Analysis of the trend of atmospheric PM10 concentration over the Seoul Metropolitan Area between 1999 and 2008 Yong Pyo Kim Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University (Manuscript received 6 November 2009; accepted 1 February 2010) Abstract The trend of the PM10 concentrations in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) is reviewed and relative contributions of major contributors (paved road emissions and long-range transport from outside the SMA) are discussed. It was shown that the PM10 concentrations in the SMA have generally decreased except Incheon between 1999 and 2005. Further, it was identified that the difference of the PM10 mass concentration between the roadside stations and urban ambient stations has decreased between 2004 and 2008. Based on the emission estimates, it was suggested that the reduction of resuspension of aerosols on the road is the major reason for that. Based on the modeling results, it was identified that outside effects be about 30% of the ambient PM10 concentration in the SMA. Further research and policy issues to identify major sources of PM10 in the SMA are discussed. Keywords : Seoul Metropolitan Area, PM10, vehicular emission, paved road emissions, longrange transport Corresponding Author: Yong Pyo Kim, Department of ENvironmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans Univeristy, 11-1 Daehyundong, Seodaemungu, Seoul 120-750 Korea Tel: 82-2-3277-2832 Fax: 82-2-3277-3275 E-mail: yong@ewha.ac.kr
m m Fig. 1. Trend of the ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, TSP, and lead in Seoul Fig. 3. Trend of visibility and the ambient PM10 concentration in Seoul Table 1. Comparison of the PM10 mass concentrations among the megacities in the world (unit: mg/m 3 ) (, 2005a, 2008; AIRPARIF, 2009) Fig. 2. Trend of the ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and ozone, and number of vehicles Year Seoul London Paris Tokyo New York 2001 71 20 20 40 ( 00) 28 ( 97) 2005 58 30 21 32 ( 03) 16 ( 06)
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Fig. 4. Temporal trend of ambient PM10 concentrations in the SMA between 2001-2005 (, 2007b) m m m m m m m Table 3. Trend of yearly average ambient PM10 concentration accounting for monthly, weekly, daily average temperature, relative humidity, surface pressure (unit: mg/m 3 ) (, 2007b) Year Seoul Incheon Kyunggi 2000 57.8 43.5 55.4 2001 58.7 42.1 60.3 2002 58.4 45.1 60.9 2003 57.8 50.6 59.2 2004 50.9 53.0 60.8 2005 50.8 54.3 61.3 Table 2. Number of days of the high (over 100 mg/m 3 ) and low (under 20, 50 mg/m 3 ) PM10 concentration event in Seoul (, 2009) Classification 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 No. days over 100 mg/m 3 59 55 58 33 37 33 49 27 No. days under 50 mg/m 3 123 125 130 170 180 172 170 189 No. days under 20 mg/m 3 10 19 12 11 20 28 28 28
Fig. 6. Trend of the ambient PM10 concentrations of each cluster shown in Figure 5 (, 2008) Fig. 5. Location of the measurement stations according to clusters (, 2008)
Fig. 7. Schematic horizontal profile of the ambient PM10 concentration (based on Lenschow et al. 2001) m
Fig. 8. Trend of the PM10 concentration difference between the roadside stations average and urban ambient stations average in Seoul (, 2008b) Table 4. Trend of the difference of the ambient PM10 concentration between the roadside stations average and urban ambient stations average in Seoul (unit: mg/m 3 ) (, 2009) Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Urban 61 58 60 61 55 Roadside 73 70 64 68 59 Difference (Roadside-Urban) 12 12 4 7 4 Table 5. Concentrations of particulate PAHs and EC in the tunnels and ambient air in Seoul (, 2009) Namsan 3rd tunnel Hongjimoon tunnel Yangjae ambient air 2007 182.5 117 27.1 PAHs (ng/m 3 ) 2008 122.3 109 15.4 Difference (%) 33 28 43 2007 32.5 74.0 7.22 EC (mg/m 3 ) 2008 23.9 44.7 4.04 Difference (%) 27 43 44
E : k (sl/2) 0.65 (W/3) 1.5 (1 _ P ) (1) 4 365 E : (g/km) k : (PM10; 4.6) sl : silt (%) W : (ton) P : 0.254mm : AP-42, 2006, 13.2.1 Paved road Table 6. Variation of the paved road silt loading values in some roads in Incheon and Seoul (unit: g/m 2 ) (, 2008a) Dec. 2006 Feb. 2007 Early May 2007Late May 2007 Jul. 2007 Jan. 2008 Sukbawi 0.083 0.078 0.086 0.092 0.158 0.044 Incheon Bupyong Sinchon 0.099 0.078 0.096 0.048 0.104 0.039 Sinsadong 0.117 0.040 0.067 0.058 0.032 0.044 Yeondungpo 0.039 0.025 0.058 0.031 0.060 0.022 Seoul Sinchon 0.053 0.058 0.077 0.077 0.046 0.035 Cheongryanri 0.060 0.055 0.107 0.119 0.041 0.046
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m m m m Table 7. Estimate contribution from outside to the PM10 concentration in SMA based on 3-dimensional air quality models Chemical transport model Meteorological model Outside effect (%) Reference CMAQ v4.3 MM5 v3.6 40~50 (2004) CMAQ-MADRID MM5 v3 Jan.: ~15, Jul.: ~30 (2006b) CMAQ v4.6 WRF v3.0 30 < (2008) Table 8. Estimate contribution from outside to the PM10 concentration in SMA based on receptor models Model Used species Outside effect (%) Reference CMB PM2.5 chemical composition Spring: ~33, Fall: ~10 (2005) PMF PM2.5, PM10 chemical composition PM10>25, PM2.5>30 (2006b) PMF PM2.5 chemical composition Summer: >35, Winter: >25 (2005b) CMB PAHs in TSP >40%, dominant in winter Lee and Kim (2007) CMB, PMF PM10 chemical composition <48% (including SOA), ~25% (2008)
m Fig. 9. Trend of the PM10 concentration difference between the urban ambient stations average in Seoul and Seogmori National background station (, 2008b)
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