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Urban Machine Space as (Non-)Place: Interpreting Semiotic Representations of Subway Space in Daegu Heesang Lee* 2 3 Abstract This paper is an attempt to explore semiotic representations of subway space as the urban machine space of local mobility in terms of space, time and place. For this, the second section of the paper reviews the contours of the urban space of mobility in terms of machine space, non-place and cognitive map. The third section interprets the sings of spatial and temporal representations of subway space in Daegu, and suggests the implications of the semiotic representations. It is uncovered that various sign-scapes which coexist in the subway space in coordinated or contradictory ways product the space into multiple and complex techno-social spaces. That is, the spatio-temporal representations of the subway space form the space of non-place on the one hand and the space of place on the other hand, and involve the spatialization of memory on the one hand and the spatialization of forgetting on the other hand. Thus, the subway space should be regarded to be not only the space of mobility which people move in and through, but also the space of identity which has effects on the ways for them to see the machine space and its urban space. : mobility, machine space, (non-)place, subway space, sign, representation, memory, forgetting (Teacher, Gosan Middle School, Deagu and Part-time Lecturer, Catholic University of Daegu), thisang@hanmail.net 301

2000 9 11 (Hannam et al., 2006) (mobility) (Augé, 1995; Appadurai, 1996; Bauman, 2000; Beckmann, 2001; Crang, 2002; Featherstone, 2004; Featherstone et al., 2005; Cresswell, 2006; Hannam et al., 2006; Sheller and Urry, 2006; Urry, 2000; 2007; Merriman, 2007; Adey et al., 2007) (mobility turn) Sheller and Urry 2006 208 2006 28 30 KTX 2006 44 (machine space)(horvath, 1974) Cresswell 2006 244 Adey 2004 1375 Augé 1995 (non-place) Cresswell(2006) Augé Cresswell 2006 244 Thrift 2004a 302

Vertesi 2008 9 Lynch 1960 1 Shields 1996 228 Graham 2000 Crang 2002 (interstitial space) Adey et al. 2007 2 2 3 1933 1 2003 1 303

Horvath 1974 Horvath Horvath 1974 169 Horvath 1974 179 Horvath 1974 181 184 Horvath automobility (Beckmann, 2001; Featherstone, 2004; Featherstone et al., 2005; Merriman, 2007). Edensor(1998; 2002; 2004) Lynch 1960; Baudrillard 1988 (Adey, 2004; 2007; Dodge and Kitchin, 2004; 2005a; 2005b; Graham, 2005; Cresswell, 2006) Cresswell 2006 237 3 (code/space)(dodge and Kitchin, 2004, 198) (Dodge and Kitchin, 2005b) (Graham, 2005) (Thrift and French, 2002) 304

(Crang and Graham, 2007) CCTV GPS (Thrift, 2004a; Thrift and French, 2002) Augé 1995 2000 Michel de Certeau Augé 1995 77 78 Arefi 1999 183 Oldenberg 1989 3 (third place) 3 (root) (route) Relph 1976 Ritzer 2000 Webber 2004 Castells 1996 Augé 1995 Benko 1997 23 Bauman 2000 ATM Arefi 1999 182 postsocial Thrift 2008 271 Augé Augé 2000 8 Augé Turner liminality Foucault heterotopia Lloyd 2003 Salter 2007 Christiansen 2008 Oswald Mathias Ungers 2006 266 305

Urry Sheller (Sheller, 2004; Sheller and Urry, 2000; 2003; Urry, 2004) Beckmann 2001 601 MP3 DMB, PDA, PMP Sheller 2004 46 (post-human) (Sheller and Urry, 2000; Thrift, 2004b) (Urry, 2004; Sheller, 2004; Bull, 2004) (here-and-now) 2005 94 Augé 1995 Lynch 1960 Lynch 1960 Barthes 306

2008 46 Jameson 1991 Lynch Lynch 1960 57 hyperspace 2004 329 Jameson Pile 1996 247 Harry Beck 1931 2 1 Beck Pike 2005 22 Lefebvre Hadlaw 2003 307

Transport for London(http://www.tfl.gov.uk) (http://www.dtro.or.kr) Beck Hadlaw 2003 32 Hadlaw Beck Beck Beck 308

Hadlaw 2003 33 Beck Hadlaw 2004 34 Hadlaw 2003 34 Lynch Vertesi 2008 Beck 1 2 2 Beck Harley 1988 290 2008 55 309

01 02 700 500 1m 50 03 04 1914 05 1411 06 07 08 09 10 2 68km 1974 5 1 5 36 1971 4 20 4 864 11 70 90m 200 12 13 4 19 1961 0 3m 2 3m 2 28 2 28 1960 2 28 700 4 19 14 50 61 2 310

15 1 170m 1914 1946 16 1904 1906 17 1795 7 1973 4 18 1778 3 19 1969 20 500m 21 1 22 1917 1957 11 6 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1907 30 (http://www.dtro.or.kr) 311

1 2 1 1 Vertesi 2008 Lynch 1960 Pierre Nora Edensor 2005 Legg 2005 4 2007 Morris-Suzuki 2005 (Azaryahu, 1996; Crouch, 1998; Alderman, 2003; Hebbert, 2005; Dwyer and Alderman, 2008) Crang and Travlou 2001 165 2007 95 312

2004 131 2007 54 Augé 1998 214 1 2008 15 (Lowenthal, 1985; Casey, 1987; Malpas, 1999; Ricoeur, 2004) Umberto Eco Hebbert 2005 581Walter Benjamin physiognomy) 2006 73 Hebbert 2005 592 19 313

2008 58 Chang and Huang 2005 2003 1 Freud Lowenthal 1975 Edensor 2005(topophilia) (Tuan 1974) (topophobia) (Edensor 2002) Marshall 2004 Dwyer and Alderman 2008 2007 73 CCTV (icon) (symbol) (index) 314

2004 151 2 Saussure Peirce 2006 81 2006 81 1 2006 82 2008 55 1 Zukin 2000 81 Cresswell 2004 89-90 5 Cresswell 2006 1 Thrift 2004a 315

1 1 Sibley 1988 Tuan 1978 372 316

1 Lynch 1960 1 identity 2 structure 3 meaning imageability 2 cognitive map mental map Tuan 1975 Kitchin and Blades 2002 Wirth 1938 urbanism 1 2 3 Wirth 1938 18 19 Soja 1996 Lefebvre Lefebvre perceived real1 conceived imagined2 lived 3 Pile 1996 Lefebvre Lacan the Real the Imaginary the Symbolic Tuan 1975 Althusser Lacan real Lacan 2006 186 Jameson 1991 Lynch Jameson 3 3 Augé Adey 2004 2007 Augé Crang 2002 Merriman 2004 2007 Hagman 2006 4 (collective memory) Maurice Halbwachs 2007 48 49 cultural memory Halbwachs Jan Assmann Aleida Assmann 317

2007 51-52 (realm of memory) Frances A. Yates (place of memory) Halbwachs Pierre Nora lieux 20 2007 57-58 5 2004 (imagineering)(rutheiser 1996 Short et al. 2000 2007 1939 1995 4 8 101 201 2003 2 18 192 151 http://weekly.khan.co.kr, 2007 4 17 UCC 30 e 2011 http://www.donga.com 2007 11 5 2006 (Chandler, D., 2002, Semiotic: The Basics, Routledge, London). 2006 Asia Design Journal 3 132-34 2006 Asia Design Journal 3 110-31 2004 (Ritzer, G., 2000, The McDonaldization of Society: An Investigation into the Changing Character of Contemporary Social Life, Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA). 2008 (Barthes, R., 1982, Empire of Signs, Hill and Wang, New York). 2004 10 4800-823 2006 1998 24 1203-219 2006 (Harootunian, H., 2000, History s Disquiet: Modernity, Cultural Practice and the Question of Everyday Life, Columbia University Press, New York). 2004 (Sontag, S., 2003, Regarding the Pain of Others, Picador, New York). 2005DMB 17 175-100 2007 2006 2007 2006 318

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City Cultures Reader, Routledge, London, 81-91. http://newsmaker.khan.co.kr/khnm.html?mode=view&c ode=115&artid=14168 http://www.donga.com/fbin/output?n=200711050206 http://www.dtro.or.kr http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/co mmunityandeducation/2443.aspx 706-220 62 thisang@hanmail.net, 010-9565- 9012 Correspondence: Heesang Lee, Gosan Middle School, 62 Siji-Dong, Suseong-Gu, Daegu, 706-220, Korea (email: thisang@hanmail.net, phone: +82-10-9565-9012) 322