④국문지리학회지-양해근ok

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채연 함
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1 Runoff Characteristics of Non-Point Source Pollutants in Storm Event -Case Study on the Upstream and Downstream of Kokseong River, Korea- Heakun Yang* SS BOD COD T- P BOD COD T-N SS T-P EMC Abstract The study was investigated to runoff characteristics of non-point pollutants according to rainfall in Kokseong river watershed. The result of which is as follows First of all, major reason which affect the formation of water quality of Kokseong River is judged to be caused by non-point pollution source which flows out from farmland and residential area. Flow of rainfall effluent in the downstream in which direct flow components of urban district and combined sewer overflows of farmland was intervened faster than that in the upstream reacted more promptly. Generation of pollutants by non-point source shows increasing trend in general in accordance with the increase in the intensity of rainfall but it was affected by SS, BOD, COD and T-P in the upstream part whereas BOD, COD and T-N were significantly affected by beginning period of rainfall in the downstream. EMC in the downstream increased approximately 3~315 times as compared to upstream, particularly the discharge of SS and T-P were extremely increased. While surface flow out of rainfall effluent in the upstream was only 4.7%, the surface flow in the downstream took up as much as 29%, which was major reason for the increase of EMC. From the above contents, we can see that the change in water quality according to the increase and decrease of effluent at the time of rainfall showed very complex pattern depending on the type of land use, and it is judged that the most important thing for the administration of non-point pollution source is to come up with the solution for the reduction of effluent at the beginning. rainfall-runoff, non-point pollution, EMC(Event Mean Concentration), landuse, Kokseong River Lecturer, Dept. of Geography, Konkuk University), hydroyang@hotmail.com 418

2 Hall 1984 Pegram et al., Myers et al Park Kunze and Stednick COD 15 SS 28 Ojo 1990 Gregory Hong et al EMS; Event Mean Concentration E.L. 735m E.L E.L m m Fig. 1 NNE-SSW SSW-NNE 250m

3 2005 NW SE 1 2 SSW NNE Fig. 1 Fig 2 Deformed biotite granite Precambrian Gneiss Jurassic Period Biotite granite 1984 Granite gneiss 420

2004 89 1 2000 10 913 Fig. 3 Table 1 Fig.

4 Fig. 3 Table 1 Fig km Fig St K1 Fig Pinus densiflora Pinus rigida Quercus variabilis Quercus serrata Pinus densiflora Quercus serrata St. K1 St. K2 Fig mm mm mm St. K1 5 St. K1 K

ph potential hydrogen EC electric conductivity DO; dissolved oxygen SS suspended solid T-N; total nitrogen T-P; total phosphorus NO 3 -N nitrate nitrogen PO 4 -P

K2 (downstream of Kokseong River) Area(km 2 ) Rate(%) Area(km 2 ) Rate(%) Residential Area - - 1.355 4.40 Paddy Field - - 3.831 12.45 Field - - 2.581 8.

5 ph potential hydrogen EC electric conductivity DO; dissolved oxygen SS suspended solid T-N; total nitrogen T-P; total phosphorus NO 3 -N nitrate nitrogen PO 4 -P orthophosphates BOD; biochemical oxygen demand COD chemical oxygen demand St. K1 (upstream of Kokseong River) St. K2 (downstream of Kokseong River) Area(km 2 ) Rate(%) Area(km 2 ) Rate(%) Residential Area Paddy Field Field Reservoir Deciduous Forest Forest Mixed Forest Coniferous Forest Road River Total

NP 275 1 ph, EC, DO CKC, CT 66 ph meter TOA HM-12P EC meter(toa CM-14PW DO meter(toa DO-14P ice box SS T-N T-P NO 3 -N PO 4 -P COD BOD Standard

6 NP ph, EC, DO CKC, CT 66 ph meter TOA HM-12P EC meter(toa CM-14PW DO meter(toa DO-14P ice box SS T-N T-P NO 3 -N PO 4 -P COD BOD Standard Methods (APHA-AWWA-WEF 1998 Fig. 5 a St K1 ph mm mm mm mm/hr St K

7 ph CO 2 CO 2 Keben 2001 Tokuchi et al St. K1 DO 10mg/L Fig 5 b St. K2 ph DO overflow lag time St. K2 St. K1 7 ph DO Fig 6 a b EC SS EC 424

8 K2 EC 2000 EC Fig 7 Fig 8 St. K1 K2 SS SS 1994 St. K1 St. K2 SS SS lag time 2005 SS St. K mg L SS St. K mg L 45 BOD COD 1999 Fig 7 BOD COD St. K1 BOD ~ St. K2 ~ COD BOD St K1 BOD COD St K NH + 4 N Nitrification NO - 2 NO - 3 N T N Chow et al., 1981; Quilbé et al., 2006 NO - 3 N 1988 Hobara et al 2001 NO - 3 N NO - 3 N Hobara et al 2001 St. K1 T N NO mg L mg L T N NO - 3 N Fig 8 St. K T N 2 68mg L 2 54mg L St K2 St K2 T N NO 3 N flushing Fig 9 T P PO 4 P 425

9 426

10 T P 2004 K2 K1 T P PO 4 P K1 K T P PO 4 P Myers et al 1985 Fig 10 Q t ; Q t Q t ; Q t L t ; L t L t ; L t Table St K1 SS BOD COD T P 1 St K2 BOD COD T N 1 St K1 T N St K2 SS T P 2 427

11 COD T N 2005 Ichiki and Yamada 1999 Pegram et al Type 1 Type 2 EMS Fig 11 SS St K1 K2 Type 1 T N T P St K1 Type 1 St K2 428

12 St. SS BOD COD T-N T-P K1 K2 y=1.2623x y=1.1032x y=1.0521x y=0.8297x y=1.1288x R 2 =0.76 R 2 =0.96 R 2 =0.98 R 2 =0.80 R 2 =0.79 y=0.956x y=1.046x y=1.0523x y=1.0288x y=0.9561x R 2 =0.78 R 2 =0.96 R 2 =0.97 R 2 =0.98 R 2 =0.89 T-P St K2 SS T N T P 2 St K EPA 1983 Novotny et al 1993 EMS EMC ; z Q C ; Q 429

13 St. SS BOD COD NO3-N T-P T-N PO4-P (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) K K Q i m 3 sec m 3 hr Ci mg L EMC mg L pollutograph EMS T N T P 0 8 St K1 K2 EMC Table 3 K1 SS BOD COD NO N T N PO 4 P T P EMC 1 67mg L 0 55mg L 1 50mg L 0 45mg L 0 48mg L 0 03mg L 0 35mg L K2 SS BOD COD NO 3 N T N PO 4 P T P EMC 63 51mg L 2 88mg L 4 76mg L 1 33mg L 1 67mg L 0 18mg L mg L COD NO 3 EMC 3 BOD 5 2 PO 4 P 6 SS 38 T P 315 SS T P 1997 Mg, Na, Ca, Cl HCO O EC EC Qt=Qg+gd Ct Qt=Cg Qg+Cd Qd Q C EC t d g Qg) Qg { Ct-Cd Cg-Cd }Qt Qt Ct Cg Cd St K1 EC EC Cg Cd Fig 12 Fig 13 St K St K EMC

14 2003 EMS SS BOD COD T P BOD COD T N EMC SS T P

15 29 EMC ( p T P PO EMS SRC Method

16 APHA-AWWA-WEF, 1998, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed., Amer. Pub. Health Asso., Chow, V. T., R. Eliassen and R. K. Linsley, 1981, Models for water quality management, McGraw-Hill, New York. Gregory, K. J. and D. E. Walling, 1987, Human activity and environmental process, John Wiely & Sons, New York. Hall, M, J., 1984, Urban hydrology, Elsevier Applied Science Publisher, London. Hobara, H., N. Tokuchi, N. Ohte, K. Koba, M. Katsuyama, S. J. Kim and A. Nakanishi, 2001, Mechanism of nitrate loss from a forested catchment following a small-scale natural disturbance, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31, Hong, S. G. and S. K. Kwun, 2001, Identification of Critical Areas on Water Quality in a Rural Watershed, The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers, 43(5), Ichiki, A. and K. Yamada, 1999, Study on characteristics of pollutant runoff into lake Biwa Japan, Water Science and Technology, 39(12), Kebew, A. E., 2001, Applied chemical hydrogeology, Prentice-Hall, New York. Kunze M. D. and J. D. Stednick, 2006, Streamflow and suspended sediment yield following the 2000 Bobcat fire, Colorado, Hydrological Processes, 20, Myers, C. F., J. Meek, J. Tuller and A. Weinberg, 1985, Nonpoint sources of water pollution, Journal of Soil Water Conser., 40(1), Muraoka, K. and T. Hirata, 1988, Streamwater chemistry during rainfall events in a forested basin, Journal of Hydrology, 102, Ojo, O., 1990, The Example of Lagos, Nigeria in hydrological process and water management in urban areas, in Herbert, M. and John, P., (ed.), Recent Trends in Precipiation and the Water Balance of Tropical Cities, IAHS, Park, J. K., 1992, Suspended sediment transport in a mountainous catchment, Science Reports of the Geoscience, Univ. Tsukuba, Section A-12, Pegram, G. C., G, Quibell and M. Hinsch, 1999, The nonpoint source impacts of peri-urban settlements in South Africa: implications for their management, Water Science and Technology, 39(12), Quilbe, R., A. N. Rousseau, M. Duchemin, A Poulin, G. Gangbazo and J. P. Villeneuve, 2006, Selecting a calculation method to estimate sediment and nutrient loada in streams: Application to the Beaurivage River(Quebec, Canada), Journal of Hydrology, 305,

17 Tokuchi, N., H. Tanaka and G. Iwatsubo, 1993, Vertical changes in soil solution chemistry in soil profiles under coniferous forest, Geoderma, 59, U. S. EPA., 1983, Results of the nationwide urban runoff program, Vol.1 Final Report, Water Division, U. S. EPA hydroyang@hotmail.com Correspondence Heakun Yang Dept.of Geography Science College, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul Korea( hydroyang@hotmail.com, phone ) 434

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