- * 1) 2) 1), 2),,., (Low Spatial Frequency: LSF).. 1., (High Spatial Frequency: HSF).,, LSF HSF. 2., LSF,, HSF.. * 2012 ( ) (NRF-2012S1A5A2A03034516). :,,, (120-749) 50, E-mail : scchong@yonsei.ac.kr
. (Farah, Klein, & Levinson, 1995; Farah, Wilson, Drain, & Tanaka, 1998; Johnson, Dziurawiec, Ellis, & Morton, 1991; Valentine, 1988).,, (Carey, 1992; Mondloch, Maurer, & Ahloa, 2006).,, (Chiroro & Valentine, 1995; Meissner & Brigham, 2001)., Chiroro Vanlentine(1995),,,. (Hayden, Bhatt, Zieber, & Kangas, 2009; Pezdek, Blandon-Gitlin, & Moore, 2003; Sangrioli & deschonen, 2004). (Tanaka, Kiefer, & Bukach, 2004). (Maurer, Le Grand, & Mondloch, 2002), (inverted face) (Carey & Diamond, 1977; Scapinello & Yarmey, 1970). Yin(1969),,, (face inversion effect). Rhodes, Tan, Brake Taylor(1989),..,.,
(Event Related Potential: ERP) N170 170ms, (Eimer, 2000). N170 (Halit, Haan, Schyns, & Johnson, 2000). Stahl, Wiese Schweinberger(2008) N170.., (fusiform gyrus) (McCarthy, Puce, Gore, & Allison, 1997; Kanwisher, McDermott, & Chun, 1997) (Gauthier, Tarr, Anderson, Skudlarski, & Gore, 1999; Rossion, Gauthier, Tarr, Despland, Bruyer, Linotte, & Crommelinck, 2000), (Golby, Gabrieli, Chiao, & Eberhardt, 2001).. (LSF: Low Spatial Frequency) (Derulle & Fagot, 2005; Flevaris, Robertson, & Bentin, 2008; Goffaux, Hault, Michel, Vuong, & Rossion, 2005; Goffaux & Rossion, 2006; Harel & Bentin, 2009). Boeschoten, Kemner, Kenemans Engeland(2005), (HSF: High Spatial Frequency),., Goffaux, Hault, Michel, Vuong Rossion(2005) LSF HSF,..,., HSF, LSF. LSF, HSF. N170. N170 (Halit, 2000), Flevaris (2008)
N170 N170 LSF., Goffaux, Jemel, Jacques, Rossion Schyns(2003) HSF LSF N170. LSF, LSF HSF., (Golby, 2001; Michel, Rossion, Han, & Chung, 2006; Rhodes, 1989; Stahl, 2008; Tanaka, 2004), LSF (Derulle & Fagot, 2004; Flevaris, 2008; Goffaux, 2003; Goffaux & Rossion, 2006; Harel & Bentin, 2009).. (Michel, 2006; O Toole, Deffenbacher, Valentine, & Abdi, 1994; Slone, Brigham, & Meissner, 2000; Tanaka, 2004),,. (De Valois & De Valois, 1990), (Blake & Wilson, 2011; Tong, Meng, & Blake, 2006).. (Lee, Blake, & Heeger, 2005; Polonsky Blake, Broun, & Heeger, 2000), (Haynes, Deichmann, & Rees, 2005; Wunderlich, Schnider, & Kastner, 2005), (Tong, Nakayama, Vaughan, & Kanwisher, 1998)., (fmri) Wunderlich (2005),.. (Levelt, 1965).,
(Wunderlich, 2005), (Chong, Tadin, & Blake, 2005; Meng & Tong, 2004).,., Yoon, Hong, Joormann Kang(2009),.,,.,.,. 1 HSF LSF, 2.,, (Meissner & Brigham, 2001).., (Chiroro & Valentine, 1995; Meissner & Brigham, 2001). 1,,. HSF LSF. Fahle(1982), HSF,, LSF.,. Fahle(1982) HSF LSF.,
Fahle(1982), (Farah,, 1998, Farah, 1995; Johnson, 1991; Valentine, 1988) LSF (Derulle & Fagot, 2005; Flevaris, 2008; Goffaux & Rossion, 2006; Harel & Bentin, 2009), Fahle LSF HSF. 13..,.,.. Matlab (Mathwork, MA) Psychophysics Toolbox 3 (Brainard, 1997; Pelli, 1997), 85Hz, 1600 x 1200 21 CRT 2. -,.. Tanaka (, )., RMS(Root Mean Square) ( : 54.95-74.03%)., (full spectrum) HSF LSF High(8.07cpd ) Low(4.03cpd )., LSF HSF (spectral contents), LSF HSF, HSF LSF (Goffaux, 2003; Halit, Haan, Schyns, & Johnson, 2006).,.. 6 (full spectrum:, HSF:, LSF: ) 1.67, 2.29 60cm.
, -. 1.56 1.54. LSF 4.99 cd/m 2, HSF 7.29 cd/m 2, full spectrum 12.80 cd/m 2. 11.48 cd/m 2. 1 1... 1 2,.. 90. 90 1 2., 1 1, 2 2,...,.. 30. 1. full spectrum (, ) LSF HSF [full spectrum, LSF HSF, LSF HSF ].,,.,, LSF. 6 1 8. 2 3 20..
., ( ), ( ).,.,.,
,.,,, ( ). 90..,. 96%, LSF HSF 100%... Full Spectrum 2. (M=20s, SD=13.39) (M=50.24s, SD=11.92) (t(12)=5.87, p<.05)., (F(1,12)=34.452, p<.05)., (F(1,12)=3.475, p=.087), (F(1,12)=.470, p=.506). ( ),. LSF HSF 3A. LSF (M=58s, SD=9.8) HSF (M=13s, SD=9.6) (t(12)=-10.207, p<.05)., (F(1,12)=104.18, p<.05), (F(1,12)=2.74, p=.123) (F(1,12)=.003, p=.958). LSF HSF,., Fahle,, LSF HSF. HSF. LSF,
. HSF LSF, (Farah, 1998, Farah, 1995; Johnson, 1991; Valentine, 1988). LSF HSF.,,,, (F(1,12)=5.35, p<.05). 3B. LSF HSF, (LSF: M=60s, HSF: M=9.4s) (LSF: M=55.8s, HSF: M=16.7s)., LSF., LSF... Full spectrum (M=16s, SD=16.88) (M=4.1s, SD=6.13) (t(12)=-3.138, p<.05), (F(1,12)=34.45, p<.05),.
LSF HSF LSF (M=14s, SD=15) HSF (M=1.7s, SD= 1.1) (t(12)=2.892, p<.05), (F(1,12)=104.18, p<.05).. LSF,..., Tanaka 15.. (F(1,14)=6.560, p<.05). (M=34.98s, SD=15.54) (M=25.83s, SD=12.79) (t(14)=-2.56, p<.05). (F(1,14)=64.76, p<.05). LSF (M= 56.44s, SD=18.74) HSF (M=12.27s, SD=8.15) (t(14)=-8.04, p<.05).
1 full spectrum, LSF HSF.,, LSF HSF.., LSF, LSF. 2 [LSF LSF, LSF HSF, HSF LSF, HSF HSF ], 1, 10. 10..,.,.. 1 1. full spectrum. 1, -. 1.59 1.52. 2 1. 2. ( ), (LSF HSF
),. 1, 8., 90,, 30 2 3.. 4. 1. (F(3,27)=14.443, p<.05). t. LSF LSF LSF (M=50.58s, SD=21.82) HSF (M=23.02s, SD=17.98) (t(9)=-2.419, p<.05). LSF HSF LSF (M=59.62s, SD= 25.23) HSF ((M=23.02s, SD=17.98) (t(9)=-6.205, p<.05). LSF,. HSF LSF, LSF (M=60.04s, SD=18.44) HSF (M=10.21s, SD=11.85) (t(9)=6.001, p<.05)., HSF HSF, HSF (M=38.05s, SD=35.21) HSF (M=28.67s, SD=33.99) (t(9)=.493, p=.634). LSF, LSF LSF., LSF, HSF LSF... (F(3,27)=4.607, p<
.05), LSF (M=25.18s, SD=18.73) (M=4.2s, SD=4.04) (t(9)=-3.969, p<.05), HSF (M=10.86, SD= 13.27) (M=29.09s, SD= 22.67) (t(9)=2.229, p=.053). 1 15, 2 (F(3,42)=37.367, p<.05). LSF LSF LSF (M=53.57s, SD=17.56) LSF (M=16.68s, SD=12.61) (t(14)=-5.848 p<.05). LSF HSF LSF (M=33.32s, SD=13.37) HSF (M= 11.19s, SD=9.48) (t(14)= -10.792, p<.05). LSF,. HSF LSF, LSF
(M=63.89s, SD=20.14) HSF (M=11.67s, SD=9.35) (t(14)= 7.296, p<.05)., HSF HSF, HSF (M=343.83s, SD=25.83) HSF (M=33.70s, SD=22.67) (t(14)=.852, p=.409).,..,., LSF HSF., LSF. 1.,, (Chiroro & Valentine, 1995; Meissner & Brigham, 2001). Walker Hewstone(2006). 1, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50,.,, Walker Hewstone(2006). (van Ee, van Dam, & Brouwer, 2005), Walker Hewstone(2006) (Lindsay, Jack, & Christian, 1991; Walker & Hewstone, 2006; Walker & Tanaka, 2003)., 1. LSF HSF, LSF HSF
., (Fahle, 1982). (Farah,, 1998, Farah, 1995; Johnson, 1991; Valentine, 1988). HSF, LSF (Derulle & Fagot, 2005; Flevaris, 2008; Goffaux & Rossion, 2006; Goffaux, 2005; Harel & Bentin, 2009). Fahle, LSF HSF., LSF 4.99cd/m 2, HSF 7.29cd/m 2 HSF, LSF HSF, LSF., HSF LSF,. 2 1., LSF. LSF, HSF, LSF., (Meng & Tong, 2004), (Breese, 1909), (Muller & Blake, 1989; Wunderlich, 2005) (Balcetis, Dunning, & Granot, 2012; Bannerman, Milders, Gelder, & Sahraie, 2008)., Bannerman (2008).,.,.
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Effects of Spatial Frequency on the Own-Race Effect using a Binocular Rivalry Paradigm Tae-Woong Yoon Sang Chul Chong Graduate Program in Cognitive Science, Yonsei University The own-race effect (ORE) is a phenomenon of which people are better at recognizing faces of their own race (SR) compared to those of other races (OR). According to Tanaka, Kiefer, & Bukach (2004), the ORE is caused by different levels of holistic process between SR and OR faces. On the other hand, the holistic process mainly relies on low spatial frequency (LSF) information (Derulle & Fagot, 2005; Flevaris, Robertson, & Bentin, 2008; Goffaux & Rossion, 2006; Harel & Bentin, 2009). Based on those two findings, we investigated the interaction between ORE and spatial frequency at perceptual level using a binocular rivalry paradigm. In Experiment 1, we observed the ORE at perceptual level and the perceptual dominancy of LSF face over HSF face. In Experiment 2, we investigated how different spatial frequency information influenced the ORE. Through the experiments, we found that the ORE was observed only when SR face had LSF information. These results show that LSF information in SR face is an important factor of the ORE. Key words : The own-race effect, Spatial Frequency, Binocular Rivalry, Holistic process