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대한척추외과학회지제 14 권제 3 호 Journal of Korean Spine Surg. Vol. 14, No. 3, pp 212~219, 2007 요추수핵탈출증에대한경피적내시경하절제술 정재윤 이재준 전남대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 Percutaneous Endoscopic Discectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation Jae-Yoon Chung, M.D., Jae-Joon Lee, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea Abstract Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy is a widely used procedure. In addition to the surgical techniques, the proper selection of the patients and appropriate approaching portal is important improving the clinical results. The choice of the approaching portal is related to the distance of migration and spinal canal encroachment in addition to the type of herniation type. In addition, it is essential to know the anatomic characteristics at each level of the lumbar spine in addition to the indications of the various approaching portals. Key Words: Lumbar disc herniation, Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy 서 론 과학과문화가발달하면서수술후증상의호전과기능의향상뿐만아니라미용에대한욕구도증가하였다. 이러한요구는정형외과영역의수술에도영향을미쳤으며일부에서는고식적인절개에의한방법보다도오히려더나은시야를확보할수있고수술결과또한향상되어치료방법의최선이되었다. 이는과학의발전과더불어수술기구들, 특히관절경또는내시경의발달과함께한것이었다. 척추수술분야에있어서도이러한발전은예외가될수없었다. 대부분의척추수술이후방종절개를통하여인대및근육의절개가필수적인점을생각할때가능한한절개부위를줄이면서수술적치료를시도하려는노력이계속되어왔다. 이러한노력은, 가장많이시행되 는수핵탈출증에대한치료방법에서시작되어가장두드러지게발전하였다. 1950 년대의미세현미경도입과 1970 년대의경피적내시경의도입을시작으로기기의발전과함께술기의발전을가져왔다 1,2,3). 특히경피적내시경하수핵절제술은내시경과그에상응하는기구의발달로괄목할만한발전을보였으며, 이는척추외과수술중가장높은빈도를차지한다는점과술기의습득이비교적쉽다는데있다고하겠다. 여기서는요추수핵탈출증에대하여경피적내시경하절제술을시행함에있어서숙지해야할요추분절의해부학적특성및다양한접근경로와적응증에대해설명하고자한다. 1. 술전계획 가. 해부학적개념내시경적접근로를선택하는데있어서먼저숙지하 Address reprint requests to Jae-Joon Lee, M.D. Department of Orthopedics, Chonnam National University Hospital 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea Tel: 82-62-227-1640, Fax: 82-62-225-7794, E-mail: sanggunlee@lycos.co.kr - 212 -

요추수핵탈출증에대한경피적내시경하절제술 정재윤외 고있어야할기본적인해부학적지식으로는추간공의크기, 추궁판간간격, 추궁판간겹침 (laminar overlap), 추궁판의처짐 (laminar overhanging), 척추경간간격 (interpedicular distance) 등이다. 요추에있어서추간공은하위분절로내려갈수록작아지고추궁판간간격은넓어진다. 또한추궁판간겹침은상위분절로갈수록많아지고척추경간간격은좁아진다 (Fig. 1A). 추간판과추궁판의하위모서리와의관계를나타내는추궁판의처짐은상위분절로갈수록심하다 (Fig. 1B). 또한장골능 (iliac crest) 의높이와내부장기의후방으로위치한정도또한중요하며상위요추부에서는신장의위치가, 하위요추부에서는직장 (rectum) 등의내장기관이어느정도까지후방에위치하는지자기공명영상또는전산화단층촬영의축상면 (axial plane) 에서확인하여야한다. 나. 탈출된수핵의위치측정 (localization) 내시경을이용한수핵의제거에있어서탈출된수핵의위치를이해하는것은매우중요하다. MRI 와 CT, X- ray 등으로관찰되는병리적소견을지침으로하여척추관내의상태를가상적 3 차원모델로서재구성하여인지하고있어야한다. McCulloch 와 Young 4) 은척추분절을 3 층구조의가옥 의개념 (three-storied house concept) 으로기술한바있다 (Fig. 2). 1 층은추간판수준, 2 층은추간공수준으로척추의하위종판 (inferior endplate) 으로부터척추경의하연까지이며, 3 층은척추경수준으로척추경하연으로부터그척추의상위종판 (superior endplate) 까지이다. 관상면적구분으로는중심부 (central zone), 추간공부 (foraminal zone), 추간공외측부 (extraforaminal zone) 로나뉘어진단되며중심부는척추경 (pedicle) 의사이구역으로서외측함요부 (lateral recess) 가포함된다 (Fig. 3). 추간공부는척추경 (pedicle) 의내외연사이를말하며, 추간공외측부는척추경 (pedicle) 외연의외측을말한다. 2. 접근방법 접근경로의선택에있어서고려해야할점으로는먼저탈출된수핵의유형과크기, 그리고전위된위치가중요하고, 해부학적으로는위에서설명한대로장골능에대한추간공의위치와크기, 추궁판간간격, 내장기관의위치등을고려해야하며, 술자의경험과사용하고자하는내시경의크기등도중요하다 (Fig. 4). 가장흔히쓰이는접근경로는경추간공접근법과추궁판간접근법이며각각의장단점및적응증이있다. 경추간공접근법의경우그적응증이넓고술수신경주위의반흔형성이적으며덜침습적인장점이있는반면척추경수준 Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the Three-storied anatomical house concept. Fig. 1. Anatomical characteristics of lumbar spine (A) Relationships of the interpedicular distance, interlaminar space, and laminar overlap at each lumbar segment. (B) Schematic description of laminar overhanging - 213 -

대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 14, No. 3, 2007 으로원위전위된경우나, 제 5 요추 - 천추간수핵탈출의경우에는제한점이있고, 추궁판간접근로의경우해부학적인구조에더익숙하다는장점은있으나척추관내의수핵탈출에국한되고술후신경주위반흔형성이비교적많으며추궁판간간격이좁은경우에는접근이어렵다는단점이있다 (Table 1). Fig. 3. Classification of the herniated disc related to the axial plane. A-intraspinal, B-foraminal, C-extraforaminal 가. 후외측접근로 (posterolateral approaching portal) 가장먼저시도된접근로로 1983 년 Kambin 과 Gallemann 5) 에의해소개되었다. 이는내시경의삽입각도가수평면에대하여약 35 45 도정도이므로척추관내의경막외공간을직접관찰할수는없고, 본질적으로추간판내감압을통한증상개선을위한것으로그적응범위가좁다. 초기 working channel 이없는내시경의사용으로인해기구사용과내시경적관찰이동일통로를이용하므로탈출된수핵의정확한제거에는한계가있었다. 이용하는통로의수에따라 uniportal 법과 biportal 법으로구분되는데 biportal 법의경우는반대측에서삽입한 70 도내시경으로관찰하면서병변측에서수핵을제거함으로써진정한의미에서의관절경하수핵절제술이라고할수있었다 (Fig. 5). 그러나최근에는 working channel 을가진내시경의사용으로 biportal 법은거의시행되지않고있다. 적응증으로는요추전분절에있어서돌출형 (protruded type) 추간판이나추간공추간판탈출, 추간공외측탈출이있을때시행될수있으며그외에도추간판내장증이나추간판염등에서감압과함께변연절제술이필요한경우후외측접근을시도할수있다. 나. 경추간공접근로 (transforaminal approaching portal) 후외측접근로보다좀더평행하게내시경을삽입하 Fig. 4. Considerations to select endoscopic approaching portals. Table 1. Comparison of endoscopic approaches. Perineural scar formation Recurrence Indication Posterolateral approach least* least* narrow Transforaminal approach less more wide* Interlaminar approach moderate moderate narrow Translaminar approach more moderate narrow *: advantage, : disadvantage - 214 -

요추수핵탈출증에대한경피적내시경하절제술 정재윤외 Fig. 5. Posterolateral approaching portal (A) uniportal method (B) biportal method Fig. 6. Insertion angle of the transforaminal approaching portal not to injure the internal organ. 여추간공을통해경막외공간으로접근하는방법으로탈출된수핵을직접제거할수있는방법이다. 1997 년 Stücker 6) 등에의해소개되었으며가장많이사용하는접근법중의하나이다. 이접근방법은추간공내와척추관내의경막외공간을직접관찰할수있으므로탈출된수핵을직접관찰하면서제거할수있는방법이다. 상위요추부의경우신장의손상을막기위해, 하위요추부의경우직장등의내부장기손상을막기위해삽입각을약 15 20 도로유지한후추간공에도달하면바닥에수평한위치로누르면척추관내로의진입이가능해진다 (Fig. 6). 또한 exit root 손상을줄이기위해척추경의상위벽에가깝게접근을하는것이중요하며추간공이좁을경우관상톱 (trephine) 을이용하여넓힐수도있다 (Fig. 7). 적응증으로는장골능이나큰횡돌기에의해접근이어려운경우의제 5 요추 - 천추간분절을제외하고는요추부전분절이가능하고탈출형 (extrusion type) 이나유리형 (sequestrated type) 수핵탈출증도가능하여가장넓은적응증을가진다. 그러나추간판의퇴행성변화가심 Fig. 7. Fluoroscopic image shows the obturator located just above superior wall of pedicle to avoid injury of the exit root. 하여추간판높이가심하게감소되어추간공이좁아진경우에는 exit root 손상에주의하여야하며, Story 3 위치의전위가있는경우도척추경에의해접근이어렵다는단점이있다. 일반적으로탈출된수핵이척추경의상위절반위치또는약 2 3 mm 정도의원위전위가있는경우라도제거가가능하다고하였다 7,8). 저자들의경우 15 mm 이내의 Story 2 전위나 10 mm 이내의 Story 3 전위인수핵탈출에대해서도경추간공도달을시행하여좋은결과를얻을수있었다. 다. 추궁판간접근로 (interlaminar approaching portal) 추궁판간접근로는미세현미경을이용한술식과같은경로이지만내시경을이용한시술이라는데차이가있 - 215 -

대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 14, No. 3, 2007 Fig. 8. Sagittal (A) and coronal (B) reformatting images of the CT scan show the enough interlaminar space at L5-S1. 다 9,10). 해부학적으로제 5 요추 - 천추간분절의추궁판간간격은일반적으로매우넓어추궁판절제가없이황색인대절제만으로경막외공간으로의도달이가능하다 (Fig. 8). 따라서제 5 요추 - 천추간수핵탈출의경우대부분이접근로를이용해제거가가능하다. 그러나하위전위가심하여천추의추궁판절제가필요한경우는어려움이있다. 최근에는내시경의 working channel 을통해사용할수있는 burr 나절골기 (endoscopic osteotome) 등이개발되어요추부어느분절이든지추궁판간접근이가능하게되었다. 이를위해서는 working channel 의직경이좀더큰내시경을사용하여야한다는점과내시경을통한절골조작이필요하다는점을생각할때, 시간이더소요가되며기술적으로도숙달이필요한부분이라생각된다. 라. 경장골경추간공접근로 (transiliac transforaminal approaching portal) 제 5요추-천추분절에발생한추간공수핵탈출이나척추관내의수핵탈출중에서양하지의증상을동반한중심부탈출의경우에는접근에어려움이있다. 중심부탈출의경우추궁판간접근이가능하지만신경근의견인이과도해지는단점이있으며또한한쪽의접근만으로완전한수핵제거를기대하기어려울수있다. 이러한경우장골에구멍을만들어내시경을삽입하는방법으로접근이가능하다 (Fig. 9). 이방법은시간이좀더걸린다는것과장골에구멍을크게만들기는어려워내시경삽입후내시경의가동영역이적다는단점이있다. 따라서영상증폭장치를이용한정위적인접근이필요하다. 마. 반대측경추간공또는추궁간접근로 (contralateral transforaminal or interlaminar approaching portal) 수핵탈출이제 4-5요추분절이상에서발생하여 Story 3 위치인척추경수준으로전위되어있으면서척추경의내측벽에위치한경우에는위에서설명한경추간공접근이나추궁판간접근으로는도달하는데어려움이있다. 이러한경우반대측의추간공이나추궁간접근을이용하면도달이더용이해진다. 반대측경추간공접근의경우탈출된수핵으로의도달거리가길어짐에따라내시경의삽입각을좀더줄일수있어exit root의압박을없앨수있고, cannula의경사면을위로향하면서중앙을넘지않게함으로써척추관내에서의경막압박또한줄일수있다 (Fig. 10). 이접근방법은동측의경추간공접근방법과마찬가지로퇴행성변화에의해추간공이심하게좁아진경우는 exit root 손상의가능성이증가하므로어려움이있다. 해부학적특성에서설명한것처럼상위요추분절로갈수록추궁판의처짐이커진다고하였다. 따라서 Story 3 위치의수핵탈출에대하여추궁판간접근을시도할수있는데, 병변부위의동측접근으로는추궁판간겹침이많아내시경의경막외도달이어렵고, 도달한다하더라도신경근의견인이많아지게된다. 하지만반대측으로접근하면서추궁판간간격이넓은중심부에서내시경을삽입하면더용이해진다 (Fig. 11). 두가지접근방법모두경막외공간을가로지르는도달방법이므로척추관이좁은경우는주의를요하는방법이다. - 216 -

요추수핵탈출증에대한경피적내시경하절제술 정재윤외 Fig. 9. Transiliac transforaminal approaching portal. (A) Axial T2-weighted MR image shows huge central disc herniaton related with bilateral symptoms. (B) Relationship between the iliac crest and neural foramen of L5-S1. (C, D) Intraoperative fluoroscopic images after insertion of cannula through the transiliac osseous tunnel. The dotted line represented an iliac crest. Fig. 10. Diagram of the contralateral transforaminal approach. (A) Contralateral insertion of the obturator and cannula with the low angle than expected. (B) Advance of the cannula not to cross the midline with backward direction of the oblique surface to avoid compression of the central neural structure. 바. 경횡돌기간접근로 (intertransverse process approaching portal) 추간공외측수핵탈출증의경우일반적으로후외측 접근을통해제거가가능하다. 그러나제 5 요추 - 천추분절의경우제 5 요추의횡돌기가크고장골능사이의간격이좁은경우후외측접근이어려운경우가있다. 고 - 217 -

대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 14, No. 3, 2007 Fig. 11. Fluoroscopic images after insertion of the endoscope through the contralateral interlaminar space. 식적인수술방법은요추후측방도달법 (posterior paraspinal approach) 으로써다열근 (multifidus) 과최장근 (longissimus) 사이를박리하고횡돌기간격막 (intertransverse membrane) 을절개하면신경근과탈출된수핵을노출시킬수있다. 이와같은접근을내시경을이용해시행할수있다. 이는내시경적후외측접근방법보다좀더중심선에가까운위치에서, 그리고시상면에더수평하게내시경을삽입함으로써장골능과횡돌기를피할수있다 (Fig. 12). 이상에서설명한접근방법외에도경추궁판접근로 (translaminar approach) 등이있으나내시경적술기로는아직어려움이있으며그적응증또한좁다고하겠다. Fig. 12. Intertransverse approaching portal for extraforaminal disc hernation of L5-S1. - 218 -

요추수핵탈출증에대한경피적내시경하절제술 정재윤외 결 론 여러가지내시경의접근경로를숙지하고그적응증에따라각각의경우에적용한다면대부분의탈출된수핵을제거할수있을것으로생각되며, 이의임상적결과를향상시키기위해서는익숙한수술기법뿐만아니라적절한환자의선택이중요하다. 또한각요추분절마다의해부학적인특성과함께다양한내시경적접근로의적응증을이해하는것이필수적이라할수있겠다. 최근에는여러가지접근로를동시에시행하면서수핵탈출에대한수술뿐만아니라추체간유합술까지도시도되고있다. 앞으로내시경적수술을위한기기들이발전되어감에따라더쉬운술기로적응증또한더확대될것으로생각된다. 참고문헌 01) Casper W: CA new surgical procedure for lumbar disc herniation causing less tissue damage through a microsurgical approach. Adv Neurosurg 1977; 4: 74-77. 02) Williams RW: Microlumbar discectomy: a conservative surgical approach to the virgin herniated lumbar disc. Spine 1978; 3: 175-182. 03) Hijikata S, Yamagishi M, Nakayama T: Percutaneous nucleotomy: a new treatment method for lumbar disc herniation. J Toden Hosp 1975; 5:5-13. 04) McCulloch JA, Young PH: Essentials of spinal microsurgery. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1998. 05) Kambin P, Gellmann H: Percutaneous lateral discectomy of the lumbar spine. Clin Orthop 1983; 174:127-131. 06) Stücker R, Krug CH, Reichelt A: Der perkutane transforaminale Zugang zum Epiduralraum. Orthopade 1997; 26: 280-287. 07) Krugluger J: Transforaminal endoscopic discectomy. (in Mayer HM, ed. Minimally invasive spine surgery 2nd ed. Springer: 315-321, 2005. 08) Krugluger J, Knahr K: Minimal invasive disc surgery: a review. Int Orthop 2001; 24: 303-306. 9) Rutten S, Mayer O, Godolias G: Endoscopic surgery of the lumbar epidural space (epiduroscopy): results of therapeutic intervention in 93 patients. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2003; 2:1018-1022. 10) Rutten S: The full-endoscopic interlaminar approach for lumbar disc herniation. (in Mayer HM, ed. Minimally invasive spine surgery 2nd ed. Springer: 346-355, 2005. 국문초록 요추간판수핵탈출증에대한경피적내시경하절제술은널리쓰이는술식이되었다. 이의임상적결과를향상시키기위해서는익숙한수술기법뿐만아니라적절한환자의선택과적절한접근경로를선택하는것이중요하다. 접근로의선택은수핵탈출의유형및탈출된수핵의전위정도와척추관내침입정도에따라달라진다. 따라서각요추분절마다의해부학적인특성과함께다양한내시경적접근로의적응증을이해하는것이필수적이라할수있겠다. 색인단어 : 요추수핵탈출증, 경피적내시경하수핵절제술, 경피적내시경하수핵절제술, 접근방법의선택 통신저자 : 이재준광주광역시동구학동 8번지전남대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 Tel: 82-62-227-1640 Fax: 82-62-225-7794 E-mail: sanggunlee@lycos.co.kr - 219 -