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THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2013 Oct.; 24(10), 1017 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2013.24.10.1017 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Mobi-Kids Study: I. Mobi-Kids Study: Exposure Assessment of Electromagnetic Radiation from Mobile Phones I. Analysis on Exposure Types 이애경 위현호 윤용현 김대건 소재상 이병제 최형도 Ae-Kyoung Lee Hyunho Wi* Yonghyun Yoon* Dae-Keon Kim** Jae-Sang So** Byungje Lee* Hyung-Do Choi 요약 Mobi-Kids 4., -. Mobi-Kids 10.,,, ELF. Abstract Four countries are participating in exposure assessment for Mobi-Kids Study. Each country evaluates RF and ELF exposure from mobile phones considering telecommunication system and environment in the corresponding area. The results will be used to determine accumulation exposure level of each subject in case and control groups to assess the potential carcinogenic effects of childhood and adolescent exposure to radio frequency(rf) and extremely low frequency(elf) from mobile phones on the central nervous system. This paper analyzes exposure types of mobile phones which have been used in Korea for about 10 years, based on Mobi-Kids protocol. It includes investigation of mobile phone models released in the domestic market, design of numerical phone models to represent each exposure type, and measurement of ELF radiation from mobile phones. Key words : Mobi-Kids, Mobile Phone, Human Exposure, SAR, Brain Tumour, RF, ELF. 서론 1980 2013 (ICT). (EM Environment Research Team, ETRI) * (Dept. of Wireless Communications Engineering, Kwangwoon University) **( ) (Certification Division, HCT Co., Ltd.) Manuscript received August 27, 2013 ; Revised October 4, 2013 ; Accepted October 10, 2013. (ID No. 20130827-078) Corresponding Author : Ae-Kyoung Lee (e-mail: aklee@etri.re.kr) c Copyright The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. All Rights Reserved. 1017

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 24, no. 10, Oct. 2013... 2000 ( RF ) 13 (15 ) INTERPHONE Study. INTERPH- ONE Study 30 59 RF -, 2000 2004, 10 [1],[2]., INTERPHONE Study.,. (WHO, World Health Organization). 10, RF. Mobi-Kids Study 2009, 16, (ETRI) - 2011. Mobi-Kids 2014, 2015 -, 2016. Mobi-Kids 4 4. PHE(Public Health England), FT(France Telecom), TMU(Tokyo Metropolitan University) ETRI RF.,. Mobi-Kids 10,. (RF: Radio Frequency) (ELF: Extremely Low Frequency).. SAR(Specific Absorption Rate).. 극저주파수 (ELF) 의고려 2-1 개요 Mobi-Kids Study INTERPHONE Study,. GSM(Global System for Mobile Communications), GSM TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access) 4.615 ms 0.58 ms,. CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access) FDD (Frequency-Division Duplexing) WCDMA(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access),,,,. 1018

Mobi-Kids Study: I. 그림 1. Fig. 1. Equipments and environment for measuring ELF magnetic flux density. 2-2 측정조건 GSM, 1/8. GSM (FFT: Fast Fourier Transform) 217 Hz(=1/4.615 ms), khz 10 %., 217 Hz 23 μt, 800 Hz. GSM [3]. 2., Bartington fluxgate magnetometer Mag03-MS 1000 [4]. DC 3 khz 50 μt, Bartington/Spectramag6 6 (DC to 3.5 khz, 100 μs 10 s, 100,000) [4].. 18 mm 3,. y y. 1 24 dbm(250 mw),. 10 mm, 2 120 mm 200 mm. 273 (13 21). (1 mt ) 25 mm. 2-3 주파수및공간영역의복사자속밀도 12, 2(a) (b) GSM WCD- MA., GSM 1019

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 24, no. 10, Oct. 2013. (a) GSM (a) GSM phone (b) WCDMA (b) WCDMA phone 217 Hz 329 nt. y 10 mm 35 mm. GSM 217 Hz 23 μt 1. 10 20.. 3 GSM GSM1800 ( 698) 217 Hz 2. ( ) ( ). x, GSM 6, y, 그림 2. Fig. 2. Magnetic flux density in frequency domain., WCDMA CDMA. GSM y y. 25 mm 1 2 Bartington/Spectramag6. 2 2 y. GSM 6 (EUT- 01 EUT06) y (rms) 217 Hz 73 329 nt(gsm1800). 2(a) y (a) EUT01 (b) EUT05 그림 3. GSM1800 217 Hz ( Bx, By, Bz) Fig. 3. Magnetic flux density distribution at 217 Hz for GSM1800(from left, Bx, By, and Bz). 1020

Mobi-Kids Study: I., z., Bz,.,,,. 2012 2015. 3G WCDMA 2011 LTE(Long Term Evolution), LTE. LTE FDD, 10 ms 10, 1. LTE. 10 ms 100 Hz [5]. Mobi-Kids LTE, LTE. Mobi-Kids 10 2G 3G... 무선주파수 (RF) 대역노출량평가 3-1 개요, FD- MA(Frequency Division Multiple Access), TDMA, CD- MA, WiFi.. Mobi-Kids 10 24,., Hands free kit loud speaker.. 2002 (SAR). 2002 SAR. 2002,. 2000 CDMA (, PCS), WCDMA. 2000. (bar), (flip) (slide)..,,,. SAR(Specific Absorption Rate). 1021

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 24, no. 10, Oct. 2013. SAR. Mobi-Kids IT IS foundation 4 [6], 34 Duke( ), 14 Louis( ), 11 Billie( ) 8 Eartha( ).. SAR, 5.., SAR., ( ),. 3-2 국내출시단말기모델과분류 4 2002, 그림 4., Fig. 4. Categorization of mobile phones on frequency, antenna, and phone shape..,. 2G (bar) (Group 1 10) PCS(Group 2 11) 2 % WCDMA(Group 7) 10 15 %.. SAR. ( ). (bar), (bar),. IFA(Inverted F Antenna), PIFA(Planar Inverted F Antenna),,, PIFA, SAR. PIFA,. 3 3 ; ( ),. 5(a),.. 5(b),. 1022

Mobi-Kids Study: I. (a) (b) (c) 그림 5., (a), (b) (c) Fig. 5. External antenna types of a mobile phone (a) Retractable antenna with a fixed helix, (b) Helical antenna, (c) Retractable antenna with an unfixed helix. 5(c),. 5(a) (c) SAR (b),.. 1. (bar). (bar). 2G 3G, 824 849 MHz( ), 1,750 1,780 MHz(PCS) 1,920 1,980 MHz(WCDMA).. PCS WCDMA SAR 1,850 MHz. Model_1 Model_8 835 MHz 1,850 MHz dual band, Model_9 Model_15, 2G 1,850 MHz 1,750 MHz. 표 1. Table 1. Mobile phone models for RF exposure assessment. 1) 1) 2) 3) M_1 1,2,7 B I, Bottom 835, 1,850 M_2 3,4,8 S, C I, Bottom 835, 1,850 M_3 3,4,8 S, O I, Bottom 835, 1,850 M_4 3,4,8 S, C I, Top 835, 1,850 M_5 3,4,8 S, O I, Top 835, 1,850 M_6 5,6,9 F I, Bottom 835, 1,850 M_7 5,6,9 F I, Top 835, 1,850 M_8 10,11 B E, Whip 835, 1,765 M_9 10,11 B E, Helix 835, 1,765 M_10 12,13 S, C E, Whip 835, 1,765 M_11 12,13 S, C E, Helix 835, 1,765 M_12 12,13 S, O E, Whip 835, 1,765 M_13 12,13 S, O E, Helix 835, 1,765 M_14 14,15 F E, Whip 835, 1,765 M_15 14,15 F E, Helix 835, 1,765 4 15. 2) B=Bar, S=Slide, C=Closed, O=Open, F=Flip. 3) I=Internal, E=External. 3-3 휴대전화모델링 1 800. 1 6 SAR. [7] 2 mm,. ( ) SAR.. SAR 1. Model_1 cellular PCS WCDMA (bar). 7 PCS WCDMA 5 SAR 1023

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 24, no. 10, Oct. 2013. 그림 6. SAR Fig. 6. SAR pattern measurement in a flat phantom.. EMF Safety Essay Quick SAR.,.,, 80 95 mm. 1, SAR. Model_1 1,850 MHz SAR SAR SAR, 7 SAR 1, 2, 3 db, SAR. SAR. SAR feed ground.. SAM 그림 7. PCS WCDMA 5 SAR ( ) Fig. 7. SAR pattern of 5 mobile phones operating at PCS and WCDMA frequencies. SAR. Model_2 Model_15.. 결론 Mobi-Kids SAR 2002 70 SAR., SAR. CDMA WCDMA. CDMA (fading). Mobi-Kids. 1024

Mobi-Kids Study: 신 방식 및 출시 모델의 경향에 따라 차이가 있을 수 있으므로 세부 사항은 지속적으로 구체화될 것이다. 이후에는 구현된 대표 휴대전화 모델들에 대한 연령 별 SAR 평가 및 역학 조사 대상자의 누적 노출량 평 가 방법을 분석할 것이다. 휴대전화의 전자파 노출량 평가 I. 노출 유형 분석 ration manual for Mag-03 three-axis magnetic field sensors". [5] 최수나 외, "음향 기기 및 TV 방송 수신기의 내 성 시험용 기준 신호 분석", 한국전자파학회논문 지, 23(7), pp. 805-814, 2012년 7월. [6] A. Christ et al., "The virtual family-development of References [1] Elisabeth Cardis et al., "Brain tumor risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study", International Journal of Epidemiology, pp. 1-20, 2010. [2] Interphone study reports on mobile phone use and brain cancer risk, Press Release N 220, IARC, WHO, May 2010. [3] N. Perentos et al., "Characterization of pulsed ELF magnetic fields generated by GSM mobile phone handsets", IFMBE Proceedings, vol. 14/4, pp. 27062709. [4] www.bartington.com, Bartington Instruments, "Ope- 이애 경 년 2월: 중앙대학교 전자공학 과 (공학사) 1992년 2월: 중앙대학교 전자공학 과 (공학석사) 1992년 1월 현재: 한국전자통신연 구원 책임연구원 2003년 8월: 충남대학교 전파공학 과 (공학박사) 2007년 7월 2008년 6월: 미국 NIST Radio-Frequency Fields Group 방문연구원 [주 관심분야] 전자파 인체 노출 평가 surface-based anatomical models of two adults and two children for dosimetric simulations", Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 55, pp. N23-N38, 2010, http://www. itis.ethz.ch [7] Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields From Hand-Held and Body-Mounted Wireless Communication Devices-Human Models, Instrumentation, and Procedures, Part2: Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate(sar) for wireless commuication devices used in close proximity to the human body(frequency range of 30 MHz to 6 GHz), International Electrotechnical Committee, Geneva, Switzerland, IEC 62209-2, Mar. 2010. 윤용 현 위현 호 년 2월: 광운대학교 전파공학 과 (공학사) 2009년 2월 현재: 광운대학교 전파 공학과 석박사통합과정 [주 관심분야] MIMO 안테나 2009 년 2월: 충주대학교 컴퓨터공 학과 (공학사) 2009년 1월 2011년 2월: (주)미네 르바 연구원 2011년 2월 현재: 광운대학교 전 파공학과 석박사통합과정 [주 관심분야] 이동통신 안테나 시 2005 1990 스템 김대 건 년 2월: 한국산업기술대학교 전 자공학과 (공학사) 2009년 3월 현재: (주)HCT 인증사 업부 OTA & SAR Test Engineer [주 관심분야] MIMO Antenna 성능 평가 2009 1025

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 24, no. 10, Oct. 2013. 소재 상 년 2월: 여주대학 전자과 년 3월 2000년 5월: 현대전자 교정실 전기 및 전자파분야 교정 담당 2000년 6월 2008년 8월: (주)HCT 교정사업부 Call Simulator Auto Cal Program 개발, SAR Probe 교 정 국내화 프로젝트 수행 2008년 8월 현재: (주)HCT 인증사업부 SAR 팀장 [주 관심분야] PXI 플랫폼 기반 측정 자동화 및 경량화 2003 1999 이병 제 년 2월: 경북대학교 전자공학 과 (공학사) 1993년 12월: 미국 Southern Illinois University 전자공학과 (공학석사) 1997년 5월: 미국 Southern Illinois University 전자공학과 (공학박사) 1997년 6월 1998년 2월: 삼성전자 정보통신연구소 선임연구원 1998년 3월 현재: 광운대학교 전파공학과 교수 [주 관심분야] 안테나 시스템 해석 및 설계, 전자기파 인 체영향 분석, 휴대단말용 내장형 안테나, MIMO 안테나, 투명 안테나, RFID/NFC 안테나, 무선충전용 안테나, 고 출력 안테나, 위성 및 레이더 안테나 1026 1988 최형 도 년 2월: 고려대학교 재료공학 과 (공학사) 1989년 8월: 고려대학교 재료공학 과 (공학석사) 1996년 8월: 고려대학교 재료공학 과 (공학박사) 2004년 6월 2005년 12월: 한국전파 진흥협회 부설 EMC 기술지원센터장 1997년 1월 현재: 한국전자통신연구원 전자파환경연구 실 실장 [주 관심분야] 전자파 인체 노출량 평가, 전자파 저감 소 재 및 부품 등 1986