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대한내과학회지 : 제 78 권제 6 호 2010 특집 (Special Review) - 만성기침의진단과치료 진해거담제사용의실제 을지대학교을지병원내과 김상훈 Antitussives, mucolytic agents and expectorants in clinical practice Sang-Hoon Kim, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Cough is a protective reflex and also a common symptom of many respiratory diseases. The basic principle of management in chronic cough is treatment of its underlying cause. However, certain situations will necessitate cough suppressant therapy on a short-term basis for symptomatic relief of cough. Antitussives, expectorants and mucolytic agents are often used as the cough suppressant. Most of these drugs, however, are not consistently effective in reducing cough in adequately performed clinical trials. The aim of this brief review is to provide the list and some rationale for the currently available antitussive agents to practitioners. (Korean J Med 78:682-686, 2010) Key Words: Cough; Antitussives; Mucolytic agent; Expectorant 서론기침은강하게숨을내쉬어기도의분비물과이물질을제거하는인체의정상적인방어기전이다. 그러나과도하거나지속적인기침은그자체로도불편하고일상생활에지장을주며, 원인에대한불안감을느끼게한다 1). 기침은인후, 후두, 기관지, 흉막, 고막, 부비동, 횡격막, 위, 식도등에분포하는감각수용체 (sensory receptor) 가물리적, 화학적자극을인식하고미주신경을통해뇌간으로자극을전달한다. 물리적 (mechanical) 자극은점액과분비, 점액섬모운동이상을통해또다른자극을뇌간으로전달하고흥분된뇌간의신경요소는호흡근육에분포하는척수신경세포들의흥분을통해기침을일으키게된다 2). 기침이지속되는환자는기침반사중한가지이상의요소가항진되어있다. 기침에대한가장중요한치료원칙은원인을규명하고이에대한치료를시행하는것이다 3). 원인에따라치료하는경우치료성공률이 매우높기때문에진해제, 거담제, 점막용해제등의증상완화를위한약제는가능한짧게사용한다. 기침에대한지침 3) 은이들기침억제약제를기침의원인이분명하지않은경우, 원인질환에대한치료가효과를나타나기전까지시간이필요한경우, 수술이불가능한폐암과같이원인에대한치료가효과적이지않은경우에만사용하도록권유하고있다. 그러나실제현실에서는기대보다더많이사용되고있을것으로생각되는데, 일부성분은일반감기약에포함되어약국에서구입이가능하고임상에서는기저질환의검사및진단이어려운경우가적지않기때문이다. 따라서이번원고에서는기침의관리에흔히이용되는진해거담제의종류를알아보고이들의효과와사용상의주의사항등을알아보고자한다. 1. 기침억제치료 (Cough suppressant therapy) 기침억제치료는기침의원인에관계없이기침을줄이는 - 682 -

- Sang-Hoon Kim. Antitussives, mucolytic agents and expectorants in clinical practice - 방법을의미한다. 기저질환에대한특이적인치료에반대되는의미로비특이적 (nonspecific) 치료라고하기도한다. 항진된기침반사를정상상태로돌리는것이치료목적으로, 기저질환을치료하는것이아니기때문에이들약제의효과는제한적이다. 대부분약제는동물모델이나건강한사람에서자극원 (irritant) 흡입으로유발되는기침에대하여효과가증명되었고, 인간을대상으로한적절하게진행된대조군연구가많지않아서약제의효과를객관적으로판단할수있는자료가부족한경우가많다 4). 진해거담제는크게진해제, 거담제, 점액용해제로분류된다. 진해제는원인에관계없이기침을가라앉히는약이다. 거담제란끈끈한점액을녹이는데도움을주어녹아서묽게된점액을기도밖으로배출시키는약을말하고점액용해제란폐에있는점액을분해하여호흡기분비물을묽게만드는데까지만역할을한다 5). 점액과분비가나타나는호흡기질환을가지고있는경우축적된점액의제거를위해기침이일어나기때문에점액섬모기능에영향을미치는약제는이론적으로기침을완화시킬수있다. 따라서임상에서는이들약제를기침환자에서흔히처방하고있다. 2. 진해제진해제는작용기전에따라중추에작용하는약물과말초에작용하는약물로나눌수있다. 표 1에서와같이중추에작용하는약제들은마약류, 마약유도체, 비마약류로나눌수있다. 마약류의약제로대표적인것은 codein, hydrocodone, morphine 등으로제한적인기침억제효과가증명이되었지만결과가일정하지않고 6), 적정용량에서졸음, 변비, 소화장애, 남용이나의존의위험이있다. 최근기침이있는만성폐쇄성폐질환환자에서 codein 60 mg의효과에대한이중맹검위약대조군교차연구가시행되었다 7). 이연구에서 codein은위약과비교하여기침빈도, 주관적인기침의정도, citric acid에의한기침반사감수성등이차이를보이지않았다. 그에반하여 Morice 등 8) 이시행한이중맹검교차연구에서는 5 mg의저용량의경구서방형 morphin이만성난치성기침 (refractory cough) 환자에서주관적인기침의정도와기침관련삶의질을향상시킨다고보고하였다 8). 이연구를통해만성기침환자에서경구마약류가기침억제효과가있다는것이증명되었고, 다른연구에서 codeine이효과를보이지않았던것은이약제의진해효과 (60 mg 까지 ) 가 μ-opioid 수용체가아닌 nonopioid 수용체를통해작용을하기때문이라는주장이제기되었다 9). 개인에따른약제효과의차이가 Table 1. Currently available drugs with proven or potential antitussive effect Antitussives Centrally acting Narcotic opioids Morphine, codein, hydrocodone Non-narcotic opioids dextromethophan Nonopioid Benproperine, zipeprol, older generation antihistamines Peripherally acting Benzonatate Levodropropizine Guaifenesin Potential antitussives from the literature Centrally acting Amitriptyline Baclofen Peripheral acting Tiotropium Leukotriene receptor antagonist Non-pharmaceutical agents Theobromine 관여하였을수도있다. Cytochrome P4502D6에따라 codein 의대사가다르다고보고되었고, 따라서일부환자에서는같은효과를위해더높은용량이필요할수있다 10). 따라서용량을높이면효과가있을가능성이높지만이경우부작용의빈도도역시증가하기때문에사용에는제한이있다. 마약유도체진해제 dextromethorphan은기침약및감기약에흔히포함되는약제이다. 이약제의진해효과역시일정하지않다 6). 최근의연구 11) 에서기침의빈도를줄이는것으로보고되었으나자극에의한기침유도를억제한다는보고는없다. 국내에서흔히사용되는 Cough syrup에는 100 ml 중 75 mg의 dextromethophan이들어있고, 항히스타민제가포함되어있어졸음이올수있다. 코데날시럽에는 dextromethorphan 대신에소량의코데인이들어있고, 항히스타민제와거담제등이포함되어있다 12). 1세대항히스타민제가진해작용이있다는것이증명되었다. 유럽에서는이들약제의효과를상대적으로적다고보지만효과가보고된 dexbrompheniramine의경우유럽지역에서는사용이허가되지않은경우가많아서경험상의차이가있을수있다 13). 새로운항히스타민제들의경우진해효과가분명하지않은것으로미루어약제의중추신경계침투효과및항콜린성작용이기전일것으로생각하고있다 14). 감기및만성기관지염에의한기침이있는환자에서항콜린제인 - 683 -

- 대한내과학회지 : 제 78 권제 6 호통권제 598 호 2010 - ipratropium bromide 흡입도비슷한기전으로효과를나타낼것으로추정되고있다. 항히스타민제는급성기침뿐만아니라상기도기침증후군과관련된만성기침에서도효과가증명되었으나치료용량에서진정효과가나타나는것이사용의제한점이다 14). 이외에 benproperine ( 코프렐 ) 이나 zipeprol ( 레스피렌 ) 등도중추에작용하는진해제로국내에서흔히사용하고있는데인간을대상으로하는이중맹검연구가존재하지않는다. Benproperine의경우졸음, 어지러움, 피로, 식용부진, 복통등이흔히나타나고 zipeprol 같은경우는과량복용시환각작용이있어서국내에서약제남용에의한사망이많이보고되었다 15). 말초에작용하는진해제중국내에서가장흔히사용하는약제는 Levodropropizine으로기도의감각신경펩타이드정도를조절하여효과를나타낼것으로생각되고있다 16). 기관지염환자에서위약보다효과가우월하고폐암에관련된기침에코데인과비슷한효과를보인다 17,18). 24개월이하의어린이나중증신부전환자, 의식장애가있는경우사용하면안되며중추신경계부작용으로피곤함, 두통, 어지러움이소화기계부작용으로오심, 구토, 설사가나타날수있다 5). Benzonatate 는 procaine과구조적으로유사한경구마취제로 stretch 수용체를억제하여효과를나타낸다 6). 미국에서사용이승인되었으며주관적인기침의정도와유도된기침을모두억제하는것으로보고되었다. 그러나이약제역시추가적인임상연구가시행되지않아서효과가분명하지않다. 진해제로허가를받은약은아니지만삼환계항우울제인 amitriptyline이나 γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 수용체항진제인 baclofen, 항콜린제인 tiotropium 등의약제들도기침억제효과가보고되어있다 6,19,20). Theobromine (Anycough ) 는코코아에서발견된메틸잔틴유사성분이다. 동물실험과기침유도유발검사에서효과를증명하였다 21). 말초에작용하는천연약물로비마약성진해제라는점이장점이나아직까지이약제역시임상시험결과에서효과가충분히검증되지않았다. 3. 거담제객담의주성분은점액으로구성되어있는데, 기관지점액은정상적으로기관지점막에분포해있는점액선과점막하선을구성하는점액성세포와장액선세포로부터분비된다. 점액은 95% 가수분, 나머지 5% 정도는당단백질, 지질및무기질등으로이루어져있는데당단백질의구조가선형중합체이중구조로되어있는겔형태이기때문에끈적이는 Table 2. Mucolytics and expectorants Mucolytics N-acetylcysteine Ambroxol Bromhexine Expectorants Guaifenesin Ivy-leaf dried extract Erdosteine 양상을보인다 12). 흔히사용하는거담제와점액용해제는표 2와같다. 흔히국내에서거담제라고부르는약제들은대부분점액용해제 (mucolytics) 로, 급만성호흡기질환에서증상완화를위하여사용하지만대부분의약제가위약대조시험에서효과가일정하지않아서가능한짧은기간동안사용하는것을권장하고있다. 만성기관지염환자에서도기침을억제하기위하여이들약제의지속적인투여는권유되지않으며항콜린제를투여하는것보다이득이있을것으로생각되지않는다. Guaifenesin 은거담제로흔히분류되는대표적인약제로많은감기약에포함되어판매되고있다. 일부연구에서감기후기침과기관지확장증에의한기침을감소시킨다고보고되었으나만성기관지염환자에서는효과를증명할수없었다 6,22,23). 효과는불분명하지만부작용이적고가격이저렴하여일반약으로많이판매하고있다. Bromhexine을만성기관지염, 기관지확장증환자에게사용하는경우객담의양을줄일수있었지만기침을호전시키지는않았다 24,25). Acetylcysteine은점액을용해시켜객담배출을용이하게만든다. 흡입치료를하는경우 1분이내에효과가나타나고 5~10분사이에최고효과가나타난다. 기도수축이나타날수있기때문에기관지확장제와같이사용하는것이좋다. 만성폐쇄성폐질환환자중흡입스테로이드를사용하지않는군에서만악화를줄인다고보고되었다. 따라서장기간의사용은권유되지않는다. 최근연구 26) 에서 N-acetylcysteine이 sulfur-mustard 가스노출환자에서기침과호흡곤란을호전시키고흡입스테로이드사용과시너지효과를보였는데약제의항산화효과에의한것으로생각되고있다. 항산화작용을가지고있다고알려진 Erdosteine은다른 thiol 제재들보다소화기부작용이적고만성폐쇄성폐질환자에서악화를줄이고입원일을줄이고건강상태를호전시키고, 질병관리비용도줄인다고보고되었다 27). Amoxicillin과함께사용할때소아급성하기도질환자에서효과적이라고 - 684 -

- 김상훈. 진해거담제사용의실제 - 보고되었다 28). 국내에서는건조 Ivy-leaf 추출물 (Prospan ) 도흔히사용되고있다 12). Hederocoside C가주성분으로진해및거담효과가있다고알려져있으나역시충분한임상연구결과는찾을수없다. 그외에점액조절제로항콜린제, 스테로이드, 인도메타신, 마크로라이드항생제등이있으며점액활성제로기관지확장제, 표면활성제등이있다 5). 결 기침의발생에관여하는신경학적, 근육계의체계적인해부학적요소에따라기침의원인을규명하고이에따른치료를하는것이원칙이다. 그러나기침의빈도및강도를완화하기위하여기침억제치료 (Cough-suppressant therapy) 를시행하기도하는데기침반사 (cough reflex) 를억제하거나점액용해효과 (mucolytic effects) 가있는약제들을흔히사용한다. 이들중약제의효과는분명하지않고장기사용의효과도증명되지않았다. 따라서짧은기간동안최소한의약제를임상적으로적응이되는경우에한하여사용하는것이효과적이다. 론 중심단어 : 기침 ; 진해제 ; 거담제 ; 점액용해제 REFERENCES 1) Weinberger SE, Lipson DA. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison s testbook of medicine. 17 th ed. p. 225-227, New York, McGraw-Hill, 2008 2) Canning BJ. Anatomy and neurophysiology of the cough reflex: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 129: 33S-47S, 2006 3) Irwin RS, Boulet LP, Cloutier MM, Fuller R, Gold PM, Hoffstein V, Ing AJ, McCool FD, O'Byrne P, Poe RH, Prakash UB, Pratter MR, Rubin BK. Managing cough as a defense mechanism and as a symptom. A consensus panel report of the American College of Chest Physicians. Chest 114:133S-181S, 1998 4) Bolser DC. Cough Suppressant and Pharmacologic Protussive Therapy: ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. CHEST 129:238S 249S, 2006 5) 안철민. 진해거담제의사용. 대한의사협회지 48:77-81, 2005 6) Dicpinigaitis PV. Currently available antitussives. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 22:148-151, 2009 7) Smith J, Owen E, Earis J, Woodcock A. Effect of codeine on objective measurement of cough in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:831-835, 2006 8) Morice AH, Menon MS, Mulrennan SA, Everett CF, Wright C, Jackson J, Thompson R. Opiate therapy in chronic cough. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175:312-315, 2007 9) Bolser DC. Pharmacologic management of cough. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 43:147-155, 2010 10) Kathiramalainathan K, Kaplan HL, Romach MK, Busto UE, Li NY, Säwe J, Tyndale RF, Sellers EM. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6 modifies codeine abuse liability. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20:435-444, 2000 11) Pavesi L, Subburaj S, Porter-Shaw K. Application and validation of a computerized cough acquisition system for objective monitoring of acute cough: a meta-analysis. Chest 120:1121-1128, 2001 12) 김세규, 장준. 호흡기증상완화제 - 진해제, 거담제, 항히스타민제 결핵및호흡기학회지 60:261-269, 2006 13) Pratter MR. Cough and the common cold: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 129:72S-74S, 2006 14) Bolser DC. Older-generation antihistamines and cough due to upper airway cough syndrome (UACS): efficacy and mechanism. Lung 186:S74-S77, 2008 15) Chung HS, Choi HK, Kim EM, Park MJ, Chung KH, Yoo YC. Demographic characteristics of zipeprol-associated deaths in Korea. Arch Pharm Res 21:286-290, 1998 16) Lavezzo A, Melillo G, Clavenna G, Omini C. Peripheral site of action of levodropropizine in experimentally-induced cough: role of sensory neuropeptides. Pulm Pharmacol 5:143-147, 1992 17) Catena E, Daffonchio L. Efficacy and tolerability of levodropropizine in adult patients with non-productive cough. Comparison with dextromethorphan. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 10:89-96, 1997 18) Luporini G, Barni S, Marchi E, Daffonchio L. Efficacy and safety of levodropropizine and dihydrocodeine on nonproductive cough in primary and metastatic lung cancer. Eur Respir J 12:97-101, 1998 19) Jeyakumar A, Brickman TM, Haben M. Effectiveness of amitriptyline versus cough suppressants in the treatment of chronic cough resulting from postviral vagal neuropathy. Laryngoscope 116:2108-2112, 2006 20) Dicpinigaitis PV, Dobkin JB. Antitussive effect of the GABA-agonist baclofen. Chest 111:996-999, 1997 21) Usmani OS, Belvisi MG, Patel HJ, Crispino N, Birrell MA, Korbonits M, Korbonits D, Barnes PJ. Theobromine inhibits sensory nerve activation and cough. FASEB J 19:231-233, 2005 22) Parvez L, Vaidya M, Sakhardande A, Subburaj S, Rajagopalan TG. Evaluation of antitussive agents in man. Pulm Pharmacol 9:299-308, 1996 23) Kuhn JJ, Hendley JO, Adams KF, Clark JW, Gwaltney JM Jr. Antitussive effect of guaifenesin in young adults with natural colds. Objective and subjective assessment. Chest 82:713-718, 1982-685 -

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