077~088 해계 유침과 전침이

Similar documents
012임수진

γ

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ

16_이주용_155~163.hwp

Lumbar spine

12이문규

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc

< D B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A E687770>

04조남훈

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie

04_이근원_21~27.hwp

:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( )

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H

<35335FBCDBC7D1C1A42DB8E2B8AEBDBAC5CDC0C720C0FCB1E2C0FB20C6AFBCBA20BAD0BCAE2E687770>

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: NCS : G * The Analy

도비라

서론 34 2

달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

09김정식.PDF

[ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with clon

2009;21(1): (1777) 49 (1800 ),.,,.,, ( ) ( ) 1782., ( ). ( ) 1,... 2,3,4,5.,,, ( ), ( ),. 6,,, ( ), ( ),....,.. (, ) (, )

한국 출산력의 저하 요인에 관한 연구

???? 1

878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: * Suggestions of Ways

10(3)-09.fm

03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: : * Research Subject


DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

005송영일

( )Kjhps043.hwp

상담학연구,, SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / / Tel: /

27 2, 17-31, , * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** ( :

자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr

Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ

27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( :

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th


(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re

( )Kju269.hwp

untitled

<BFACBCBCC0C7BBE7C7D E687770>

14.531~539(08-037).fm

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

<C1A63534C8B820BCBCB9CCB3AA2DC6EDC1FD2E687770>

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: Awareness, Supports

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구

03±èÀçÈÖ¾ÈÁ¤ÅÂ

( ) ) ( )3) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4) 1915 ( ) ( ) ) 3) 4) 285

Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong

歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.1-16 DOI: * A Study on Good School

ePapyrus PDF Document

1..

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * Experiences of Af

인문사회과학기술융합학회

03이경미(237~248)ok

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: IPA * Analysis of Perc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Study on Teache

09È«¼®¿µ 5~152s

<31382D322D3420BDC5B1D4C8AF5FB3EDB9AE28C3D6C1BEBABB292E687770>

(

12¾ÈÇö°æ 1-155T304®¶ó


大学4年生の正社員内定要因に関する実証分析

원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Mediating Eff

03-서연옥.hwp

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: (LiD) - - * Way to

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)


목 차 1. 서론 1.1. 문제 제기 및 연구 목적 1.2. 연구 대상 및 연구 방법 2. 교양 다큐 프로그램 이해 3. 롤랑바르트 신화론에 대한 이해 3.1. 기호학과 그 에 대하여 3.2. 롤랑바르트 신화 이론 고찰 4. 분석 내용 4.1. 세계테마기행 에 대한 기

???춍??숏

대한한의학원전학회지24권6호-전체최종.hwp

<35BFCFBCBA2E687770>


Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Study on the Pe

<313120B9DABFB5B1B82E687770>

현대패션의 로맨틱 이미지에 관한 연구

???? 1

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: : A basic research

Jkcs022(89-113).hwp

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The

이용석 박환용 - 베이비부머의 특성에 따른 주택유형 선택 변화 연구.hwp

44-4대지.07이영희532~

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: An Exploratory Stud


109~120 õÃʾàħ Ä¡·á

서론

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: * Strenghening the Cap

기관고유연구사업결과보고

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: (NCS) Method of Con

목원 한국화- 북경전을 준비하며 지난해부터 시작 된 한국의 목원대학교 한국화 전공의 해외미술체험은 제자와 스승의 동행 속에서 미술가로 성장하는 학생들의 지식에 샘을 채워주는 장학사업으로 진행되고 있으며, 한국의 우수한 창작인력 양성을 위해, 배움을 서로 나누는 스승들의


(5차 편집).hwp

02김헌수(51-72.hwp

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의

Transcription:

loperamide 77 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2009.12.4.077 loperamide Received : 09. 10. 21 Accepted : 09. 11. 04 The Effect of Acupuncture and Electro-acupuncture at ST41 on Intestinal Hypomotility Induced with Loperamide in Rats Lee Sang-mi, Lee Hyun Key Words: needle retention, acupuncture, electro-acupuncture, ST41, loperamide Dept. of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University ABSTRACT Objectives : The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of acpuncture and electro-acupuncture of low(ea(l)) and high(ea(h)) frequency at Haegye(ST41) on intestinal hypomotility induced with loperamide in rats. Methods : We made suppressed state of intestinal motility with loperamide in rats and carried out needle retention acupuncture, low frequency electro-acupuncture and high frequency electro-acupuncture at ST41 in rats devided into pre-treatment group and post-treatment group. We fed charcoal to them after the treatment and measured the travel rate of charcoal in the gastrointestinal track to analyze which treatment is more effective in state of intestinal hypomotility. Results : None of acupuncture, EA(L) and EA(H) at ST41 had significant influences on intestinal motility of rat in normal state. Needle retention at ST41 did not significantly increase intestinal motility suppressed with loperamide in rats. Pre-treatment of EA(L) and EA(H) at ST41 significantly increased intestinal motility suppressed with loperamide in rats. Post-treatment of EA(L) and EA(H) at ST41 did not have significant influences on intestinal motility of rat in normal state. Conclusions : These results suggest that treatment of EA(L) and EA(H) at ST41 may be effective on gastric disorders such as intestinal hypomotility and its effect had more prevention than cure. Further study is necessary to know more effects of ST41 and electro-acupuncture of low and high frequency. I paracrine Sato Loperamide meperidini Corresponding author : Lee, Hyun. Dept. of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University. 621, Dujeong-dong, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. Tel. +82-41-521-7000 E-mail : lh2000@dju.ac.kr

78 12 4 2009 12 (1) Table. 1 (2) Table. 2 loperamide charcoal II 1 1 6 Sprague-Dawley rat 180 20 22 2 20~60 1 2 1 21 6 Table 3 2 normal charcoal holder 15 charcoal needle retention; NR electro-acupuncture; EA loperamide ST41 sham point 15 charcoal L-Control loperamide 15 charcoal pre-treatment groups low frequency electro-acupuncture; EA L high frequency electro-acupuncture; EA H 15 loperamide 15 charcoal Scheme 1 post-treatment groups loperamide 15 charcoal Scheme 2 charcoal 25 charcoal Scheme 1, Scheme 2 2 20 5 4 0.25 10 Dong Bang Acupuncture Co. Korea 2 ST41

loperamide 79 2~3 needle retention 15 2 100 15 0.5 1 LR3 PG-6, Suzuki iryoki, Japan ST41 LR3 3 Loperamide Sigma, USA 0.05 tween 80 Sigma, USA 1 loperamide 100 400 0.5 Charcoal 100 charcoal 5 5 charcoal 0.5 4 Charcoal 25 ether total length of intestine charcoal travel length of charcoal III 1. charcoal Table 4, Fig.1-4 1 charcoal N-ST41-NR charcoal holder N-Sham-NR Fig. 1 2 charcoal N-ST41-EL L holder N-Sham-EA L charcoal Fig. 2 3 charcoal N-ST41-EL H N- Sham-EA H charcoal Fig. 3 Travel rate( travel length of charcoal 100 total length of intestine 5 SPSS 14.0 Korea one way ANOVA paired t-test 95 p<0.05 4 charcoal N-ST41-NR N-ST41- EL L N-ST41-EL H Fig. 4 2. Loperamide rat normal holder charcoal loperamide L- L-control charcoal normal hold-

80 12 4 2009 12 er Table 3, Fig. 5 3. loperamide Loperamide loperamide charcoal Table 4, Fig. 6-16 1 loperamide charcoal ST41-NR-L L- L-control Sham-NR-L charcoal Fig. 6 2 Loperamide charcoal L-ST41-NR L- L-control L-Sham-NR charcoal Fig. 7 3 ST41-NR-L L-ST41-NR charcoal L-ST41-NR ST41-NR-L charcoal Fig. 8 4 loperamide charcoal ST41-EA(L)-L L- L-control Sham-EA L -L charcoal Fig. 9 5 Loperamide charcoal L-ST41-EA(L) L- L-control L- Sham-EA(L) charcoal Fig. 10 6 ST41-EA(L)- L L-ST41-EA(L) charcoal L-ST41- EA(L) ST41-EA(L)- L charcoal Fig. 11 7 loperamide charcoal ST41-EA(H)- L L- L-control Sham-EA(H)-L charcoal Fig. 12 8 Loperamide charcoal L-ST41-EA(H) L- L-control L- Sham-EA(H) charcoal Fig. 13 9 ST41-EA(H)- L L-ST41-EA(H) charcoal ST41- EA(H)-L L-ST41- EA(H) charcoal Fig. 14 10 loperamide charcoal

loperamide 81 ST41-NR-L ST41-EA(L)-L ST41-EA(H)-L charcoal Fig. 15 11 Loperamide charcoal L-ST41-NR L-ST41-EA(L) L-ST41-EA(H) charcoal Fig. 16 IV Electrical Stimulation Treatment, EST 5-250Hz 50Hz 2Hz, 100Hz 20 charcoal Loperamide pethidine

82 12 4 2009 12 loperamide charcoal charcoal loperamide charcoal charcoal Fig. 3 charcoal Fig. 4 Loperamide L- charcoal loperamide Table 5, Fig. 5 Loperamide Table 6, Fig. 6-16 loperamide charcoal L- charcoal Fig. 6 loperamide charcoal L- charcoal Fig. 7 Fig. 8 loperamide loperamide charcoal L- L-control charcoal Fig. 9 loperamide charcoal L- charcoal Fig. 10 charcoal Fig. 11 loperamide Loperamide charcoal L- charcoal Fig. 12 loperamide charcoal

loperamide 83 loperamide charcoal L- charcoal Fig. 13 charcoal Fig. 14 Fig. 15 Fig. 16 V loperamide 1. 2. 3. loperamide 4. VI 1. 2000 ; 55, 205. 2. William F. Ganong. Physiology. Seoul : Hanwoori. 2000 ; 515-6. 3. Sato A, Sato Y, Suzuki A, Uchida S. Neural mechanisms of the reflex inhibition and excitation of gastric motolity elicited by acupuncture-like stimulation in anesthetized rats. Neurosci Res. 1993, Oct ; 18(1) : 53-62. 4. 2004 ; 536. 5. Theodorou V, Fioramonti J, Hacher T, Bueno L. Absorptive and motor components of the antidiarrhoeal action of loperamide. An invivo study in pigs. Gut. 1991 ; 32 : 1355-99. 6. 1998 ; 58, 388-91, 447-51. 7. 1993 ; 14-7, 24-6. 8. Lee Bangsung, Youn Hyounmin, Jang Kyungjeon, Song Choonho, Ahn Changbeohm. The Effect of ST36 Acupuncture on the Small Intestinal Motility. The Journal of Korea Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 2000 ; 17(2) : 221-30. 9. Heo Seongwook, Jang Kyungjeon, Song Choonho, Ahn Changbeohm. The Effect of ST36 Acupuncture on the Large Intestinal Motility.

84 12 4 2009 12 The Journal of Korea Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 1999 ; 16(3) : 214-20. 10. Kim Dongwoung, Lee Sangyung, Lee Changhyun. The Clinical Study of Colonic Transit Time Stimulated Manual Acupuncture and Eletro-acupuncture(ST25, ST37). The Journal of Korea Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 1998 ; 15(2) : 311-8. 11. Kim Yongjeong, Park Sangmoo, Cha Suk, Yun Jeongahn, Yu Yunjo, Kang Byungki, Kim Kangsan. Effects of Electro-acupuncture`s Stimulated Frequency, Intensity, Duration at ST36 on the Small Intestine Motility in Rats. The Journal of Korea Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 2006 ; 23(4) : 175-85. 12. Cha Suk, Park Sangmoo, Yun Jeongahn, Yu Yunjo, Kang Byungki, Kim Kangsan. The Effects of Electro-acupuncture at ST36 on the Small Intestine Motility in Rats. The Journal of Korea Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 2006 ; 20(4) : 924-8. 13. Lee Sunghwan. The Effect of Acupunture and Electroacupunture of Low and High Frequencies at SP6 on Experimentally Induced Intestinal Hypomotility in Rats: Comparison Between Pre-treatment and Post-treatment. The Journal of Korea Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 2008 ; 25(4) : 105-116. 14. Choi Eunhee. The Effect of Needle Retention and Electro-acupuncture of Low and High Frequencies at SP6 on Experimentally Induced Intestinal Hypermotility in Rats. The Journal of Korea Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 2008 ; 25(5) : 27-42. 15. Lim Sungchul. Effect of Acupuncture and Electro-acupuncture at LR3 on Intestinal Motility in Rats. The Journal of Korea Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 2008 ; 25(4) : 105-116. 16. 2007 ; 11-3, 88, 286. 17. 1995 ; 211-3. 18. 2000 ; 48-52, 94-7, 251-5. 19. Kim Jongin, Kim Yongsuk, Kim Changhwan. Difference in NOS between 2Hz and 100Hz EA in Cerebral Cortex, Brain Stem and Cerebellum of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat. The Journal of Korea Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 2001 ; 18(4) : 116-24. 20. 2000 ; 9-10 21. 2000 ; 4-9. 22. E. Braunwald, Fauci, Kasper, Hauser, Longo, Jameson. Harrison s Internal Medicine. Seoul : MIP. 2003 ; 245-54. 23. 1999 ; 225. 24. 2000 ; 204-5. 25. 2004 ; 496. 26. 1995 ; 244-5. 27. 1998 ; 363. Table 1. The List of Reagents Table 2. The List of Devices that Used in This Study Reagent Manufacturer Nation Device Manufacturer Nation Ethyl ether Chacoal Loperamide Carbachol Saline Tween 80 Samchun Chemical Sigma Korea USA Scale Stainless still Electric stimulator(pg-6) Munhaw Dong Bang Acupuncture Co Ito Co Korea Japan

loperamide 85 Table 3. Classification of Experimental Groups Group Treatment ( : immediate, : 15 min, : 25 min) 1 Normal charcoal intestinal extirpate 2 Holder Holder restriction charcoal intestinal extirpate 3 N-Sham-NR NR at sham point charcoal intestinal extirpate 4 N-Sham-EA(L) EA(L) at sham point charcoal intestinal extirpate 5 N-Sham-EA(H) EA(H) at sham point charcoal intestinal extirpate 6 N-ST41-NR NR at ST41 charcoal intestinal extirpate 7 N-ST41-EA(L) EA(L) at ST41 charcoal intestinal extirpate 8 N-ST41-EA(H) EA(H) at ST41 charcoal intestinal extirpate 9 L-Control loperamide charcoal intestinal extirpate 10 L-Sham-NR loperamide NR at sham point charcoal intestinal extirpate 11 L-Sham-EA(L) loperamide EA(L) at sham point charcoal intestinal extirpate 12 L-Sham-EA(H) loperamide EA(H) at sham point charcoal intestinal extirpate 13 L-ST41-NR loperamide NR at ST41 charcoal intestinal extirpate 14 L-ST41-EA(L) loperamide EA(L) at ST41 charcoal intestinal extirpat 15 L-ST41-EA(H) loperamide EA(H) at ST41 charcoal intestinal extirpat 16 Sham-NR-L NR at sham point loperamide charcoal intestinal extirpate 17 Sham-EA(L)-L EA(L) at sham point loperamide charcoal intestinal extirpate 18 Sham-EA(H)-L EA(H) at sham point loperamide charcoal intestinal extirpate 19 ST41-NR-L NR at ST41 loperamide charcoal intestinal extirpate 20 ST41-EA(L)-L EA(L) at ST41 loperamide charcoal intestinal extirpate 21 ST41-EA(H)-L EA(H) at ST41 loperamide charcoal intestinal extirpate Scheme 1. Pre-treatment of NR or EA at sham or ST41. Scheme 2. Post-treatment of NR or EA at sham or ST41.

86 12 4 2009 12 Table 4. Effects of NR (needle retention), Low Frequency Electro-Acupunctur EA(L) and High Frequency Electro-Acupuncture EA(H) at ST41 on Intestinal Motility of Rat in Normal State. Group Travel rate (%) Normal 49.480 5.513 Holder 50.934 8.084 N-Sham-NR 55.220 2.334 N-ST41-NR 52.522 4.221 Figure 3. Effect of EA(H) at ST41 on intestinal motility of rat in normal state. *: P 0.05 by one-way ANOVA N-Sham-EA(L) 46.268 3.163 N-ST41-EA(L) 56.219 5.164 N-Sham-EA(H) 39.904 5.683 N-ST41-EA(H) 51.668 5.806 Figure 4. Effect of NR, EA(L) and EA(H) at ST41 on intestinal motility of rat in normal state. Table 5. Effect of loperamide on intestinal motility of rat. Figure 1. Effect of NR at ST41 on intestinal motility of rat in normal state. Group Travel rate (%) Normal 49.480 5.513 Holder 50.934 8.084 L-Control 33.842 4.457 Figure 2. Effect of EA(L) at ST41 on intestinal motility of rat in normal state. Figure 5. Effect of loperamide on intestinal motility of rat *: P 0.01 by one-way ANOVA

loperamide 87 Table 6. Effects of Pre-treatment or Post-treatment of NR (needle retention), Low Frequency Electro- Acupuncture EA(L) and High Frequency Electro-Acupunctur EA(H) at ST41 on Intestinal Motility Suppressed with Loperamide in Rat Group Travel rate (%) Normal 49.480 5.513 Holder 50.934 8.084 L-control 33.845 4.457 Figure 8. Effect of pre-treatment and post-treatment of NR at ST41 on intestinal motility suppressed with loperamide in rat Sham-NR-L 28.71 7.26 ST41-NR-L 41.638 12.485 L-Sham-NR 34.911 12.798 L-ST41-NR 47.151 9.992 Sham-EA(L)-L 21.07 3.085 ST41-EA(L)-L 51.4 10.176 L-Sham-EA(L) 24.979 7.695 L-ST41-EA(L) 31.03 7.266 Sham-EA(H)-L 23.541 8.653 ST41-EA(H)-L 53.172 10.652 L-Sham-EA(H) 18.692.617 Figure 9. Effect of pre-treatment of EA(L) at ST41 on intestinal motility suppressed with loperamide in rat *: P 0.05, ***: P 0.001 by one-way ANOVA L-ST41-EA(H) 39.217 16.816 Figure 6. Effect of pre-treatment of NR at ST41 on intestinal motility suppressed with loperamide in rat Figure 10. Effect of post-treatment of EA(L) at ST41 on intestinal motility suppressed with loperamide in rat Figure 7. Effect of post-treatment of NR at ST41 on intestinal motility suppressed with loperamide in rat Figure 11. Effect of pre-treatment and post-treatment of EA(L) at ST41 on intestinal motility suppressed with loperamide in rat

88 12 4 2009 12 Figure 12. Effect of pre-treatment of EA(H) at ST41 on intestinal motility suppressed with loperamide in rat **: P 0.01, ***: P 0.001 by one-way ANOVA Figure 15. Effect of pre-treatment of NR, EA(L) and EA(H) at ST41 on intestinal motility suppressed with loperamide in rat Figure 13. Effect of post-treatment of EA(H) at ST41 on intestinal motility suppressed with loperamide in rat Figure 16. Effect of post-treatment of NR, EA(L) and EA(H) at ST41 on intestinal motility suppressed with loperamide in rat Figure 14. Effect of pre-treatment and post-treatment of EA(H) at ST41 on intestinal motility suppressed with loperamide in rat