은신전근보다약 40% 정도높다. 무거운물건을들때주관절이 30 도로굴곡또는신전이되면체중의약 3배가량의힘이주관절에전달된다. 이러한주관절의힘의전달현상으로체중부하관절 (weight bearing) 과같이여겨지기도한다 15). 2. 힘의전달분포 (Distribution of the force transmission) 주관절의관절면압박력은내외측방향보다는시상면의전후방방향으로골곡각도에따라주로변한다. Halls 등은 1964년사체를이용한연구에서, 주관절의신전한상태에서수부에서부하를주었을때 57% 의힘이요-상완관절로, 43% 의힘이척-상완관절로각각전달된다고발표하였다 12). 이후많은저자들에의해실험결과가발표되었는데척-상완관절로의힘의전달은 9~40% 로요-상완관절에비해적은것으로보고되었다 3). Markolf 등은주관절의위치, 특히외반- 내반에따라힘의전달이크게달라지며요-척골의길이에따라서도변화한다고발표하였다 16). 요-상완관절에보다많은힘이전달되는현상은사체의관절면연구에서입증되기도하였다 11). 하지만임상적으로는척- 상완관절이퇴행성관절염이보다흔하고진행된다는점은상충되기도한다 14). 주관절의굴곡시에는전완부가내회전하면서관절면에더많은회전력 (torque) 이부하된다. 이론적으로이힘은내측측부인대에체중의두배, 요-상완관절에는체중의 3배정도의힘이전달된다. 또한요-상완관절면의힘은회내전상태에서보다높다 17). 일상생활에서주관절에작용하는힘에대한자료는정확하게알려져있지않지만일부연구에의하면요-상완및척-상완관절뿐아니라측부인대에도상당한힘이발생하는것으로알려져있다 2). 팔굽혀펴기에는체중의 45%, 낮은높이의낙상시손을짚는경우에는체중의 50% 가주관절에부하된다. 스포츠에서는머리위로공을던지는자세에서특히가속 (acceleration) 단계에서요-상완관절면에 500 N의압박력이부하된다. REFERENCES 1) Alcid JG, Ahmad CS, Lee TQ: Elbow anatomy and structural biomechanics. Clin Sports Med, 23:503-517, 2004. 2) Amis AA, Dowson D, Wright V: Elbow joint force predictions for some strenuous isometric actions. J Biomech, 13: 765-775, 1980. 3) An KN, Himeno S, Tsumura H, Kawai T, Chao EY: Pressure distribution on articular surfaces: Application to joint stability evaluation. J Biomech, 23: 1013-1020, 1990. 4) An KN, Morrey BF, Chao EY: The effect of partial removal of proximal ulna on elbow constraint. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 209: 270-279, 1996. 5) An KN, Zobitz ME, Morrey BF: Biomechancis of the elbow. In: Morrey BF, editor. The elbow and its disorder. 4th ed, Philadelphia, Saunder: 39-60, 2009. 6) Bryce CD, Armstrong AD: Anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow. Orthop Clin North Am, 39: 141-154, 2008. 7) Cage DJ, Abrams RA, Callahan JJ, Botte MJ: Soft tissue attachments of the ulnar coronoid process. An anatomic study with radiographic correlation. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 320: 154-158, 1995. 8) Cohen MS, Hastings Jr H: Rotatory instability of the elbow. The anatomy and role of the lateral stabilizers. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 79: 225-233, 1997. 9) Cohen MS, Bruno RJ: The collateral ligaments of the elbow: anatomy and clinical correlation. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 383: 123-130, 2001. 10) Fischer G, Fick R: Handbuch der anatomie und mechanik du gelenke, unter berucksichtigung der bewegenden muskeln. Jena, 2: 299, 1911. 11) Goodfellow JW, Bullough PG: The pattern of aging of the articular cartilage of the elbow joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 49: 175-181, 1967. 12) Halls AA, Travill A: Transmission of pressures across the elbow joint. Anat Rec, 150: 243-247, 1964. 13) Knudson DV: Fundamentals of Biomechanics, 2nd ed. New York, Springer, 2007. 14) Lim YW, van Riet RP, Mittal R, Bain GI: Pattern of osteophyte distribution in primary osteoarthritis of the elbow. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 17: 963-966, 2008. 15) Lockard M: Clinical biomechanics of the elbow. J Hand Ther, 19: 72-80, 2006. 16) Markolf KL, Lamey D, Yang S, Meals R, Hotchkiss R: Radioulnar load-sharing in the forearm. A study in cadaver. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 80: 879-888, 1998. 17) Morrey BF, An KN, Stormont TJ: Force transmission through the radial head. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 70: 250-256,1998. 18) Morrey BF, Tanaka S, An KN: Valgus stability of the elbow. A definition of primary and secondary constraints. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 265: 187-195, 1991. 19) O Driscoll SW, Jupiter JB, Cohen MS, Ring D, Mckee MD: Difficult elbow fractures: pearls and pitfall. Inst Course Lect, : 52: 113-134, 2003. 20) O,Driscoll SW, Bell DF, Morrey BF: Posterolatera rotatory instability of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 73: 440-446, 1991. 21) O Driscoll SW, Horii E, Morrey BF, Carmichael S: Anatomy of the ulnar part of the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow. Clin Anat, 5: 296, 1992. 144

문준규 : 주관절의생역학 22) Olsen BS, Vaesel MT, Sojbjerg JO, Helmig P, Sneppen O: Lateral collateral ligament of the elbow joint: Anatomy and kinematics. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 5: 103-112, 1996. 23) Pollock JW, Brownhill J, Ferreira L, McDonald CP, Johnson J, King G: The effect of anteromedial facet fractures of the coronoid and lateral collateral ligament injury on elbow stability and kinematics. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 91: 1448-1458, 2009. 24) Pomianowski S, Morrey BF, Neale PG, Park MJ, O Driscoll SW, An KN: Contribution of monoblock and bipolar radial head prostheses to valgus stability of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 83: 1829-1834, 2001. 25) Roidis N, Stevanovic M, Martirosian A, Abbott DD, McPherson EJ, Itamura JM: A radiographic study of proximal radius anatomy with implications in radial head replacement. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 12: 380.- 384, 2003. 26) Safran MR, Baillargeon D: Soft tissue stabilizers of the elbow. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 14: 179-185, 2005. 27) Sojbjerg JO, Ovesen J, Nielsen S: Experimental elbow instability after transection of the medial collateral ligament. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 218: 186-190, 1987. 28) VanGlabbeek F, VanRiet RP, Baumfeld JA, Neale PG, O Driscoll SW, Morrey BF, An KN: Detrimental effects of overstuffing or understuffing with a radial head replacement in the medial collateral-ligament deficient elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 86: 2629-2635, 2004. 초록 목적 : 주관절의생역학은주관절손상의병인을이해하고임상적치료의과학적기초를제공하는의학이다. 저자는생역학적인관점에서주관절손상의진단과치료의개념을요약하였다. 대상및방법 : 주관절역학은크게운동학, 동역학그리고이를바탕으로한안정성의분야로나누어설명할수있다. 이는주관절을구성하는수동적또는능동적구조물로유지된다. 수동적구조물은골성구조와관절낭및측부인대들이있으며능동적구조물은주관절을둘러싼근육들이해당된다. 이구조물들이유기적으로작용하여주관절의안정성, 힘의전달그리고운동을유지한다. 결과및결론 : 주관절의생역학은주관절손상에대한수술적치료에대한정보를제공하며새로운주관절인공대치물에대한개선및발전을가져다주며, 또한주관절의기초연구에기여할수있는학문이다. 색인단어 : 주관절, 생역학, 안정성 145