Journal of Animal Science and Technology 52(2) 117~124, 2010 DOI:10.5187/JAST.2010.52.2.117 균상재배느타리버섯부산물생균발효사료의반추동물조사료원으로서의가치평가 김영일 석준상 곽완섭 * Evaluation of Microbially Ensiled Spent Mushroom (Pleurotus osteratus) Substrates (Bed-Type Cultivation) as a Roughage for Ruminants Young Il Kim, Jun Sang Seok and Wan Sup Kwak* Animal Science, School of Life Resource and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Konkuk University ABSTRACT An in situ ruminal disappearance trial and an in vivo sheep metabolism trial were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of spent mushroom substrate (SMS, originated from Pleurotus osteratus bed-type cultivation). The raw SMS was ensiled (ESMS) for 30 days with 5% (w/w, DM basis) molasses, 0.5% (v/w) yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and 0.5% (v/w) lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum). Two ruminally cannulated Holsteins (average BW 620 kg) were used to evaluate in situ disappearance. Six sheeps (average BW 48 kg) were fed, in 3 3 Latin square design, rice straw alone (Control), 25% (ESMS-25) and 50% (ESMS-50) of rice straw were replaced with ensiled SMS. For an in situ trial, ruminal DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance of SMS were increased after ensiling (P<0.05). For a sheep trial, protein and fiber (NDF, acid detergent fiber, crude fiber) digestibilities were decreased (P<0.05), crude ash digestibility was increased (P<0.00, and nitrogen retention was not affected (P>0.05) as rice straw was replaced with ensiled SMS. Ruminating time was decreased by an average of 28% by feeding ensiled SMS (P<0.05). Ensiled SMS (Bed-type cultivation) had 76% of energy value of rice straw. Consequently, ensiled SMS (Bed-type cultivation, 100% cotton waste) could be used as a roughage source appropriate for maintenance type rations for ruminants. (Key words : Spent mushroom substrate, Spent mushroom compost, By-products, Ensiling, Roughage, Ruminant) 서론, 19 (M/T) (, 2007). neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 76.1%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) 65.4%, crude protein (CP) 11.5%, ether extract (EE) 0.4%, non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) 5.7%, ash 6.3% (, 2007; Kwak, 2009). 64% (, 2007) (Kwak, 2009)., (Yang, 2006; Gao, 2008)., lactic acid (Yang, 2006). NFC, (Weinberg, 2008),. (Kwak, 2009) (Lactobacillus plantarum), (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ph lactic acid,.,. Krehbiel (2003) Direct-fed microbials (DFM),. 이논문은 2009 년도건국대학교학술진흥연구비지원에의한논문임 * Corresponding author : Ph. D. Wan Sup Kwak, School of Life Resource and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju, Chung-Buk, 380-701, Korea. Tel: 82-43-840-3521, Fax: 82-43-851-8675, E-mail: wsk@kku.ac.kr - 117-
. in situ,. 재료및방법 1. (spent mushroom substrates, SMS). 100%. In situ (ensiled spent mushroom substrates, ESMS) 5% (w/w), Saccharomyces cerevisiae 0.5% (w/v), Lactobacillus plantarum 0.5% (w/v).,. Saccharomyces cerevisiae YM broth (271120, Difco, USA) 30 48, Lactobacillus plantarum MRS broth (288130, Difco, USA) 36 24. (Akita, Italia) 10 80 30., -20,. 2. In situ in situ cannula 620 kg 2 2, 4. 5 4 kg rye grass straw 2 kg,. In situ Ørskov (1980). Wiley mill (Thomas Scientific, Model4, New Jersey, U.S.A) ( 100, 2 mm) 100 ~2mm. 10g pore size 50±15 10 25cm dacron bag (R1020, Ankom Technology, Fairport, NY). dacron bag 20 mg/cm 2 Nocek (1985). 2 bag 0, 24, 48, 72. bag 24 60 drying oven 48 DM, NDF, CP. DM water-soluble (45 filterable), insoluble degradable non-degradable (Smith, 197. NDF 72 (Smith, 197. NDF 72 non-digestible. CP water-soluble (45 filterable), insoluble degradable non-degradable. 3.. ( P, ) 50% 50% ( ), 25% (ESMS-25) 50% (ESMS-50) Table 1. Chemical composition of feedstuffs fed to sheep Formulated Rice straw feed ESMS 2) % Dry matter 88.2 90.3 24.7 Organic matter 91.3 90.3 88.1 Ether extract 2.7 1.3 1.1 Crude protein 16.5 4.3 6.2 Neutral detergent fiber 34.3 75.5 66.3 Acid detergent fiber 17.6 49.3 64.0 Hemicellulose 16.6 26.2 2.3 Crude fiber 13.2 48.1 47.4 Nitrogen-free extracts 59.0 36.6 33.5 Crude ash 8.7 9.7 11.9 On a DM basis. 2) Ensiled spent mushroom substrates (Pleurotus osteratus, bed-type cultivation). (ESMS). ESMS. 48 kg (Corriedale) 6, ESMS (ESMS-25, ESMS-50) 2 3.,. 850g/ ( ), (NRC, 1985). Table 1. ESMS, CP 1.9%, crude ash 2.2%, NDF 9.2%, NDF ADF hemicellulose. Table 2. ESMS CP, ash ADF, NDF - 118-
Table 2. Ingredient and chemical composition of diets fed to sheep,2) Control ESMS-25 3) ESMS-50 4) Ingredient composition (%) Formulated feed 50.0 50.0 50.0 Rice straw 50.0 37.5 25.0 ESMS 12.5 25.0 Chemical composition (%) Dry matter 89.3 81.1 72.9 Organic matter 90.8 90.5 90.3 Crude protein 10.4 10.6 10.9 Ether extract 2.0 1.9 1.9 Neutral detergent fiber 54.9 53.7 52.6 Acid detergent fiber 33.5 35.3 37.2 Hemicellulose 21.4 18.4 15.5 Crude fiber 30.7 30.6 30.5 Nitrogen-free extracts 47.8 47.4 47.0 Crude ash 9.2 9.5 9.7 2) 3) 4) On a DM basis. ESMS=ensiled spent mushroom substrate. 25% of rice straw was replaced with ESMS. 50% of rice straw was replaced with ESMS.. 7, 5, 14, 8.,. 24 8 60 dry oven 48, 1mm. 24 50% H 2SO 4 15, 2% 8. -20. 24 (SCR-450, Samsung, Korea). ( + ),,, ( + ), ( + + ). 4. 65 48 Sample Mill (Cemotec, Tecator, Sweden) 1 mm. DM, CP (N 6.25), EE, crude fiber (CF) AOAC (1990), NDF ADF Van Soest (199. Organic matter (OM) 100- Ash, hemicellulose NDF-ADF, nitrogen-free extract (NFE) 100-(CF% + CP% + EE% + Ash%). (TDN) [( CP + EE 2.25 + CF + NFE) / 100]. 5. General Linear Model one way analysis of variance (Statistix7, 2000). In situ studentized-t test (Statistix7, 2000). In vivo orthogonal contrast (Statistix7, 2000), ESMS-25 ESMS-50; ESMS-25 ESMS-50. 결과및고찰 1. In situ DM, NDF CP (fraction) in situ DM, NDF, CP Table 3. SMS DM 12.2% (P<0.00, NDF NDF 12.3% (P<0.00. 5% ( ), 0.5% ( ) DM (Kwak, 2009) (, 2003). Nsereko (2008) Aksu (2004) silage, ferulate esterase in situ NDF. (P<0.05),. in situ DM, NDF, CP Table 4. DM NDF (P<0.05). SMS DM (P<0.005), 0,. 24 NDF ESMS (P<0.05), 48, 72 ESMS (P<0.05). SMS ESMS NDF 5.7~8.2%. 24 NDF. CP - 119-
Table 3. Effect of the microbial ensiling on in situ fractions of DM, NDF and CP in spent mushroom substrates SMS 2) Raw Ensiled SE P value Dry matter fractions(%) Water-soluble and 45μm filterable 37.6 42.2 1.0 0.0002 Insoluble degradable 30.7 31.9 1.4 0.4514 Non-degradable 31.6 25.9 0.6 0.0001 NDF fractions(%) Digestible 60.8 68.3 0.5 0.0001 Non-digestible 39.2 31.7 0.5 0.0001 CP fractions(%) Water-soluble and 45μm filterable 54.3 50.2 0.7 0.0486 Insoluble degradable 9.8 12.2 2.0 0.3251 Non-degradable 36.0 37.6 0.8 0.1038 2) Least square means of 4 observations. Spent mushroom substrate (Pleurotus osteratus, bed-type cultivation). Table 4. Effect of the microbial ensiling on in situ ruminal disappearances of spent mushroom substrates,2) SMS 3) Incubation time, hr Raw Ensiled SE P value DMD (%) 0 37.6 42.2 1.0 0.0035 24 56.4 62.4 0.7 0.0017 48 65.9 69.3 0.8 0.0041 72 68.4 74.1 0.6 0.0002 NDFD (%) 24 46.9 55.1 2.4 0.0399 48 58.2 63.9 1.2 0.0028 72 60.8 68.3 0.5 0.0001 CPD (%) 0 54.3 50.2 1.7 0.0486 24 59.3 59.0 1.1 0.8297 48 63.0 58.8 1.5 0.0327 72 64.0 62.4 0.8 0.1038 Means of 4 observations. 2) DMD = dry matter disappearance; NDFD = neutral detergent fiber disappearance; CPD = crude protein disappearance. 3) Spent mushroom substrate (Pleurotus osteratus, bed type cultivation). 0 ESMS (P<0.05), 72. (Table 3 ). 2. Table 5. ESMS (NDF, ADF, CF) (P<0.05). ESMS - 120-
Table 5. Apparent nutrient digestibility of the different diets fed to sheep Apparent digestibility (%) Control (A) ESMS-25 (B) ESMS-50 (C) SE Significance of contrast A vs. (B+C) B vs. C Dry matter 58.4 58.1 56.6 1.0 0.2370 0.1467 Organic matter 63.6 63.0 60.9 1.0 0.0842 0.0607 Crude protein 64.4 a 60.2 b 55.5 c 1.4 0.0001 0.0047 Ether extract 83.3 83.2 83.8 1.8 0.9270 0.7527 Neutral detergent fiber 56.9 a 54.5 b 52.1 b 1.4 0.0088 0.1033 Acid detergent fiber 53.7 a 50.0 b 47.4 b 1.5 0.0014 0.0910 Hemicellulose 62.1 62.7 63.5 1.5 0.4480 0.5989 Crude fiber 59.3 a 56.4 b 55.4 b 1.7 0.0324 0.5426 Nitrogen free extracts 66.8 67.0 64.7 1.8 0.5459 0.2272 Crude ash 7.6 a 11.2 b 16.7 c 1.7 0.0006 0.0058 TDN 2) (%) 60.4 a 58.7 b 56.9 b 1.1 0.0163 0.1221 Means of 6 observations. 2) Total digestible nutrients. a,b,c Means with different superscripts within the same row are significantly different (P 0.05)..,, 25% 50% ESMS 6.5%, 13.8%. in situ, SMS DM NDF (P<0.0, in vivo (TDN) ESMS (P<0.05).,., ESMS, (P<0.0. Ashmead (1993), Suhajda (2000) yeast yeast. Weinberg (2008) yeast. Suhajda (2000) Ashmead (1993) Weinberg (2008), ESMS 30. TDN 77%, 41%, ESMS 31% ESMS 76%.. 3. nitrogen balance ESMS Table 6. ESMS., ESMS ESMS (P<0.0,. (1996) (2004). ESMS, ESMS., ESMS 25~50%. 4. Table 7. ESMS (P<0.0, (P<0.02). 25% 50%,, (P>0.05). Erdman (1988) Mertens (1997), NRC (2000) (endf) - 121-
Table 6. Nitrogen balance of sheep fed the different diet Control (A) ESMS-25 (B) ESMS-50 (C) SE Significance of contrast A vs. (B+C) B vs. C Intake, g/d 14.2 a 14.5 b 14.8 c 0.1 0.0001 0.0001 Excretion, g/d Fecal 5.2 a 6.0 b 6.6 c 0.2 0.0001 0.0040 Urinary 6.5 5.6 5.8 0.5 0.0780 0.7090 Total 11.7 11.7 12.4 0.4 0.3440 0.1148 Absorption, g/d 9.0 a 8.4 b 8.2 b 0.2 0.0003 0.1628 Retention g/d 2.5 2.8 2.4 0.4 0.7842 0.3543 % intake 17.7 19.5 16.3 3.0 0.9511 0.2976 % absorbed 28.0 33.5 29.3 5.2 0.4664 0.4270 Means of 6 observations. a,b,c Means with different superscripts within the same row are significantly different (P 0.05). Table 7. Behavior pattern of sheep fed the different diets Control (A) ESMS-25 (B) ESMS-50 (C) min/day SE Significance of contrast A vs. (B+C) B vs. C Eating time 71.0 66.0 53.0 8.3 0.1455 0.1532 Ruminating time 358.8 a 234.8 b 276.5 b 37.1 0.0106 0.2891 Stand 35.5 18.0 18.0 10.4 0.0838 1.0000 Sit 323.3 a 216.8 b 258.5 b 32.3 0.0135 0.2279 Drinking time 2.3 1.8 6.8 2.7 0.4163 0.0982 Resting time 1,008.0 a 1,137.5 b 1,103.8 b 39.9 0.0099 0.4201 Stand 249.8 223.8 267.3 32.7 0.8842 0.2167 Sit 370.5 419.8 413.0 31.7 0.1292 0.8362 Sleeping 387.8 a 494.0 b 423.5 b 26.7 0.0134 0.0270 Chewing time 788.5 a 535.5 b 606.0 b 76.0 0.0090 0.3766 Means of 4 observations. a,b Means with different superscripts within the same row are significantly different (P 0.05). 20%, endf 25%. endf, ESMS-25, ESMS-50 37.8%, 28.3%, 18.9%. ESMS 0.6 mm Sniffen (1992) endf 1.18 mm, (P<0.05). ESMS. ESMS endf NRC (2000) ESMS. 결론, NDF,. DM NDF. (TDN) 76% - 122-
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20(5):453-458.,,. 2004.. 46(2):201-208.,,,,. 2007,,,. 49(:79-88.,,,,,,,,. 2003.. 45(5):805-812. ( 2010. 2. 17 / : 2010. 4. 14 / 2010. 4. 15) - 124-