韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 21 卷第 12 號 2010 年 12 月論文 2010-21-12-05 (AESA) Development of Planar Active Electronically Scanned Array(AESA) Radar Prototype for Airborne Fighter 정민길 김동윤 김상근 전상미 나형기 Min-Kil Chong Dong-Yoon Kim Sang-Keun Kim Sang-Mi Chon Hyung-Gi Na 요약 T/R(Transmit/Receive) (AESA),. LIG AESA., T/R, RF,,, / (ADC). 590 mm, 536. T/R 14.7 mm 19.5 mm. 2,310 W, 1,554 W. AESA,. Abstract This paper presents a design, fabrication and the test results of planar active electronically scanned array(aesa) radar prototype for airborne fighter applications using transmit/receive(t/r) module hybrid technology. LIG Nex1 developed a AESA radar prototype to obtain key technologies for airborne fighter s radar. The AESA radar prototype consists of a radiating array, T/R modules, a RF manifold, distributed power supplies, beam controllers, compact receivers with ADC(Analog-to-Digital Converter), a liquid-cooling unit, and an appropriate structure. The AESA antenna has a 590 mm-diameter, active-element area capable of containing 536 T/R modules. Each module is located to provide a triangle grid with 14.7 mm 19.5 mm spacing among T/R modules. The array dissipates 1,554 watts, with a DC input of 2,310 watts when operated at the maximum transmit duty factor. The AESA radar prototype was tested on near-field chamber and the results become equal in expected beam pattern, providing the accurate and flexible control of antenna beam steering and beam shaping. Key words : AESA Radar, T/R Module, Airborne. 서론 (AESA: Active Electronically Scanned Array) LIG ISR (LIG NEX1 ISR R&D Lab) : 20100729-101 : (e-mail : mkchong01@lignex1.com) : 2010 11 12. 1 (1914 1918 ) (gun synchronization), AESA 1380
(AESA) [1]. AESA ( ). 10,000 30,000 (lenslets) ( ). 3. AESA. AESA T/R 500 1,500,, T/R,. AESA. AESA, T/R.., AESA. AESA( ), (T/R). AESA, (graceful degradation),,,. AESA [2],[3]. AESA SWaP(size:, weight:, power: ),. /, GaAs MMIC T/R.,. T/R 60 70 %, MMIC [4]. (AESA: Active Electronically Scanned Array) T/R,, (multimode),,,,,, (multi-target). (liquid cooling system)., AESA [5],[6]. AESA ( ),,., (Head-Up Display: HUD) (Multi-Function Display: MFD). AESA (Air-to-Air), (Air-to-Ground), (Air-to-Surface), (ECCM), (Built-In-Test) (Redundancy) [5],[7]. (AESA) / AESA. AESA /, 1381
韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 21 卷第 12 號 2010 年 12 月. T/R, RF/,,.,.. AESA 레이더프로토타입설계 2-1 AESA 레이더설계 (AESA),. AESA 1. AESA AESA, RF/,. AESA T/R 1 T/R,,,,,. RF/ (exciter), 4,.,. 4, ( / ) 그림 1. (AESA) Fig. 1. Functional block diagram of AESA radar proto-type. IF, STC(Sensitivity Time Control). COTS(Commercial Off-The-Shelf),. AESA RF/,. AESA,,. 3, 400 Hz, 115 V 270 V.. AESA, AESA. T/R 1,000,, (, ) /, AESA 1. 2-1-1 능동전자주사식위상배열 (AESA) 안테나장치, 2, 3. 590 mm( ) 258 mm ( ). AESA 536 T/R T/R,,,,,. 2-1-1-1 복사소자및배열구조 1382
(AESA) 표 1. AESA Table 1. Key performance parameters of AESA radar proto-type. 1. 2. X- 3. 33 %(Max.) 4. 40 us(max.) 5. PRF(Pulse Repetition Frequency) 150 khz(max.) 6. 10 W/ 7. 4 db @T/R 8. 500 9. 10. ( / ) 3.73 ±10 % / 4.68 ±10 % 32.9 db ( / ) 4.3 ±10 % / 5.49 ±10 % 31.9 db 11. 4 12. 13. RF/ RF/ 2.243 kw 440 W 800 W 590 mm( ) 258 mm( ) 254 mm( ) 230 mm( ) 457 mm( ) 275 mm( ) 350 mm( ) 500 mm( ) (a) (a) Front view 그림 2. AESA Fig. 2. Structure of the AESA antenna. (b) (b) Back view (grating lobe)., [8],[9]. 그림 3. AESA Fig. 3. Exploded view of AESA antenna array. sin sin sin (1) sin 1, (1),. ( ), ( ), ( ), 2 / 1383
韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 21 卷第 12 號 2010 年 12 月.,. AESA [10] [12]., AESA / ±60 dx=19.5 mm, dy =14.7 mm, dx=19.5 mm, dy=14.7 mm [13]. (tapered slot) (vivaldi) T/R /,. 4, 5. 그림 4. Fig. 4. Structure of vivaldi radiator. 표 2. Table 2. Parameters of radiator. 1. 4.9 dbi( ) 2. 0.99 3. (S 11) 15 db 4. ( / ) 95 / 135 2., [14]. 2-1-1-2 T/R 단위모듈 T/R 6, T/R,,, /,. T/R 20, 16, 12, 8 T/R 16, 6, 6, 6. RF T/R. AESA T/R 7. AESA T/R,. T/R AESA /., 7 MMIC( 3, 2,, ) core chip MMIC., (a) (b) (a) Elevation pattern (b) Azimuth pattern 그림 5. Fig. 5. Simulation result of the radiation patterns. (a) (a) Front view (b) (b) Back view 그림 6. T/R (20 ) Fig. 6. T/R unit assembly with T/R module(20 array). 1384
(AESA) 표 3. T/R Table 3. The specification of T/R module. 1. F 0 ± 5 % GHz 2. 3. 1) 40 dbm Max. 2) 0.6 db 3) 40 us Max. 4) 37 db 4) 10 % 1) 3 db 2) 32 db ± 1 db 3) RMS 1.5 6 bits / 5.625 step 4) RMS 0.5 db 5 bits / 0.9 db step 4. 4.3 W @ duty 10 % 5. 26 % 6. 2.9 W @ duty 10 % 7. 16.5 mm 5 mm 67 mm 8. 15 g [13]. / / LRU. 2-1-1-3 부배열급전기 그림 7. T/R Fig. 7. T/R module block diagrams.. 3 T/R, SWaP(size:, weight:, power: ),,. (GaAs) MM- IC T/R /..,, AESA. T/R.,.,., AESA., [15]. 2-1-1-4 전원공급기 1385
韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 21 卷第 12 號 2010 年 12 月 AESA T/R,.,., 536 T/R., [2]. 그림 8. RF/ Fig. 8. Block diagram of RF and processor. 2-1-2 RF/ 처리장치 RF/ RF 4 / (ADC/DDC), (exciter),.,. 4, ( / ) IF, STC (Sensitivity Time Control). IF A/D, (DDC) I/Q. I/Q COTS,. RF/ VME(Versa Module Eurocard). RF/ 8, 9. 그림 9. Fig. 9. Block diagram of multi-channel receiver.., T/R. T/R,. T/R (self-sealing). AESA 10, 2-1-3 냉각수순환장치 AESA., T/R, 그림 10. AESA Fig. 10. Cooling mechanism of AESA antenna. 1386
(AESA) 표 4. Table 4. The specification of liquid heat-exchanger. 1. 3 kw duty 10 % 2. 15 LPM 3. 0.05 MPa 4. Size 275 mm 350 mm 500 mm 4. 3-1 안테나장치. 제작및시험결과 / X- AESA 11. 40 dbm T/R, T/R / / T/R. 20, 16, 12, 8 T/R 16, 6, 6, 6. 13 LRU(Line Replaceable Unit), 536 T/R, RF / 그림 11. AESA Fig. 11. Photo of AESA antenna. 그림 12. AESA Fig. 12. Inside of AESA antenna. /. 12 T/R / /. T/R ( 13), T/R ( 14),, RF / /.,,. T/R,, 15 40 dbm. 15 g T/R, 26 %. T/R 16. T/R. T/R / /. T/R 1387
韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 21 卷第 12 號 2010 年 12 月 그림 13. Fig. 13. Photo of vivaldi radiator. 그림 14. T/R Fig. 14. Photo of T/R module. 그림 15. Fig. 15. The result of transmit power. 그림 17. Fig. 17. Photo of power supply.. 17. 536 T/R., / LRU. 3-2 RF/ 처리장치 18 RF/. 254 mm( ) 230 mm( ) 457 mm( ), 12 /.,, (6U ).. RF,,, ( / ), ADC/DDC HMIC /, 6U. SBC(Single Board Computer) COTS, 그림 16. T/R Fig. 16. Photo of T/R unit assembly. 그림 18. RF/ Fig. 18. Photo of RF and processor. 1388
(AESA) 표 5. STC Table 5. The attenuation curve of STC. STC case 1( ) STC case 2( ) STC case 3( ) STC case 4( ). RF STC(Sensitive Time Control) 5. STC. STC STC. 6. 3-3 냉각수순환장치 19. 275 mm( ) 350 mm( ) 500 mm( ),... 표 6. Table 6. Measurement result of waveform generator. Linear Frequency Modulation(LFM) Pulse Train(PT) Frequency Shift Key(FSK) Phase Code Modulation(PCM, Barker code) 1389
韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 21 卷第 12 號 2010 年 12 月 그림 19. Fig. 19. Photo of heat exchanger. 536 T/R,,,. 3-4 근접전계시험 AESA.,. 그림 20. AESA Fig. 20. Near-field measurement of AESA radar prototype. 20. 3. FFT (far-field). AESA,, T/R 536 19 % 표 7. Table 7. Transmit pattern results. ( / ) 2D 1D 1D 0 / 0 30 / 20 1390
(AESA), 50 Ω. 3-4-1 송신패턴 (uniform). AE- SA EIRP(Effective Isotropically Radiated Power). 7, 8. EIRP EIRP 0.67 db, T/R., T/R. 3-4-2 수신패턴 4,. 9. T/R. 536.. 결론 AESA., 표 8. EIRP Table 8. Transmit EIRP. Directivity EIRP 24.7 db 1.5 db 40 dbm 100 = 60 dbm 24.7 db 1.5 db + 60 dbm = 83.2 dbm EIRP 82.53 dbm : 0.67 db 표 9. Table 9. Receive pattern results. ( / ) 2D 1D 1D 0 / 0 45 / 0 1391
韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 21 卷第 12 號 2010 年 12 月, /.,, LRU AESA /,, (AESA),,. AESA T/R(Transmit/Receive) /. 40 dbm, 15 g, 26 % T/R., T/R /, LRU /. AESA /., AESA,.. / AESA. 참고문헌 [1],,,, pp. 76-90, 2005. [2] D. N. McQuiddy, R. L. Gassner, "Transmit/receive module technology for X-band active array radar", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 79, issue 3, pp. 308-341, Mar. 1991. [3] S. Moore, "UK airborne AESA radar research", Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE, pp. 29-35, Feb. 2010. [4] P. Lacomme, "New trend in airborne phased array radars", IEEE International Symposium, Phased Array Systems and Technology, pp. 17-22, Oct. 2003. [5] Merrill I. Skolnik, Radar Handbook, McGraw-Hill, pp. 5.1-5.46, 2008. [6] F. Gautier, P. Lacomme, "Future electronically steered antennas for airborne radar", IEE Workshop, The Future of Radar in the UK and Europe, pp. 2/1-2/6, Nov. 1999. [7] D. N. McQuiddy, R. L. Gassner, P. Hull, J. S. Mason, and J. M. Bedinger, "Transmit/receive module technology for X-band active array radar", Proceedings of the IEEE, pp. 308-341, Mar. 1991. [8] Hubregt J. Visser, Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2005. [9] Robert J. Mailloux, Phased Array Antenna Handbook, Second Edition, Artech House. [10] M. Uhlmann, J. S. Tanner, and G. Albarel, "Design characteristics of the AMSAR airborne phased array antenna", Electronic Beam Steering(Ref. No. 1998/481), IEE Colloquium on, issue 28, pp. 3/1-3/5, Oct. 1998. [11] M. Scott, "SAMPSON MFR active phased array antenna", 2003 IEEE International Symposium, Phased Array Systems and Technology, pp. 119-123, Oct. 2003. [12] A. B. Smolders, "Design and construction of a broadband wide-scan angle phased-array antenna with 4096 radiating elements", IEEE International Symposium, Phased Array Systems and Technology, pp. 87-92, Oct. 1996. [13],,,,,,,, " ",, 20(12), pp. 1340-1350, 2009 12. [14] D. H. Schaubert, "Wide-band phased arrays of vivaldi notch antennas", Conference Publication No. 436 IEE 1997, 10th International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 14-17, Apr. 1997. [15] L. Josefsson, L. Erhage, and T. Emanuelsson, "An 1392
(AESA) AESA development model for next generation fighter aircraft radar", IEEE International Sympo- sium, Phased Array Systems and Technology, pp. 454-457, Oct. 1996. 1994 2 : ( ) 1996 2 : ( ) 1996 7 : ( )LIG [ 주관심분야 ], 1999 2 : ( ) 2006 2 : ( ) 2006 5 : ( )LIG [ 주관심분야 ] 2005 2 : ( ) 2007 2 : ( ) 2007 2 : ( )LIG [ 주관심분야 ], 1991 2 : ( ) 1993 2 : ( ) 1996 2 : ( ) 1996 1 :( )LIG,, [ 주관심분야 ] 2005 2 : ( ) 2007 2 : ( ) 2007 2 : ( )LIG [ 주관심분야 ], 1393