w z wz 16(2) : 215~226, 2011 Korean J Community Nutr 16(2) : 215~226, 2011 DOI:10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.2.215 부산지역일부성인들의칼슘및나트륨의섭취와소변중칼슘배설실태에관한연구 y t w A Study on the Calcium and Sodium Intakes and Urinary Calcium Excretion of Adults in Busan )XB+BF-JN Department of Food and Nutrition, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea "CTUSBDU The purpose of this study was to assess calcium and sodium intakes and urinary excretion of adults in Busan and to evaluate the relationship between urinary calcium excretion (UCa) and the status of anthropometric, blood pressure, urine analysis, and nutrient intake of subjects. Nutrient intake by 24 hr recall, 24 hr urinary calcium and sodium excretion (UNa) were measured with 87 adults aged 20-59 yrs (42 men and 45 women). The mean calcium intake was 88.0% for men and 103.0% for women of Recommended Intake. The mean sodium intake was 283.4% for men and 250.5% for women of Adequate Intake (AI). The mean 24hr UCa was 127.4 mg in men and 107.3 mg in women. The mean 24 hr UNa was 3650.6mg in men and 3276.4mg in women. The intake and urinary excretion of calcium and sodium were not significantly different by gender. UCa showed significantly positive correlations with sodium intake and UNa in men (p < 0.001, p < 0.05) and women (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and with age, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and sodium density in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p<0.01). The UCa/creatinine showed significantly positive correlations with age, sodium intake, sodium density, and UNa in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01). When UCa was stratified into quartile (Q1-Q4), age, SBP, UCa, UNa, sodium intake, and AI percentage of sodium (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in Q4. The mean intake and AI percentage of sodium in Q4 were 4768.8mg and 329.0. Based on the results, UCa was related to age, SBP, UNa, and sodium intake. Therefore, nutritional education of decreasing sodium intake for decreasing UCa is needed. (Korean J Community Nutr 16(2) : 215~226, 2011) KEY WORDS : calcium and sodium intakesáurinary calcium and sodium excretionámenáwomen 서 dp#n #e l # q# # n#mk tp# #5333 #p # 1#mks l #4 #p #4p# # d# l# #mk tl# r p=#5344 #6o#3;p#r rp=#5344 #6o#49p# r }ˆp=#5344 #7o#34p#}ˆ *This work was supported by the 2007 Dong-eui University Research Fund Corresponding author: Hwa-Jae Lim, Department of Food and Nutrition, Dong-eui University, 995 Eomgwangno, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-714, Korea Tel: (051) 890-1593, Fax: (051) 890-2646 E-mail: hjlim@deu.ac.kr 론 p# p # # qp# n#5334 #:819(/ 5338 #;51:(/#533: #:513(/#lqp# n#5334 981:(/#5338 #:313(/#533: #8816( # ˆ # /# # q l# # mp /# q #lqp# p# n# # p # ˆ 1# l#n # /#q # #r # # p#emp# n l#s #e p# p# #e #p #n # p# # # p# 1#mks l#p # q p# n#5338 # p#74:13(/#533: #69317(/ lqp# n# 5338 # p# 6651;(/# 533: 53916( # /# # # m 1# # qp# n# p# # n#e #5338 #916j/#533: #817j r # ZKR q p# 5 6 p# # p # p +Plqlvwu # ri# Khdowk# )# Zhoiduh# 5335># Plqlvwu # ri 215
216Á Ca, Na Ca k Khdowk# )# Zhoiduh# 5339># Plqlvwu # ri# Khdowk# ) Zhoiduh#533;,1# #n p#e l # /# # # d # s # # # p # p 1 p# # d p#eql #l # q# d#t q v# # p # d l#m p# p# #pp +Qruglq#)#Pduvkdoo#4<;;,/# v /# # v p# p #v +Olqnvzlohu# #4<;4,/ p# p# #v # # ˆ#epnp l p #m p# +Vshqfhu# #4<:;>#Vkruww# ) Io qq#4<<3,1# # #eqp p# d l#m p#t #n ptp# #m r #pe l#m /# # # tp # d p#v eˆ #opp#eql # # d p#wudqvsruw#phfkdqlvpp# n# r l#p # p # #p +Zdovhu#4<94,1#v d # p# kp#tn#kpmp #eql p#q rp# o #p # l# pp# # p# p#v # dq # e # t d p#v eˆ # #p +Fdvwhqploohu# 4<;8>#Vkruww#)#Io qq#4<<3,1 l #l l # t# d p#v r#v # v/# k# p#v # # #p # p# #pl# t# d # np p# l# #l p# #p lv #p +Sduilww#4<;6>#Ghylqh #4<<8>#Txhuhgd# #4<<9>#Eodfnzrrg# #5334,1# # v p#tn# # r # l#v p#m p l#mkp#tn #l p# # #v m p o #mk ˆl# ep#v #p 1#p # l #n p#p rp#ep ˆl # # pp# p # d # p# # # t# eˆ #Žk /# t# d # #mk ˆmp# # p# v/# k# # v p#m n #q #re # 1#v v#n # pp# p # dp# # # ˆ #s #l #l # lp #t #l p# p #l p# p +Nlp#)#Vxqj#4<;:>#Nrr#)#Fkrl#4<;;>#Fkr#) Sdln#4<<5>#Ohh# #4<<5,/# /# # #l # s +Ohh# #4<;;,1#pl# #l l # vl# p# / p# p # d # p# #57e # t eˆ #Žk /# t# d # np p # l# v/# k# # v m p#o mk o# q #l q#ee m 1 연구대상및방법 ¼ e #l # e #6vlp# #tep # l mk l# l #p #vlt #t#53 l #83 v# #l #l l# srp# p#49; + #:8 /#l#<6,p# p #5338 #: <ol# ~ #s ee m 1#s ~ l# v # q p#p r# +l /#vl/# o t# # p, #v # #k nl #s /#e~ # # k rp#ee mp 57e # vl# # op#ee # # p# vš mp /#s # w l#s ~ p#ep #s # p# m 1# 57e # p#pn l#s q p#s ~ l# #pep#s /# /#q /#s p#s m 1#ep p#r #s #o l#er#s e#e l p# t # n m +Nruhdq#Irrg#Lqgxvwu Dvvrfldwlrq#4<;;,1# #s p# t #o #s ol #er # rl # n #e n /# /# o/#p # l# # r p#ee m 1#ep s # #pep#s r#e p#et p # # #mk +Fdq#sur#613,p#pn l# p 4p#tn#mk m# d/# p# p# mp / 5343 # mk l#p # #rr #mk t +Wkh#Nruhdq#Qxwulwlrq#Vrflhw #5343,p#pn l#mk tp# m 1 l s q p#~o ˆ #k o #eq #~tp# r mp /# r #eq #~tp #~v v +Erg Pdvv#Lqgh{#=#EPL, # m 1# k rp#pql#k p# ˆl #43 #p # ep# # # #rq rq k +IW0833U/#qo, # r m 1# # s q l # r op# # #57e # p# v m #49; p# p# v m 1# vl#jp#n m# #HGWDnkl#57e p # #pmr # p # } l# n m 1# v # p# p
y Á217 r # #053 r F# l# l# n m 1# # d p# oq +dwrplf# devruswlrq vshfwurskrwrphu#=# Yduldq/#Vshfwur#DD533/#Dxvwudold, # r mp /# #fuhdwlqlqh p#kdzn# +4<87, p# p # r l# vp#mr p# m 1# 49; p#q t# vp#mr /# kkp# v k p# n #pv#k #;: + #75 /#l#78,p#q # p #VDV#Sdfndjh #pn l# m 1# # r p# /# p/# # # t # m /# # p# p #Vwxghqw#w0whvw #op p# v mp /# t# d #e~ /# k/ /#mk ˆ# p# #Shduvrq v fruuhodwlrq#frhiilflhqw #pn l# mp /# t d # o l# # # p# p #DQRYD +Dqdo vlv# ri# yduldqfh,m# Gxqfdq v# pxowlsoh# udqjh whvw #op p# v m 1 결 d s q p# # p # q#7513 /#lq#6;15 m p /#l #53 8< m /#l p# p#mk t# rp# o # l +Wkh# Nruhdq# Qxwulwlrq Vrflhw #5343,p# t l# l# #Wdeoh#4l # # m# 1#vlp# op# q#5;19(/#lq 5717( # q# kp /# o tp# slp# /# # #7318(/#7;1<( # q# k 1# sp# # pp# q p# n#534 633 op#6413(/#lqp# n#434 533 op#591:( # q# k 1 과 d mò s q p#e~r# p#wdeoh#5m# 1# #e qp# q#4:416 fp/#lq#48;15 fpmp /# #~tp q#9<18 nj/#lq#891< njm 1# #EPL # q#561:/ lq #551: # qp# n# ~tp# p # ˆ 1# #eq #~t# # q #lq #op # k +s? 31334/#s? 31334,1# # kp# q#4571< ppkj/#lq#4471< ppkjmp /# # q kp# q#:;19 ppkj/#lq#:41; ppkj # ˆ p /# # k # q k# # q #lq #op # k +s? 31334/#s? 3134,1# Table 1. General characteristics of subjects Characteristics Criteria Male Female Age (yrs) Occupation Education level Family income (10,000 won per month) 1) N (%) 20 29 9G(821.4) 1) 12 (826.7) 30 49 16 (838.1) 26 (857.8) 50 59 17 (840.5) 7 (815.6) Total 42 (100.0) 45 (100.0) Public official 12 (828.6) 11 (824.4) Teacher 1 (882.4) 2 (884.4) Company employee 4 (889.5) 5 (811.1) Businessman 8 (819.0) 4 (888.9) Student 7 (816.7) 8 (817.8) Homemaker 1 (882.4) 5 (811.1) Services 3 (887.1) 4 (810.8) Inoccupation 4 (889.5) 3 (886.7) Profession 1 (882.4) 1 (882.2) Laborer 1 (882.4) 2 (884.4) Elementary school 2 (884.8) 1 (882.2) Middle school 6 (814.3) 6 (813.3) High school 9 (821.4) 10 (822.2) Junior college 5 (811.9) 5 (811.1) College 17 (840.5) 22 (848.9) Graduate 3 (887.1) 1 (882.2) 100 5 (811.9) 4 (888.9) 101 200 9 (821.4) 12 (826.7) 201 300 13 (831.0) 11 (824.4) 301 400 8 (819.1) 8 (817.8) 401 6 (814.3) 7 (815.6) Unknown 1 (882.4) 3 (886.7) Table 2. Anthropometric and blood pressure data of subjects Male (n = 42) Female (n = 45) Total (N = 87) Age (yrs) 642.0 12.0 1) 638.2 11.0 640.0 11.6 Weight (kg)*** 669.5 68.3 656.9 68.8 663.0 10.6 Height (cm)*** 171.3 66.0 158.2 6 4.4 164.6 68.4 BMI 2) 623.7 62.3 622.7 63.2 623.2 62.8 SBP (mmhg) 3) *** 124.9 12.1 114.9 11.6 119.7 12.8 DBP (mmhg) 4) ** 678.6 69.0 671.8 10.1 675.1 10.1 1)G Mean SD 2) BMI = weightg (kg)/height 2 G (m 2 ) 3) SBP = systolic blood pressure 4) DBP = diastolic blood pressure **, ***: significantly different at p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test s q p#4p# #tn#mk # # d/# p p# Wdeoh# 6 # 1# 4p# # l v p 538918 nfdo #l v n r p#<:14(mp /#
218Á Ca, Na Ca k Table 3. Mean daily nutrient intake of subjects Nutrient MaleG(n = 42) FemaleG(n = 45) TotalG(N = 87) EnergyG(kcal) 2118.8 6682.9 1) G(690.2) 2) 1998.3 6687.5G(103.5) 2056.5 6684.0G( 97.1) ProteinG(g) 6687.1 6632.1 1) G(164.7) 3) 6678.6 6639.3G(170.5) 6682.7 6636.0G(167.7) Animal 6645.9 6623.3 6636.6 6621.4 6641.1 6622.7 Plant 6641.2 6616.7 6642.0 6629.1 6641.6 6623.8 CalciumG(mg) 6641.2 6325.4 1) G(688.0) 3) 6677.7 6398.9G(103.0) 6660.1 6363.7G( 95.8) Animal 6290.0 6227.9 6299.4 6248.5 6294.9 6237.4 Plant 6351.2 6168.1 6378.3 6347.7 6365.2 6274.8 Ca densityg(mg/1,000 kcal) 6314.5 6128.8 6338.6 6139.5 6327.0 6134.2 Ca/weightG(mg/kg)* 6669.4 6664.9 6612.1 6667.2 6610.8 6666.3 PhosphorusG(mg) 1230.5 6427.9 1) G(175.8) 3) 1150.6 6535.1G(164.4) 1189.1 6485.2G(169.9) Ca/P ratio 6660.5 6660.2 6660.6 6660.2 6660.6 666 0.2 SodiumG(mg) 4136.7 1186.2 1) G(283.4) 4) 3708.9 1306.2G(250.5) 3915.4 1260.9G(266.4) Na densityg(mg/1,000 kcal) 2084.0 6707.4 1988.5 6764.3 2034.6 6734.7 1) Mean SD 2) Percent of Estimated Energy RequirementsG (EER) of 2010 Dietary Reference Intakes for KoreansG (KDRIs) 3) Percent of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of 2010 KDRIs 4) Percent of Adequate IntakeG (AI) of 2010 KDRIs *: significantly different at p < 0.05 by t-test # q#544;1; nfdo/#lq#4<<;16 nfdo # #l v n r p#<315(/#43618(m 1# # v p ;51: jp # q p#49:1:(mp /# q#;:14 j/#l q#:;19 jp # # q p#4971:(/#4:318(m 1 v op# # # v #e # v p# p#7414 j = 7419 jmp /# qp# n#781< j = 7415 j/#lqp# n#6919 j = 7513 jm 1 # d p#99314 pjp # q p#<81;( mp /# q#97415 pj/#lq#9::1: pjp # # q p#;;13(/#43613(m 1#l v#4/333 nfdo # d #v#e t# d #4p# #65:13 pjmp /# q#64718 pj/#lq#66;19 pjm 1#~t#nj # d p#4p# #431; pjmp /# q#<17 pj/#lq#4514 pj # ˆ 1# d op# # # d #e # dp# p#5<71< pj = 69815 pjmp /# qp n# 5<313 pj = 68415 pj/# lqp# n# 5<<17 pj = 6:;16 pjm 1# 4p# #pp# p#44;<14 pjp # q # k p +49<1<(,/# q#456318 pj/#lq#448319 pjp /# # # p# q # k +4:81;(/#49717(,1 4p# #Fd2Sp# pp#319plp /# q#318/#lq 319p # ˆ # /# # #p p# d l# k 1 4p# # p#6<4817 pjp # p 59917(mp /# q#74691: pj/#lq#6:3;1< pjp # # p#5;617(/#58318(m 1#e t# #4p# #536719 pjmp /# q#53;713 pj/#lq 4<;;18 pjm 1 mk eˆ # /# # # #~t # d p#lq # q #op # kp +s? 3138,/#t n#mk # # d/# p# p# /# l#op p #ll 1# s q p# #Wdeoh#7m# 1#4p # p#46451: poplp /# q#473<16 po/#lq#455518 pom 1#4p# #fuhdwlqlqh# p ;<8189:716 pjplp /# q+439;15 pj,p#fuhdwlqlqh p#lq+:6715 pj,p#fuhdwlqlqh #op # k +s? 31334,1# 4p# # d p#44:13 pjplp /# q#45:17 pj/#lq#43:16 pj # /# l#op # p #ll 1 s q p#57e # t# d p# p# #541<(mp /# q#561<(/#lq#5314( # /# l#op # p #ll 1#4p# # kž +pj,# # d +pj,# pp#314plp /# q#314/#lq#314m 1#4p# #~t#nj # d p#41< pjplp /# q#41; pj/#lq#41< pjp # /# l#op # p ll 1# 4p# # p#678:13 pjplp /# q 698319pj/#lq#65:917pjp # /# l#op # p #ll 1#
y Á219 l e v v# #s q p#e~ /# k/# /#tn#mk # # d/# p# # t# d # # kž # # d p# p# Š #o # t# d # # kž # # d #s # # p# # # #Wdeoh 8/#9 # 1# Wdeoh#8l #e~ /# k/# m# t# d # # kž # # d p# # # t# d p# /# # # t#fuhdwlqlqh# +s? 31334/#s? 31334,/# t# kž # # d +s? 31334/#s? 31334,/#~t# # d +s? 31334/#s? 31334,/# d l# # t# d p+s? 31334/#s? 31334,/# +s? 3138/#s? 31334, # #op #kp# # mp /#lqp# n#l +s? 3138,/# k+s? 3138, #op #k p# # m 1# t# kž # # d p# /# # # t# d +s? 31334/# s? 31334,/# ~t# # d +s? 31334/#s? 31334,/# d l# # t# d # p+s? 31334/#s? 31334, # #op #kp# # mp /#lqp# n#l +s? 3138,/# t# +s? 3134, #op #kp# # m 1# Wdeoh#9l #tn#mk # # d/# p# # t# d # # kž # # d p# # t# d p# /# # # +s? 3134/#31334, # #op #kp# # mp /#lqp# n#e t# +s? 3134,m #op kp# # m 1# t# kž # # d p#lqp# n# +s? 3134,# #e t# ++s? 3134,m#op #kp# # mp # q p# n#tn#mk # # d/# p# #op # # pv#kk 1 t# d # # kž # # d #s # # p# # # #s # # Table 4. Mean daily urinary calcium and sodiuim excretion per 24hr urine of subjects MaleG(n = 42) FemaleG(n = 45) TotalG(N = 87) Urine volumeg(ml) 1409.3 6646.1 1) 1222.5 6397.5 1312.7 6537.3 CreatinineG(mg)*** 1068.2 6288.5 6734.2 6177.5 6895.5 6289.8 CaG(mg) 6127.4 6664.0 6107.3 6673.8 6117.0 6669.6 % of total ca intake 6623.9 6617.6 6620.1 6617.3 6621.9 6617.4 Ca/cr ratiog(mg/mg) 6660.1 6660.1 6660.1 6660.1 6660.1 6660.1 Ca/weightG(mg/kg) 6661.8 6660.9 6661.9 6661.4 6661.9 6661.1 NaG(mg) 3650.6 1526.4 3276.4 1390.6 3457.0 1422.4 1) G Mean SD, ***: significantly different at p < 0.001 by t-test Table 5. Correlation coefficients between urinary calcium excretion and the results of anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis Variables Urinary calcium excretion Urinary ca/creatinine Male Female Total Male Female Total Age 0.064 0.370* 0.243* 0.173 0.303* 0.209 Weight 0.267 0.048 0.200 0.001 0.132 0.166 Height 0.155 0.049 0.177 0.051 0.077 0.144 BMI 1) 0.226 0.028 0.123 0.025 0.123 0.121 SBP 2) 0.172 0.333* 0.292** 0.055 0.291 0.111 DBP 3) 0.216 0.254 0.271* 0.268 0.225 0.162 Urinary creatinine excretion 0.540*** 0.562*** 0.507*** 0.022 0.172 0.026 Urinary calcium excretion 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.823*** 0.890*** 0.810*** Urinary ca/cr ratio 0.823*** 0.890*** 0.810*** 1.000 1.000 1.000 Urinary ca/weight 0.971*** 0.971*** 0.945*** 0.868*** 0.922*** 0.901*** % of total ca intake 0.759*** 0.690*** 0.723*** 0.498*** 0.671*** 0.559*** Urinary sodium excretion 0.360* 0.621*** 0.509*** 0.135 0.455** 0.295** 1) BMI = weight (kg)/height 2 (m 2 ), 2) SBP = systolic blood pressure, 3) DBP = diastolic blood pressure *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001
220Á Ca, Na Ca k Table 6. Correlation coefficients between urinary calcium excretion and nutrient intakes Variables Urinary calcium excretion Urinary ca/creatinine Male Female Total Male Female Total Energy 0.213 0.043 0.130 0.150 0.036 0.015 Protein 0.235 0.097 0.166 0.249 0.043 0.085 Plant 0.143 0.057 0.004 0.177 0.092 0.023 Animal 0.221 0.255 0.260* 0.215 0.206 0.159 Phosphorus 0.187 0.056 0.004 0.233 0.006 0.053 Calcium 0.101 0.151 0.003 0.198 0.075 0.119 Plant 0.147 0.151 0.039 0.219 0.106 0.136 Animal 0.036 0.032 0.050 0.121 0.029 0.025 Ca density 0.107 0.092 0.006 0.094 0.079 0.096 Calcium /weight 0.061 0.125 0.067 0.213 0.092 0.157 Ca/P ratio 0.112 0.079 0.034 0.074 0.067 0.097 Sodium 0.484** 0.589*** 0.556*** 0.303 0.441** 0.347** Na density 0.260 0.404** 0.347*** 0.140 0.413** 0.297** **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001 t# d p# /# # # +s? 3134/ 31334,# # t# +s? 3138/#s? 31334, #op #kp# # mp /#lqp# n#l +s? 3138,/# k+s? 3138,/#e t# +s? 3134,m #op #kp# # m 1# t# k Ž # # d p#lqp# n#l +s? 3138,/# +s? 3134,/#e t# ++s? 3134,/# t +s? 3134, #op #kp# # mp # qp# n#tn#mk # # d/# p# # # t# #op # # pv#kk 1# p l # t# d # # kž # # d #s # # p# #Žk # #pl /# t# d # # kž # # d ˆl# # p#l # m v# ~rp #kk #o # t# d # # kž # # d tp 7 o +T 4 0T 7,p # l# # #e~ /# /#tn#mk # # d/# p# p# l#wdeoh :/#;l# ˆ l 1# # # t# d # # kž # # d p# # r# t# d p# n#58(# p# +T 4,p# n#971; pj# /#58(#p l #83(# p# +T 5,p# n#971; pj#p l #<<13 pj# /#83(#p l #:8(# p# +T 6,p# n#<<13 pj#p l #4881< pj# /#:8(#p p# +T 7,p# n 4881< pj#p p# p # ˆ 1# t# kž # d p# n#58(# p# +T 4,p# n#313;# / 58(#p l #83(# p# +T 5,p# n#313;#p l 3145# /#83(#p l #:8(# p# +T6,p# n 3145#p l #314:# /#:8(#p p# +T 7,p# n#314: p p# p # ˆ 1# Wdeoh#:l # t# d # # kž # # d p# tl# # # #e~ /# k# # p# # # r# t# d p# n# tl# # # #l +s? 3134,/#~t+s? 3134,/ eq+s? 3134,/# k+s? 3138,/# q k+s? 3134,/# t# d +s? 31334,/#~t# # d +s? 31334,/# d l# # t# d # p +s? 31334,/# t# +s? 31334,p#op p # m 1# # d tp# q# p# o p T 7 p# n# o #l /# k/# t# d /#~t# # d /# d l# # t# d # p/# t# p#op # k 1# t# kž # # d p# n# tl# # t# d +s? 31334,/#~t# # d +s? 31334,/# d l# # t# d # p+s? 31334,/# t# +s? 3134,p#op # p # m 1# kž # # d tp# q# p# o p#t 7 p# n# o # t# d /#~t# # d /# d l# # t# d # p/# t# p#op # p# p # ˆ 1# Wdeoh#;p# t# d # # kž # # d p# tl# # # #mk p# # ˆ p # t# d p# n# tl# # +s? 31334,/#e t# +s? 3138,/# p# p+s? 31334,p#op # p # m 1# #
y Á221 Table 7. Mean anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis of subjects by quartile of urinary calcium excretion and urinary calcium excretion per milligram of creatinine Urinary calcium excretion Quartile Urinary ca/creatinine Quartile Q 1 (< 64.8) Q 2 (64.8 <99.0) Q 3 (99.0 < 155.9) Q 4 (155.9 ) Q 1 (< 0.08) Q 2 (0.08 <0.12) Q 3 (0.12 < 0.17) Q 4 (0.17 ) Age 5540.0** ab 5534.2 b 5539.9 ab 5546.0 a 5539.8 5536.5 5539.5 5544.4 Weight 5555.9** b 5565.8 a 5566.2 a 5563.8 a 5561.1 5566.4 5564.6 5559.8 Height 5159.1** b 5166.6 a 5167.6 a 5164.8 a 5163.3 5166.3 5166.5 5162.1 BMI 1) 5522.1 5523.7 523.4 5523.4 5522.8 5524.0 5523.2 5522.6 SBP 2) 5114.8* c 5116.2 bc 5123.0 ab 5124.7 a 5119.9 5116.7 5119.0 5123.4 DBP 3) 5571.0** b 5571.7 b 5578.9 a 5578.5 a 5573.9 5573.1 5575.8 5577.6 Urinary calcium excretion 5543.5*** d 5580.8 c 5125.5 b 5214.8 a 5553.5*** d 5587.6 c 5128.1 b 5199.7 a Urinary ca/weight 5550.8*** d 5551.3 c 5551.9 b 5553.5 a 5550.9*** d 5551.3 c 5552.0 b 5553.4 a % of total ca intake 5559.8*** c 5514.4 bc 5521.8 b 5541.2 a 5510.6*** c 5515.1 c 5524.7 b 5537.6 a Urinary sodium excretion 2864.9*** b 2859.0 b 3977.9 a 4277.4 a 3090.8** b 3519.6 b 2950.9 b 4332.6 a 1) BMI = weight(kg)/height 2 (m 2 ) 2) SBP = systolic blood pressure 3) DBP = diastolic blood pressure *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001 Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different Table 8. Mean nutrient intake of subjects by quartile of urinary calcium excretion and urinary calcium excretion per milligram of creatinine Urinary calcium excretion Quartile Urinary ca/creatinine Quartile Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 (< 64.8) (64.8 < 99.0) (99.0 < 155.9) (155.9 ) (< 0.08) (0.08 < 0.12) (0.12 < 0.17) (0.17 ) Energy 2045.9 1999.0 1894.1 2286.5 2082.6 2072.2 2033.3 2038.9 Protein 8878.7 8879.2 8880.1 892.5 883.7 8880.1 8881.0 8886.1 Phosphorus 1115.0 1192.2 1185.0 1261.1 1186.8 1191.5 1186.8 1191.8 Calcium 8599.98 8651.4 8680.7 8705.6 8631.1 8646.1 8682.8 8679.5 Ca density 8292.3 8348.1 8367.5 8298.4 8306.6 8325.2 8350.7 8324.1 Ca/weight 8810.9 8810.1 8810.8 8811.3 8810.5 8889.9 8811.1 8811.6 Ca/P ratio 8880.5 8880.6 8880.6 8880.5 8880.5 8880.6 8880.6 8880.6 Sodium 3435.5*** bc 3329.7 c 4105.9 ab 4768.8 a 3615.6** b 3902.4 b 3424.9 b 4779.7 a Na density 1810.6* b 1780.8 b 2311.7 a 2225.1 ab 1865.8** b 1997.0 b 1820.2 b 2483.7 a RNI 1) of protein 8167.1 8156.6 8157.2 8189.9 8170.3 8160.4 8161.1 8179.7 RNI of calcium 8890.3 8883.3 8896.4 8102.7 8891.6 8883.8 8897.6 8100.1 AI 2) of sodium 8232.6*** bc 8224.0 c 8278.4 b 8329.0 a 8245.3** b 8264.4 b 8232.7 b 8327.4 a 1) Percent of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of 2010 KDRIs 2) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001 Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different d tp# q# p# o p#t 7 p# n# o # /# p# pp#op # kp /# # p#7:9;1; pj/# # pp#65<13(p# p # ˆ 1# t# kž # # d p# n # tl# # +s? 3134,/#e t# +s? 3134,/# p# p+s? 3134,p#op # p # m 1# # kž # d tp# q# p# o p#t 7 p# n# o # /#e t# /# p# pp#op # p# p # ˆ 1#
222Á Ca, Na Ca k 고 s q p# # p # q#7513 /#lq#6;15 m p /# #eq #~tp# q#4:416 fpm#9<18 nj/#lq 48;15 fpm#891< nj # p#mk t# rp#o l +Wkh#Nruhdq#Qxwulwlrq#Vrflhw #5343,p# t l# #s q p# #l l# #63 7< p p# t~op# q#4:3 fpm#9619 nj/#lq#48: fp m#8715 njm# # # /# # #eq #~tp# p# pl 1# s q p#4p# #tn#mk # # d/# p eˆ # # # v p#4p# #;51: jp # q p#49:1:(mp /# q#;:14 j/#lq#:;19 j p # # q p#4971:(/#4:318(# tp # /# #k # pp# m /#533: # mk +Plqlvwu #ri#khdowk#)#zhoiduh#533;,p# p# qm lqp# v # # q p p# l# #l m# d m 1#s q p# v op# qp# n# v p+8413(,p# # # ˆ p /#lqp# n#e v p+861<(,p# # ˆ 1#73 93 # p# /# # p #Fkrl# +5338,p#l l # v p# /# # # # q p p# mp /# v op# /# # #e v p#s # k 1#Nlp# +5339,p# r t l p# n # v p# q p plp /# v o #e v p#s # p# p # ˆ 1 s q p# d p#4p# #99314 pjp q p#<81;(mp /# q#97415 pj/#lq#9::1: pjp # # q p#;;13(/#43613(p # qp# n# p# q l# # p # ˆ p /#~t # d # q #lq #op # p# p # ˆ +s? 3138,1#533: # mk # #4 p# # d p# p qp# n# #l l # q p#;8(p tplp /# plqp# n# l l # q p#98(#p # tp # ˆ 1 Ohh# +5334,p#73 93 #p # p# /# m#fkrl# +5338,p#73 93 # p# /# p# d p# /# # # q p#9<17(/#:81;(m#9714(/#8:15(# tp lp /#Nlp# +5339,p# r#t l p# d p q p#9417(# tp # ˆ 1#p #l m# # # #s q p# d tp# /# # 찰 # p# plp /# #l p# d tp#k # pl 1# #s q p# d op# # /# #e d p+8;15(/#8819(,p# d p # # # ˆ /#73 93 # p# /# # p #Fkrl# +5338,p#l l # /# # #e d p# d # kp /# r#t l p# p #Nlp# +5339,p#l l #e d p# d # k# #l m# d m 1# # s q p# e t# d # 4p# 65:13 pjmp /# q#64718 pj/#lq#66;19 pjm / 73 93 # p# /# # p #Fkrl# +5338,p#l l p#e t# d #4p# #5:813 pjmp /# q#59613 pj/#lq#5;61: pjp # #s q p#e t# d # p# pl 1 s q p# p#4p# #6<4817 pjp # p#59917(mp /# q#74691: pj/#lq 6:3;1< pjp # # p#5;617(/#58318(m 1#533: # mk # #4p# # p# p qp# n# #l l # p 633(#p # tplp /# plqp# n# #l l # p#533(#p # tp # ˆ /# r t l p# p #Nlp# +5339,p#l l # p# p#57:15(# tp # ˆ 1#p #l # # # #s q p# #n # p# /# # # p# #e p#k# #p 1# s q p#e t# #4p# #536719 pj mp /# q#53;713 pj/#lq#4<;;18 pjm /#73 93 # p# /# # p #Fkrl# +5338,p#l l p e t# #4p# #579:1: pjmp /# q 587:18 pj/#lq#573<1; pjp # #s q p#e t# # p# pl 1 s q p#57e # t# d p# #44:13 pjplp /# q#45:17 pj/#lq#43:16 pj # /# l#op # p #ll 1#s q p#57e # t d p# p# #541<(mp /# q#561<(/ lq#5314( # /# l#op # p #ll 1#Ohh# +4<;;,p#l l #53 # p# /# p#57e # t# d p# p# #5<1;(/#5;1<(mp /#Gdzvrq0 Kxjkhv# +4<<9,p#l l # p #l p#57e t# d p# p# #5615(/#4;1<(mp / Fkr#)#Sdln+4<<5,p#rp# pl #t l p#57e # t# d p# p# #581;(/#5<14(mp /#Nlplud# +5337,p#l l #5: ;7 #p #l p
y Á223 57e # t# d p# p#5718( # ˆ # l m# d # tp# m 1# s q p#57e # t# d p#\rrq# +4<<:,p#63 98 # p# /# p#57e # t# d # +4551; pj,m#qruglq# +4<;:,p# #rp# pp# t# d +433 453 pj, # d # tplp #Ohh# +4<;;,p#53 # p# /# p 57e # t# d +4941: pj/#48716 pj,/ Vrq# +533:,p#53 8< p# /# p#57e # t# d +4:61; pj/# 48<15 pj,# #Vfkddivpd +4<<5,p# el#p #63 7< # p# /# p#4p# d r +47514 pj/#45415 pj,/#eodfnzrrg# +5334,p# kek #73 8< # p #l p#57e # t# d +47:15 pj/# 44917 pj,/ Gdzvrq0Kxjkhv# +4<<9,p# p #l p#57e # t# d +485 pj/#457 pj, # / # # p# tpl 1# s q p#57e # t# p# 678:13 pjplp /# q#698319 pj/#lq#65:917 pj p # /# l#op # p #ll 1#s q p 57e # t# p#vrq# +533:,p#53 8< p# /# p#57e # t# +856419 pj/#764316 pj,/#nlp# +533<,p# p# p#57e t# # +747418 pj,/#vklq# +5343,p#63 7< #l p#57e # t# +79:816 pj, # /# # # p# tpl 1# t# l# # n# l p# Eodfnzrrg# +5334,p# kek #73 8< # p #l p#57e # t# p# #7358 pj/ 6576 pj #l p# p# n# #l qm d # tplp /#Gdzvrq0Kxjkhv# +4<<9,p# p # l p# 57e # t# p# 68;; pj/#5:441: pj # p p# p# n #l qm# d # tpl 1 s q p# d # p# # # t# e ˆ # /# # # # # d # p# p /# l#op # p #llp /# t# d # # /# l#op # p #ll 1#53 # p /# # p #Ohh# +4<;;,p#l l # /# l# dp# # # t# p#op # p #l # p # ˆ # #l m#p m 1 s q p# t# d #e~ /# k/ /#tn#mk # # d/# p# p# p# # # /# # # t# d p# # # t# #op #kp# # m #p #ep #v # t# p#v l# t# d #v #op kp# # p #l #l #p m +Nlp# )# Vxqj# 4<;:># Fkr# )# Sdln# 4<<5># \rrq# 4<<:># Gdzvrq0Kxjkhv# # 4<<9># Eodfnzrrg# 5334>#Olp#5334,1# #s q p# n# /# # # t# d p# v# # dp# #op # # pv#kk #l #l l # t# d p# v+nrr#)#fkrl#4<;;>#olp#5334,# # d +Fkr#)#Sdln#4<<5>#Gdzvrq0Kxjkhv# #4<<9>#\rrq #4<<:>#Olp#5334, #op # # pv kp# p # #p 1# #l l # t# d #l # # k p# # /# # l# p # l#lqp# n#l /# k #op #kp# # m 1#lqp# n#l p#v # t# d p#op #v # p # ˆ /# Vfkddivpd+4<<5,p# el# p # 53 5</ 63 7</#83 97 # p# /# p#4p# # d r l #lqp# n#l p#v # t# d p#v # p# m +44<18 pj/#45415 pj/ 45718 pj,1# l#rp# pl #t #l p# p #Fkr#)#Sdln+4<<5,p#l l #t #l p#rp l l# l# t# d p#oprp# p #l # p # l# #l m# # p# m 1# #s #lqp# n# t# d p# k #op #kp# # m /# pl p# p #Fkr#)#Sdln+4<<5,p#l l # t# d p# # # q k #op #kp# # m 1 #l l # qp# n# t# d # k l#op # # pv#kp# p # ˆ /#t p#t q p# p #Sdq# +4<<3,p#l l t# d p# # # q # k #op #kp # mp /# lp#53 p # p# /# p p #Vwdhvvhq# +4<;6>#4<;7,p#l l # qp# n # t# d p# q # k #op #k p# # p# p # ˆ # #l m # # p# m 1# #l # #l #l #s # # t# d #l # # k p# # /# l p#l l# p # p #pl# # #l # n # 1 s q p# t# d tp#7 o +T 4 0
224Á Ca, Na Ca k T 7,p # # # d tp# q# p# o p T 7 p# n# o #l /# k/# t# d /# t# /# /# p# pp#op # p# p # ˆ 1# t# d tp# q# p# o p#t 7 p# n# tp 4881< pj#p p # #5471; pjp# mp /# p#7:9;1; pj/# # # p p#65<13(p# p # ˆ /# # p# n# pp#633(#p m 1#533: # mk l #4< #p # pp# n#4p# # p# p#66815(p# p # ˆ # #l p# l#n # p p# n# p# #e p#k #p 1#Vkruww# +4<;;,p#l l # p 4333 pj#v e# t# d p# q#6< pj/#lq 59 pj#v mp /#]dundgdv# +4<;<,p#l l p#44<617 pj#v e# t# d p 53 pj#v # p # m 1# #]dundgdv# +4<;<,p#4p#517 j#r p# v # # d p#v e #43 l # drqp#43( #p eˆ# #pl# vp#o pq # m 1#Eodfnzrrg +5334,p#l l # t# d p#4415 pj#v e# kp#53 ppkj#v # p# m 1 #4p#516 j#r p# v # # d p#v e #43 l # drqp#43( #p eˆ #pp /# k#53 ppkj#v # drqp#4( p p#eq v m#l pp #p #e # # ep#o pq # # #ppp# m 1#p #l p# # # p# # t# d #v #n # v/# k# # v p#m #o # #tp # o # n #p # 1# 요약및결론 #l # p p# # # k #o # q l q# vl# /# # p p# p # d # p # #57e # t# eˆ #Žk # t# d # np p# # m 1#l #n k # p # 1 4,# #l p# q#7513 /#lq#6;15 m 1# #EPL # q#561:/#lq #551:mp /# qp# n# ~tpl 1 5,#4p# # d p#99314 pjp # q p <81;(mp /# q#97415 pj/#lq#9::1: pjp # q p#;;13(/#43613(m 1#4p# # p#6<4817 pjp # p#59917(mp /# q 74691: pj/# lq# 6:3;1< pjp # # p 5;617(/#58318(m 1 6,#4p# # t# d p#44:13 pjplp /# q#45:17 pj/#lq#43:16 pjm 1#4p# # kž +pj,# # d +pj,# pp#314plp /# q#314/ lq#314m 1#4p# # p#678:13 pjplp /# q#698319 pj/#lq#65:917 pjm 1# 7,# d # p# # # t# p# /# l#op # p #ll 1 8,# t# d p# /# # # t#fuhdwlqlqh +s? 31334/#s? 31334,/# t# kž # # d +s? 31334/#s? 31334,/#~t# # d +s? 31334/#s? 31334,/# d l# # t# d +s? 31334/#s? 31334,/# +s? 3134/#31334, # t# +s? 3138/#s? 31334, # #o p #kp# # mp /#lqp# n#l +s? 3138,/ k+s? 3138,/#e t# +s? 3134,m op #kp# # m 1# 9,# t# kž # # d p# /# # # t# d +s? 31334/#s? 31334,/#~t# # d +s? 31334/#s? 31334,/# d l# # t# d # p+s? 31334/#s? 31334, # #op #kp # lp /#lqp# n#l +s? 3138,/# +s? 3134,/#e t# ++s? 3134,/# t +s? 3134, #op #kp# # m 1 :,# t# d tp#7 o +T 4 0T 7,p # # tp# q# p#t 7 p# n# o #l +s? 3134,/# k+s? 3138,/# t# d +s? 31334,/#~t # d +s? 31334,/# d l# # t# d # p+s? 31334,/# t# +s? 31334,/# +s? 31334,/# p# p+s? 31334,p#op # kp /# # p#7:9;1;pj/# # pp#65<13( p# p # ˆ 1# ;,# t# kž # # d p# n# tp q# p#t 7 p# n# o # t# d +s? 31334,/#~t# # d +s? 31334,/# d l# # t# d # p+s? 31334,/# t# +s? 3134,/# +s? 3134,/#e t# +s? 3134,/# p# p+s? 3134, p#op # k 1 p p# l # t# d p# /# # l#op
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