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1 여성건강간호학회지제 19 권제 1 호, 2013 년 3 월 Korean J Women Health Nurs Vol. 19 No. 1, 1-12, March, 2013 pissn eissn 산부인과간호단위의간호과정과 SNOMED CT를이용한간호진단온톨로지의구축 박정은 1 정귀애 2 조훈 1 김화선 3 경북대학교의료정보학과 1, 영남이공대학교간호대학 2, 대구한의대학교 IT 의료산업학과 3 Construction of the Nursing Diagnosis Ontology in Obstetric and Gynecologic Nursing Unit using Nursing Process and SNOMED CT Park, Jeong-Eun 1 Chung, Kwi-Ae 2 Cho, Hune 1 Kim, Hwa Sun 3 1 Department of Medical Informatics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 2 School of Nursing, Yenungnam College of Science & Technology, Daegu 3 Department of Medical Information Technology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Korea Purpose: This study was performed to propose an ontology methodology based on standardized nursing process as framework in obstetric and gynecologic nursing practice. Methods: The instrument used in this study was based on the nursing diagnosis classification established by North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) ( ), fifth edition of the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) (2008), forth edition of the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) (2008) developed by Iowa State University and systematized nomenclature of medicine clinical terms (SNOMED CT). The nursing records data were collected from electronic medical records of one hospital from August to October Results: One hundred and forty-one nursing diagnosis statements used in obstetric and gynecologic nursing unit were linked standardized nursing classifications and constructed nursing diagnosis ontology including interoperability. Conclusion: Not only will this result be helpful to complete nurse's lack of knowledge and experience, it will also help to determine nursing diagnosis logically by using standardized nursing process. It will be utilized as the method to construct ontology including interoperability in other nursing units. It will be presented nursing interventions according to nursing diagnosis and thus will be easier to establish nursing planning. This can provide immediate feedback of the nursing process application. Key Words: Nursing process, Nursing diagnosis, SNOMED CT, Ontology, Obstetrics and gynecology 주요어 : 간호과정, 간호진단, SNOMED CT, 온톨로지, 산부인과 Corresponding author: Kim, Hwa Sun Department of Medical Information Technology, Daegu Haany University, 1 Hanui-daero, Gyeongsan , Korea Tel: , Fax: , daspula@daum.net - 이논문은제1저자박정은의석사학위논문의일부를발췌한것임. - This article is based on a part of the first author's master's thesis from Kyungpook National University. - 이논문은 2012년도정부 ( 교육과학기술부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의기초연구사업의지원 (No ) 과 2012학년도경북대학교학술연구비에의하여연구되었음. - This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of education, Science and Technology (No ) and this research was supported by Kyungpook National University Research Fund, 투고일 : 2012년 9월 26일 / 수정일 : 2012년 12월 21일 / 게재확정일 : 2013년 1월 25일 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. c 2013 Korean Society of Women Health Nursing
2 박정은 정귀애 조훈등 서론 1. 연구의필요성간호사는병원, 요양원, 지역사회건강센터등다양한건강영역의실무를담당하며, 전문화된지식을기반으로체계적이고일관된방법으로실무를수행한다. 다양한간호사업무는공통적인핵심가이드라인으로간호과정을사용하고있으며, 간호과정은사정, 진단, 계획, 중재, 평가로이루어져있다 (von Krogh, Dale, & Naden, 2005). 예를들어, 골반부위통증과월경과다를호소하는 32세의미혼여성환자에게서간호사는간호문제의예로 불안 이나 통증 의증상을발견할수있을것이다. 간호사는 불안, 급성통증 의진단을내릴수있으며, 불안수준, 통증수준 을평가한후, 우선순위에따른계획을세워중재를수행하며, 환자의불안이나통증의정도가완화되거나변화가없거나혹은더악화된상태인지를평가하게된다. 문제가해결되었다면그과정을어떻게끝내는지, 또문제가해결되지못하였다면이를해결하기위해간호과정을어떻게다시적용하는지에대한순환적인문제해결방법이간호과정이다. 현재의료환경은병원내에전자의무기록 (Electronic Medical Record, EMR) 시스템이급속히도입되면서진료뿐아니라간호분야에도정보기술을통합관리하는방법이필요하게되었다. 보건의료분야에서확산되고있는전산화된정보체계의사용과표준화에대한요구에부응하기위해미국은 1996년 Nursing Information and Data Set Evaluation Center (NIDSEC) 를설립하였다. NIDSEC (1997) 는간호기록을위해사용하는전산화된정보체계에대한표준을개발하여, 13개의표준화된간호용어를승인하였으며, EMR의간호정보시스템에표준화된간호용어의사용을적극강조하고있으며, 간호학에서표준화된분류체계를이용한연구를촉구하고있다. 이중대표적으로활용되는간호용어는간호과정을표현하는표준화된분류체계로서국제적으로승인된북미간호진단협의회 (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, NANDA) 의간호진단분류체계 ( 이하간호진단 ) 와 Iowa 대학을중심으로개발된간호중재분류체계 (Nursing Interventions Classification, NIC), 간호결과분류체계 (Nursing Outcomes Classification, NOC) 가적극적으로활용되고있다. 이 3개의분류체계를합쳐 NNN으로칭하며 (Johnson et al., 2012), NNN의적극적인사용은의사소통의증진, 중재의가시화, 정보수집의향상, 표준화된간호의준수, 간호의역량평 가를촉진하고있다 (Scroggins, 2008). 실무의근간인간호과정의중요성이강조되지만, 간호사들은시간이나지식의부족, 분류체계의포괄성, 의사결정의어려움등의다양한이유로실제간호과정을적용하는데어려움을겪고있는실정이다 (Lee & Park, 2008). NNN 기반의간호과정을 EMR에포함하기위한선행연구들에서제시한간호진단의수를보면, 내외과간호단위를대상으로한 Kim (2000) 의연구에서는 98개, 내과, 정형외과, 신경외과및일반외과간호단위를대상으로한 Park (2003) 의연구에서는 155개, 정형외과간호단위를대상으로한 Kim (2005) 의연구에서는 35개, 심장혈관계중환자실간호단위를대상으로한 Kim (2006) 의연구에서는 10개, 내과중환자실간호단위를대상으로한 Park (2010) 의연구에서는 23개의간호진단이보고되고있으나, 대부분특정간호단위에한정되어있어서산부인과간호단위에적용하는데한계가있으며, 타영역과는분리되고단절된상황이다. NANDA의간호진단은간호의주요현상을나타내지만추상적인수준에서표현하는데그친다. 간호현상을구체적으로표현하기위해, 간호진단의의미를더풍성하고구체적으로만드는관련요인을텍스트로만제시하고있다. 그러므로 EMR에표준화된간호용어인간호진단과의의미적인연결을통한정보와지식을생산하는의미있는데이터로서저장되지못하고있다. 즉, 간호진단 deficient knowledge ( 지식부족 ) 은지식부족이라는현상의추상적인수준의요약일뿐, 지식부족을구체적으로표현하지못한다 ( 예 : 질병과정에대한이해부족과관련된지식부족 ). 또한, 텍스트기반의관련요인은상황에따라다르게표현이가능하여, 전산화될경우대부분누락되거나생략되어정보로서의의미를잃게된다. 관련요인의누락은 NNN 분류체계의불완전함과 EMR에들어갈중요한데이터의손실을의미한다. 이는지식의단절을의미하며, 의사결정의근거인지식이쌓이지않는다면실제간호과정적용의의미를놓칠수밖에없다. 결국간호사는제한된용어들에서임상경험이나직관, 관습에따라진단, 결과, 중재를선택해야하며, 이러한불확실한의사결정과정에서의추상적이고부정확한간호진단의선택은불확실한간호과정을적용하는출발점이된다. 따라서데이터의누락방지를위해텍스트기반의관련요인들을실제간호과정내로들어갈수있도록해야하며, 간호진단의구체적인표현을위해간호진단과관련요인을연결하는지식체계를구축할필요가있다. 의학적진단은이미다양한증상 / 징후가어떠한질환으로발현되는지에대한지식체계 2 Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing
3 산부인과간호단위의간호과정과 SNOMED CT 를이용한간호진단온톨로지의구축 구축을위해 2003년부터주증상 (chief complaint) 표준화에대한연구와표준화된임상용어세트의개발을위해 Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) 를 EMR에적극적으로적용하고있다 (Chin & Kim, 2003; Kim, Han, & Choi, 2005). 간호진단과관련요인을연결하는지식체계를구축하기위한기술로는온톨로지가있다. 온톨로지는특정분야의지식체계를모델링할수있는기술로서, 온톨로지를간호용어시스템에도입하기위한선행연구들을보면, 간호중재영역의온톨로지 (Hardiker, 2001, 2003), 통증간호영역의온톨로지 (Kim, Lee, Park, Choi, & Kim, 2005), 성인중환자실간호영역의온톨로지 (Kim, Harris, Savova, & Chute, 2008), 간호계획영역의온톨로지 (Din, Abidi, & Jafarpour, 2010) 가보고되고있으나, 산부인과간호단위에서사용되는간호진단중심의온톨로지의개발과평가는국내에서는보고된바가없으며특히, EMR과연계하기위한표준화된간호용어간의통합적인접근방법이아니므로간호정보의일관성을보장하기는힘들다. SNOMED CT는 ANA에서승인한 13개의표준화된간호용어중가장최근에승인된표준화된간호용어이자유일한참조용어이다. 1965년미국병리학회에서병리학적초점에서개발을시작하였으나, 현재는총 19개의다축구조로서보건학, 간호학, 수의학, 생물학, 화학등을포괄하는 EMR 의참조용어로활용되고있다. 따라서본연구는산부인과간호단위의 EMR에포함된간호기록자료에포함된간호진단진술문을추출하여, 간호진단진술문의진단은 NANDA의간호진단과연계하고관련요인들은표준화된간호용어인 SNOMED CT와연계하여, 간호진단과관련요인을연결한간호진단온톨로지를구축함으로써, EMR 기반에서산부인과간호단위의간호과정을확장및개선시켜지식을생산할수있는온톨로지방법론을제시하고자한다. 간호진단진술문의진단과 NANDA의간호진단을연계하여간호진단을표준화한다. 간호진단진술문의관련요인과 SNOMED CT를연계하여관련요인을표준화한다. 간호진단과관련요인을연결하는간호진단온톨로지를구축한다. 3. 용어정의 1) 간호기록간호기록은환자상태와경과에대한간호사의판단, 환자의반응과상태, 환자에게행해지는간호의결과를기록한자료이다 (Chi, Choi, Park, & Jung, 1999). 본연구에서는 D시에위치한일개대학병원의산부인과간호단위에서입원치료후퇴원한환자 244명의 International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) 와 NNN을기반으로한 EMR의간호기록자료를의미한다. 2) 간호진단진술문본연구에서는 D시에위치한일개대학병원의산부인과간호단위에서입원치료후퇴원한환자 244명의 EMR의간호기록자료에서추출한 141개의간호진단진술문을의미한다. 3) 간호진단본연구에서는 NANDA 에서제시한간호진단중간호진단진술문의진단과연계한 27개의간호진단을의미한다. 4) 관련요인본연구에서는간호진단진술문에서간호진단과연계한관련요인중중복을제거한총 113개의관련요인을의미한다. 2. 연구목적본연구의목적은산부인과간호단위의표준화된간호과정을기반으로한간호진단온톨로지를구축함으로써, EMR 기반에서산부인과간호단위의간호과정을확장및개선시킬수있는방법론을제시하기위함이다. 구체적인목적은다음과같다. 산부인과간호단위의 EMR의간호기록에서간호진단진술문을추출한다. 5) 간호진단온톨로지온톨로지 (ontology) 란, 특정분야의지식체계를모델링할때추출한용어들의뜻을분명하게정의하며컴퓨터가이해하고처리할수있는형태로표현하여나타낸용어들의논리적집합이다 (Hardiker, 2003). 즉, 특정분야에관련된용어들을정의하고, 용어간의관계들로구성된일종의사전이다. 의학, 생물학분야의온톨로지는 Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), SNOMED CT 등이대표적이다. 본연구에서는 SNOMED Vol. 19 No. 1,
4 박정은 정귀애 조훈등 CT로표현된 113개의관련요인과 27개의간호진단으로구성된지식체계를간호진단온톨로지 (nursing diagnosis ontology) 로정의한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계본연구는문헌고찰을토대로연계한간호과정의간호진단 -간호결과-간호중재를기본적으로구축하고, 온톨로지구축에앞서, 온톨로지에들어갈용어의표준화작업을위해, EMR 의간호기록자료에서간호진단진술문을추출하여진단은 NANDA의간호진단과연계하고, 관련요인은 SNOMED CT 와연계하여표준화하였다. 간호진단과관련요인간의연결및확장을위해온톨로지를도입하여, 간호진단온톨로지를구축하였다 (Figure 1). 2. 연구대상및자료수집본연구의대상은 2010년 8월부터 2010년 10월까지 D시에위치한일개대학병원의산부인과간호단위에서입원치료후퇴원한환자 244명의 EMR의간호기록자료이며, 산부인과환자가입원시 EMR 활용 ( 교육, 연구 ) 에서면으로동의한자료를대상으로하였다. 자료수집은 EMR의간호기록자료를엑셀파일로송부받은후, 사정, 진단, 계획, 중재, 평가로분리하여진단에해당하는간호진단진술문만을분석하였다. 3. 연구도구 1) 간호진단-간호결과-간호중재연계간호진단은실제적이고잠재적인건강문제와삶의과정에대한개인, 가족혹은지역사회의반응을간호사가임상적으로판단한것이다. NANDA 간호진단분류체계에서제시한간호진단은 202개이며, 이중사고과정장애 (00130) 는 2009 년부터사용하지않는진단으로실제로는 201개의간호진단이사용된다 (NANDA International., 2009). 간호결과는간호중재에대한반응으로측정되는환자, 가족, 지역사회의상태, 행위및인지정도이다. 간호결과분류체계 (NOC) 에서제시한간호결과는 385개이다 (Moorhead, Johnson, Mass, & Swanson, 2008). 간호중재는대상자의결과를향상시키기위해임상적판단과지식을기반으로간호사가수행하는처치이다. 간호중재분류체계 (NIC) 에서제시한간호중재는 542개이다 (Bluechek, Butcher, & Dochterman, 2008). 간호진단 -간호결과 -간호중재연계는 NANDA 의간호진단과간호결과분류체계 (NOC), 간호중재분류체계 (NIC) 간의연계를 Iowa 대학의 NOC과 NIC 연구팀이제안한것이다 (Johnson et al., 2012). 본연구에서는 NANDA의간호진단 27개와간호결과 152개, 간호중재 861개를이용하여산부인과간호단위의간호과정용어를구축하였다. 2) SNOMED CT (systematized nomenclature of medicineclinical terms) SNOMED CT는 1965년미국병리학회 (College of American Figure 1. Methodology of nursing diagnosis ontology. 4 Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing
5 산부인과간호단위의간호과정과 SNOMED CT 를이용한간호진단온톨로지의구축 Pathologists) 에서 SNOMED 의병리학적초점에서출발하였으며, 2001년영국의 National Health Service가기존의 SNOMED RT와 Clinical Term Version 3를결합하여만든표준화된광범위한의학용어체계이다. SNOMED CT는의학개념을기초로한용어체계로서의학용어가갖추어야할다양한조건들을충족시키고있다. 19개의상위구조를가지며, 하나의상위구조는다양한깊이의개념들을포함한다. 하나의개념은하나의상위구조에속하고, 유일한개념코드 (Concept ID) 와여러유사어를가진다. 각각의개념들은부모-자식관계를비롯한다수의관계를가지며, 다양한구조를통하여개념들이구분되고분류된다. 용어의개념, 유사어, 관계는 SNOMED CT의핵심구조로서각각은개념코드, 유사어코드, 관계코드를가지며, 개념코드를중심으로연계되어있다 (Benson, 2010). SNOMED CT는 LOINC, ICD-9-CM, ICD- O, ICD-10의의학분류체계와간호진단, 간호중재와의연계정보를제공하고있다. SNOMED CT를이용하는사용자들에게기본적으로제공되는검색화면인 CliniClue browser 는 SNOEMD CT 연계도구로서, 영국의 CIC (Clinical Information Consultancy) 에서제작되어미국병리학회를통하여배포되고있으며, Browser 를통하여용어의개념, 관계, 유사어, 개념이위치한구조를손쉽게파악할수있다 (Clinical information consultancy, 2011). 관련요인과 SNOMED CT의연계기준은미국병리학회가발표한 사용자가이드의원칙 을기준으로따른다. 임상적관찰이나사정, 판단을뜻하는용어는 clinical finding 계층으로, 검사나시술을뜻하는용어는 procedure 계층으로제한하여연계하며, 연계방법은전조합 (precoordination), 후조합 (post-coordination), 상위개념 (broader concept), 하위개념 (narrow concept), 표현못한개념 (none mapping) 의 5가지로구분하여연계할수있다. 전조합은관련요인과 SNOMED CT의용어가완전히일치하거나의미가일치하는경우, 후조합은관련요인이 SNOMED CT의 2개이상의용어로조합이되는경우에사용하며, 상위개념은관련요인보다더넓은의미를가진 SNOMED CT의용어로연계되는경우, 하위개념은관련요인보다더좁은의미를가진 SNOMED CT의용어로연계되는경우에사용한다. SNOMED CT에관련요인을나타내는용어가없는경우에는표현못한개념으로구분한다. 본연구에서는 2011년 7월개정판을사용하였다. 3) 간호진단온톨로지구축도구간호진단온톨로지구축을위한효율성과아울 (Web ontology language, OWL) 지원여부를고려해, OWL Plug-in 을탑재한스탠포드대학의온톨로지편집도구인공개소프트웨어 Protege (v3.4.7)(stanford University, 2011) 를활용하였다. OWL은용어의계층적인구조와관계를명료하게하는온톨로지생성언어이다. 본연구에서는첫째, 간호진단과관련요인간의연결로온톨로지의구축범위를선정하였으며, 둘째, 온톨로지구축에사용될용어를추출하고표준화하였으며, 셋째, Protege (v3.4.7) 를이용하여용어를클래스화 (classification) 하였다. 넷째, 온톨로지를구성하는클래스의속성 (property) 을정의하고, 다섯째, 속성을이용한클래스 (class) 간의관계를설정하였으며, 마지막으로클래스의계층화과정으로진행하여간호진단온톨로지를구축하였다. 4. 자료분석수집한산부인과간호단위의 EMR의간호기록자료는사정, 진단, 계획, 중재, 평가로구분하여, 전체 18,127개의진술문을 1,704 개의진단, 6,523 개의계획, 8,126 개의중재, 1,774 개의평가로분류하였다. 이중 1,704개의간호진단진술문은환자의문제 ( 환자의반응 ), 원인 ( 반응의관련요인 ) 을포함한문장으로서, 간호사의전문적인소견에따라동일한의미를가진용어들이다양한형태로기록되어있어서, 표준화된용어와의연계를위해두차례의중복제거 / 수정 / 분리 / 제외후추출하였다. 간호진단진술문은진단과관련요인으로구분하여 NANDA의간호진단과 SNOMED CT의용어로표준화하여, 표준화된간호진단과 SNOMED CT로구성된산부인과간호단위의간호진단온톨로지를구축하였다. 연구결과 1. 간호진단진술문추출산부인과간호단위의 EMR의간호기록자료에서간호진단과관련요인을포함한간호진단진술문을추출한결과, ICNP ( 국제간호실무분류체계 ) 와 NNN이혼재된간호진술문의형태였으며, NNN의코딩구조는사용하지않고 NNN의텍스트만동일하게사용하고있는형태였다. 전체 18,127개의진술문에서 225개의간호진단진술문을추출하여, 두차례의중복제거 / 수정 / 분리 / 제외후최종 141개의간호진단진술문을추출하였다. 동일한진술문이라도기록한간호사에따라진단이다양하게표현되어있었으며, 총 141개의간호진단진술문중 Vol. 19 No. 1,
6 박정은 정귀애 조훈등 지식부족 36회 (26.0%), 안위변화 27회 (19.2%), 불안 13회 (9.2%) 등의순으로빈도가높았다 (Table 1). 2. 간호진단진술문의진단과 NANDA 의간호진단을연계한간호진단의표준화산부인과간호단위의 EMR의간호기록자료에서추출한간호진단과관련요인을포함한간호진단진술문을진단과관련요인으로구분하여, 진단은 NANDA의간호진단과연계하여표준화한후 NANDA의간호진단코드 ( 예 : 00078) 를부여하였다. NANDA 의간호진단에정확하게부합되지않는간호진단진술문도있었으나, 관련된사정, 중재, 평가기록을토대로연구자가그의미나내용이 NANDA의간호진단에적용가능하다고생각되는간호진단진술문을모두연계하였다. 연계결 과 27개의간호진단을표준화하였다. 27개의간호진단은 NANDA 에서제시한 13개의영역 (domain) 중, 1 health promotion, 2 nutrition, 3 elimination and exchange, 4 activity/rest, 5 perception/cognition, 9 coping/stress tolerance, 11 safety/protection, 12 comfort 의 8개영역에만분포되어있었다. 1 health promotion 영역에서는 Ineffective self health management 라는 1개의간호진단이나타났으며 2회의빈도를보였다. 12 comfort 영역에서는 2개의간호진단이나타났는데, Impaired comfort 의간호진단에서가장빈도가높았다 (Table 1). 연계결과는해당분야 2인의전문가가확인후, 다시대조및검토하였으며, 2차례의확인을거친후합의후에간호진단진술문의진단과 NANDA의간호진단과의연계에차이가없음을최종확인하였다. Table 1. Domains and Frequency of Codes and Labels of Nursing Diagnoses in Nursing Diagnosis Statements Domains Codes & labels of nursing diagnosis n(%) 1 Health promotion Ineffective self health management 2 (1.4) 2 Nutrition Elimination and exchange Activity/rest Perception/cognition Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements Risk for imbalanced fluid volume Excess fluid volume Deficient Fluid Volume Risk for deficient fluid volume Risk for electrolyte imbalance Impaired Urinary Elimination Urinary Retention Constipation Diarrhea Sleep deprivation Risk for activity intolerance Risk for Shock Risk for bleeding Deficient knowledge Readiness for enhanced knowledge 4(3.0) 2(1.4) 2(1.4) 6(4.3) 2(1.4) 4(3.0) 2(1.4) 7(5.0) 36(26.0) 2(1.4) 9 Coping/stress tolerance Anxiety 13 (9.2) 11 Safety/protection Comfort Risk for infection Risk for injury Impaired skin integrity Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity Risk for falls Risk for vascular trauma Hyperthermia Acute pain Impaired comfort 9(6.4) 3(2.1) 3(2.1) 7(5.0) 27(19.2) Total 27 (100.0) 141 (100.0) 6 Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing
7 산부인과간호단위의간호과정과 SNOMED CT 를이용한간호진단온톨로지의구축 3. 간호진단진술문의관련요인과 SNOMED CT를연계한관련요인의표준화간호진단진술문의관련요인은총 113개로서관련요인은 SNOMED CT의개념과연계하였다. CliniClue browser 를활용하여연계한결과 100% 전조합으로 113개가표현되었다. 연계된 SNOMED CT 계층은임상적관찰이나사정, 판단의결과를뜻하는 clinical finding 계층 (hierarchy) 이 82개, 투약, 영상검사, 교육, 시술을포함한활동을뜻하는 procedure 계층이 31개였다 (Table 2). 온톨로지구축전에개념간의연계에대한검증을수행하였다. 검증을위해 5년경력의산부인과임상간호사와표준화된용어체계연구에 5년이상참여한용어전문가 2인을선정하였다. 2인의전문가는 Likert scale 4점척도에서전문가 1은 3.61점, 전문가 2는 3.72점이었고전문가 1과전문가 2가 3점혹은 4점점수를준항목이각각 104개, 103개로서이를비율로나타낸 CVI는 0.92의비율로연계결과에동의하는것으로나타났다. 4. 간호진단온톨로지구축간호진단온톨로지는간호진단 27개와관련요인 113개를사용하여구축되었다. Figure 2는간호진단온톨로지를구축한결과로서, NANDA 의간호진단을기준으로영역 (domain), 군 (class), 간호진단을상하위의계층관계로표현하여구축하였다. 간호진단 risk for infection ( 감염위험성 )' 은 11 safety/protection 영역과 1 infection 군의하위계층으로구축되었다. 그리고간호진단진술문 NS_010 risk for infection associated with premature rupture of membranes ( 조기파수와관련된감염위험성 ) 은간호진단 risk for infection ( 감염위험성 )' 의하위계층으로포함되며, SNOMED CT의 Concept ID가 인 associated with ( 관련된 ) 을속성으로하여, Concept ID가 ' 인관련요인 premature rupture of membranes ( 조기파수 ) 와관계를맺음으로써용어의의미가제한되었다. 본연구에서제안하는온톨로지방법론의적용가능성을알아보기위해, 간호진단과관련요인용어들을클래스화한후, Protege (v3.4.7) 를활용하여 OWL 기반의간호진단온톨로지를구축하였다 (Table 3). OWL에서클래스는 owl:class로표현되며, 클래스의계층관계는 rdfs:subclassof 로표현된다. Table 3에서간호진단진술문인 NS_136 alteration in comfort: pain associated with premature uterine contraction ( 안위변화 : 조기 자궁수축과관련된통증 ) 은 associated with ( 관련된 ) 이라는속성을통해관련요인 premature uterine contraction ( 조기자궁수축 ) 과관계를맺으며, is a ( 상하관계이다 ) 라는속성을통해간호진단 impaired comfort ( 안위변화 )' 의하위계층으로구축되었다. 논의본연구는산부인과간호단위에서빈번히사용하는간호진단을확인하여산부인과간호단위의간호과정용어를구축하였으며, 구축된간호과정용어에온톨로지를도입하여활용할것을제안하고자시도되었다. 먼저, 산부인과간호단위의 EMR의간호기록자료에서간호진단진술문을추출한결과, 간호진단을진술할때몇가지오류들을확인할수있었다. 구체적으로정리하면, 문제 (problem) 대신에요구를진술한경우 ( 고체온과관련된체액보충 ), 관련요인과문제가동일한의미를갖도록진술한경우 ( 조기진통과관련된안위장애 ), 의학적진단으로간호진단을진술한경우 ( 저혈압 ), 두가지문제를동시에진술한경우 ( 수술과혈소판감소증과관련된출혈위험성 ), 관련요인과문제를역으로진술한경우 ( 치료적금식에대한불이행과관련된이해부족 ), 관련요인없이문제만진술한경우 ( 급성통증 ) 였다. 이는간호사들이간호진단을서술할때자주범하는오류들로서, 간호사정을철저하게하지않거나부정확한사정을수행함으로써정확하지않은간호진단을내린것으로판단된다. 사정을철저하게수행하면자료의결함과모순을최소화할수있으므로, 간호진단에제시된관련요인이나특성들과비교해봄으로써간호진단이정확하게내려졌는지를확인해볼필요가있을것이다. 간호사가독자적으로환자의요구나건강문제를진단하고해결할수있는간호진단을내리기위해서는간호중재에의해해결될수있는진단을찾는비판적사고과정을통한교육과노력이필요할것으로사료된다. 다음으로, 간호진단진술문의진단을 NANDA의간호진단과연계하여 27개의간호진단을표준화하였다. 이에본연구에서나타난간호진단은지식부족, 안위변화, 불안등의순으로빈도가높았으며, 선행연구들의간호진단과비교한결과사용한간호진단의우선순위에차이가있었다. 내 외과간호단위를대상으로한 Kim (2000) 의연구에서는고체온, 조직관류변화, 가스교환장애등의간호진단이많았으며, 내과, 정형외과, 신경외과및일반외과간호단위를대상으로한 Park (2003) 의연구에서는급성통증, 오심, 비효율적호흡양상등 Vol. 19 No. 1,
8 박정은 정귀애 조훈등 Table 2. Mapping between 113 Factors and SNOMED CT 82 Factors of clinical finding hierarchy Abnormal body temperature Drug side effects checked Injury Abnormal vaginal bleeding Dyspnea Injury of perineum Absent bladder sensation Edema Injury of vulva Anemia Effective breastfeeding Insomnia Anorexia Excessive fluid intake - finding Itching Ascites Finding of first stage of labor Labour pain Back pain Finding of second stage of labor Low blood pressure Behavior showing reduced motor activity Finding of third stage of labour Melena Bleeding Finding related to ability to manage medication Nausea and vomiting Bleeding from vagina Finding related to risk factor Neutrophil count below reference range Blood glucose level Headache Noncompliance: safety precautions Blood transfusion reaction Heartburn Not getting enough sleep Change in bowel pattern Hematuria Nutritional deficiency Chest discomfort Hyperglycemia Ovarian torsion Chronic disease Hyperkalemia Pain Constipation Hypertension Phlebitis after infusion Cough Hyperthermia Placenta previa Deficient knowledge of disease process Hypoalbuminemia Post-discharge follow-up Delivery finding Indigestion Post-episiotomy pain Delivery normal Ineffective breastfeeding Postoperative complications Diarrhea Infection Postoperative wound breakdown Disease Infection control status Postpartum hemorrhage Dizziness Infectious disease PROM-Premature rupture of membranes Premature uterine contraction Sputum finding Uveitis Prognosis uncertain Therapeutic diets Vulva edema Retention of urine Thrombocytopenia Skin rash Sensory disability Toxemia of pregnancy Spotting per vagina in pregnancy Uterine leiomyoma 31 Factors of procedure hierarchy Anticoagulant therapy General care of patient Preoperative procedures Cesarean section Hemovac pump use, care and adjustment Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Hospital admission Surgical procedure Colonoscopy Induction of labor Termination of pregnancy CT-Computerized tomography Insertion of inferior vena caval filter Thoracentesis Consultation MRI-Magnetic resonance imaging Total laparoscopic hysterectomy CT of abdomen and pelvis Nasogastric tube aspiration Twenty-four hour collection of urine Curettage Nephrostomy with tube drainage Urinary catheterization Cystoscopy Nothing by mouth Vaginal irrigation Delivery procedure Patient transfer, in-hospital, unit-to-unit Discharge from hospital PET CT-Positron emission tomography 8 Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing
9 산부인과간호단위의간호과정과 SNOMED CT 를이용한간호진단온톨로지의구축 Figure 2. Example of nursing diagnosis ontology. 의간호진단이많았으며, 정형외과간호단위를대상으로한 Kim (2005) 의연구에서는급성통증, 신체적기동성장애, 보행장애등의간호진단이많았으며, 심장혈관계중환자실간호단위를대상으로한 Kim (2006) 의연구에서는출혈위험성, 급성통증, 심박출량감소등의간호진단이많았으며, 내과중환자실간호단위를대상으로한 Park (2010) 의연구에서는비효율적인기도청결, 흡인위험성, 감염위험성등의간호진단이많아본연구결과와차이가있었다. 이는각간호단위별특성이반영된결과라보인다. 즉, 간호단위별대상자의특성과관련요인에따른간호진단선택의결과로서차이를나타낸것으로사료된다. 간호진단진술문의관련요인을추출하여 SNOMED CT와연계하여 113개의관련요인을표준화하였다. 이중, NANDA 의간호진단에서제시한가이드라인에포함된관련요인은 12 개에불과하였다. 이러한점은본연구의재료로사용된간호기록이간호진단가이드라인에서제시한다양한인간이보이는신체 병리적, 정신 심리적, 사회 문화적, 영적인인간반응에대한초점보다는신체 병리적인측면에비중을둔간호기록을중심으로이루어지고있음을알수있었다. 이는향후간호를표현하는간호기록의표현에있어서중점적으로개선되어야할부분일것이다. 이미의료에서는임상기록지의표현에대한연구가광범위하게이루어지고있으며, 그결과로서생성된데이터세트를 EMR에적용하여정보를효율적으로검색하고분석할뿐만아니라문서교환과임상의사결정지원시스템에적극활용하려는노력이진행되고있다. Table 3. OWL Representation of Nursing Diagnosis Ontology <owl:class rdf:id="ns_136"> <rdfs:comment rdf:datatype=" Alteration in comfort: pain associated with premature uterine contraction </rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subclassof> <owl:class>... <owl:onproperty> <owl:objectproperty rdf:id="associated_with"/>... <owl:class rdf:id="premature_uterine_contraction"/>... <owl:objectproperty rdf:id="is_a"/>... <owl:class rdf:about="#nanda_00214"> <rdfs:subclassof> <owl:class rdf:id="nanda"/> </rdfs:subclassof> <rdfs:comment rdf:datatype=" Impaired comfort - definition : perceived lack of ease, relief and transcendence in physical, psychospiritual, environmental and social dimensions...<owl:class rdf:about="#premature_uterine_contraction"> <rdfs:subclassof rdf:resource="#factor"/> <rdfs:comment rdf:datatype=" Premature_uterine_contraction_ <owl:class rdf:about="#nanda"> <rdfs:comment rdf:datatype=" nursing diagnosis... <owl:objectproperty rdf:about="#associated_with"> <rdfs:comment rdf:datatype=" _ <owl:objectproperty rdf:about="#is_a"> <rdfs:comment rdf:datatype=" _ </rdf:RDF> Vol. 19 No. 1,
10 박정은 정귀애 조훈등 SNOMED CT는간호진단, 계획, 중재를표현하기위한다양한개념과관계를표준화된코드로생성하여전자화시켜간호기록자료와의공유와상호운영성을보장하고있다. 그러나간호기록중많은부분이텍스트로제시되고있어전산화되고있는의료환경에서간호와관련된다양한개념들이적극적으로활용되지못하고있는실정이다. 이에본연구에서는이러한문제점을보완하기위해서간호와관련된개념중에서관련요인을 SNOMED CT와연계하여 Concept ID라는고유의코드를부여하여표준화시키려는노력을시도하였다. 그러나동일한관련요인이라도기록한간호사에따라다양한형태로표현되기때문에, 추후문헌고찰에근거한다양한관련요인들이추가되어야할것이다. 관련요인은모두전조합의방법으로 SNOMED CT의 clinical finding과 procedure 계층으로연계되었다. 이는산부인과간호단위의간호사들이간호사의임상적관찰이나사정, 판단의결과를뜻하는 clinical finding 계층의용어로관련요인을적절하게표현한것으로보인다. 아울러, 추후관련요인을추가할경우표준화된용어와전조합이가능한형태로표현한다면후조합을활용한용어의확장및검색에도용이할것이라사료된다. 2,500개이상의관련요인을가진 NANDA의간호진단에서간호진단을정확히도출하는것은쉬운일이아니었으며, 임상경험이없는간호학생이나신규간호사는더큰어려움을경험하리라본다. 표준화된간호과정용어라할지라도관련요인과환자의문제를정확하게연결하는것이올바른간호진단을내리는방법이라고본다. 관련요인에대한부정확한진단의연결은전체간호과정을잘못된방향으로유도하여비효율적인결과와위험한간호수행을초래하므로이에대한대책이필요할것으로사료된다. 산부인과간호단위에서간호진단과관련요인을온톨로지로연결하여구축한간호진단온톨로지는산부인과간호단위의간호사들이간호과정을적용할때, 간호진단-간호결과-간호중재를선택하는데있어서우선순위의기준이되어줄수있을것이다. 예를들어, 질출혈을호소하는환자에게서간호사가불안이라는간호진단을내릴경우, 불안수준이나불안조절등에대한사정을하게된다. 이중불안수준이라는간호결과를선택하여평가할경우, 간호진단온톨로지는안절부절못함, 흥분, 혈압증가, 안면긴장, 손이부들부들떨림등의결과지표와불안감소, 이완요법등의간호중재를제시해준다. 간호사가선택한간호진단과연계된간호결과와간호중재만을제시해주므로간호사들이결과와중재를일일이찾아보고선택해야하는수고를덜어줄수있을뿐아니라, 간호과정에익 숙하지않은간호사라하더라도간호진단에간호결과와간호중재가연계되어있으므로어렵지않게간호과정을적용할수있을것이다. 대부분의병원들은의학적진단코드와수가코드의연계에관심을두고많은투자를하고있다. 그러나 EMR 기반에서는진료영역뿐아니라다양한영역의건강정보를저장하고활용할수있어야한다. 따라서환자의기록중 60% 이상을차지하는간호기록은중요한정보들이누락된채로저장되고있으므로, 본연구는산부인과간호단위에서이문제를해결하는데첫시작으로매우의의가있을것으로기대한다. 환자로부터나온자료를통일된용어로기록하는것은과학적인자료와의통합을가능하게하며연구와실무의차이점을좁혀실무에더욱가깝게해준다. 또한, 실무자들의의사결정을도와주며문헌과환자기록을효과적으로찾을수있게해준다. 실제의료분야에서사용되고있는의무기록과간호기록의대부분을차지하고있는자연어 (natural language) 는다른분야의자연어와는다르게매우전문적인용어로묘사되고있으며, 이를포괄하는용어에대해서는지나치게정보기술전문가에만의존해왔던점이국내 EMR의확산과통합을방해하는최대의걸림돌이되고있다. 즉, 임상현장에서발생하는무수한자료들중표현되지못하는자료는전산화되지못한채누락되므로, 근거가되는자료들을정보로활용하지못하고사장시키는결과를초래하게되는것이다. 환자에게보다질적이며비용효과적인간호를제공하기위한의사결정을내리는데있어서는정보가매우중요한역할을한다. 본연구결과를통해얻은데이터세트는의료인들간에서로공유할수있는용어를사용할수있게한다. 따라서의료인들이환자를돌보는업무에대해서서로상호작용할수있으며같은목표를공유할수있다. EMR 체계에서간호정보시스템은의사, 영양사, 물리치료사들이사용하는시스템과분리되어존재할수없다. 즉, 간호사는검사결과, 식이, 외래예약, 그리고다른임상분야에서사용하는시스템과더불어공통데이터세트를활용함으로써환자간호의질을향상시킬수있다. 따라서환자간호에종사하는모든직종이서로공유할수있는용어를사용할경우의사소통이훨씬효과적일것이다. 본연구에서는산부인과간호단위의 SNOMED CT를기반으로한간호진단온톨로지를구축하였으며, 구축된온톨로지는자연어검색을할경우보다정확한정보를찾아주며구축한용어의수나온톨로지의구조는다른간호단위에도확대하여재사용될수있을것이다. 또한, 간호사들의지식및경험부 10 Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing
11 산부인과간호단위의간호과정과 SNOMED CT 를이용한간호진단온톨로지의구축 족을보완하고간호진단을논리적으로내리는데도움을줌으로써간호지식의적용을촉진할수있을뿐만아니라비판적사고능력을배양하여간호진단에따른중재를제시하고계획을수립하는것을보다용이하게하며, 간호과정적용에대한즉각적인피드백을제공해줄수있을것이다. 결론본연구는산부인과간호단위에서빈번히사용하는간호진단을확인하고, 간호진단과 SNOMED CT를연계한간호진단온톨로지를구축하여, 산부인과간호단위의간호사들이표준화된간호과정을적용하는데도움을주고자시도하게되었다. 연구결과, 산부인과간호단위에서사용하는간호진단을 NANDA의간호진단으로표준화하여 27개의간호진단과진단의우선순위를확인할수있었으며, 구체적인수준의간호진단을내릴수있도록해주는관련요인들을 SNOMED CT 의용어로표준화하여 113개의관련요인을확인함으로써 NANDA의간호진단분류체계가가지는관련요인의비표준화문제를해결하여상호운영성의문제를해결할수있었다. 또한, 온톨로지를도입함으로써, 산부인과간호단위에서빈번히사용하는간호진단과관련요인을연결하여간호진단-간호결과-간호중재로구성된간호과정용어를확장하여구축할수있었다. 구축된온톨로지는실제산부인과간호단위의간호과정에적용할수있음을알수있었으며, 지속적인용어의추가작업을통해전체간호진단을포함시키고관련요인들을확장시키기위한노력이필요할것으로보인다. 또한, NANDA의간호진단중새롭게만들어지거나, 개정되거나, 사용하지않는진단들에대한지속적인관심을가지면서, 간호진단온톨로지를확장해가는노력이필요할것이다. 이러한노력은임상적상황에서사용된용어의의미를얼마나정확히표현할수있는가에대한지침을제공할수있다. 또한, 표현되지못하는용어가어느정도수준인지를파악하여이에대한대책을마련할수있을것이다. 현재는후조합으로도표현되지못하는용어들은사용자코드를임의생성해서데이터세트로활용하고있으며, 자주사용하는용어들을표준화시키려는노력을지속적으로해야할것이다. 이상의연구결과를종합해볼때, 산부인과간호단위의특성을고려한표준화된간호과정의정립과산부인과간호단위대상자의질적간호제공을위한자료뿐만아니라 EMR의데이터세트로활용될수있을것이다. 본연구는 2010년 8월부터 2010년 10월까지 D시에위치한일개대학병원의산부인과간호단위에서입원치료후퇴원한환자 244명의 EMR의간호기록자료를대상으로국한하였으므로, 보다다양한산부인과간호단위의간호진단을비교분석해보는연구가필요하다고본다. 또한, NNN 기반의간호과정에대한지속적인업데이트와관리가필요할것이며, 본연구대상에서제외되었던진술문들을포함하는반복연구또한이루어질필요가있음을제언한다. REFERENCES Benson, T. (2010). Principles of health interoperability HL7 and SNOMED. London: Springer. Bluechek, G. M., Butcher, H., & Dochterman, J. M. (Eds.). (2008). Nursing interventions classification (NIC) (5th ed.). St louis: Mosby Elsevier. Chi, S. A., Choi, K. S., Park, K. S., & Jung, Y. K. (1999). A basic study on improvement and computerization of nursing record. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 29, Chin, H. J., & Kim, S. G. (2003). Standardization of main concept in chief complaint based on SNOMED CT for utilization in electronic medical record. The Korean Society of Medical Informatics, 9, Clinical Information Consultancy. (2011). Viewing SNOMED clinical terms with CliniClue Xplore. Retrieved November 15, 2012, from Din, M. A., Abidi, S. S., & Jafarpour, B. (2010). Ontology based modeling and execution of nursing care plans and practice guidelines. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 160, Hardiker, N. R. (2001). Mediating between nursing intervention terminology systems. Proceedings AMIA Annual Symposium, Hardiker, N. R. (2003). Logical ontology for mediating between nursing intervention terminology systems. Methods of Information in Medicine, 42, Johnson, M., Moorhead, S., Bulechek, G. M., Butcher, H. K., Maas, M. L., & Swanson, E. (2012). NOC and NIC linkages to NANDA-I and clinical conditions: Supporting critical reasoning and quality care (3rd ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Year Book. Kim, H. S. (2005). Development and application of a computerized nursing process program for orthopedic surgery inpatients NANDA, NOC, and NIC linkages. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 35, Kim, H., Harris, M. R., Savova, G. K., & Chute, C. G. (2008). The first step toward data reuse: Disambiguating concept representation of the locally developed ICU nursing flowsheets. Vol. 19 No. 1,
12 박정은 정귀애 조훈등 Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 26, org/ /01.ncn Kim, J. A. (2000). Development of knowledge management system of nursing process for clinical application. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yonsei University, Seoul. Kim, J. H., Lee, J. H., Park, H. A., Choi, H. W., & Kim, M. K. (2005). Development of ontology for nursing statement. The Korean Society of Medical Informatics, 11, Kim, P. J. (2006). Application model of the nursing process to electric medical records for cardiovascular patients. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yonsei University, Seoul. Kim, S. H., Han, S. B., & Choi, J. (2005). The expressive power of SNOMED-CT compared with the discharge summaries. Korean Society of Medical Informatics, 11, Lee, E., & Park, H. (2008). Korean nurse's experiences: The influence of NNN (NANDA-I, NIC, NOC) terminologies on nursing workflow. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, Moorhead, S., Johnson, M., Mass, M., & Swanson, E. (Eds.). (2008). Nursing outcomes classification (NOC) (4th ed.). St Louis: Mosby Elsevier. NANDA International. (2009). Nursing diagnoses: Definitions & classification, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Park, H. J. (2003). Development and application of the computerized nursing process program using nursing diagnosis-outcome intervention (NANDA-NOC-NIC) linkage. Unpublished master's thesis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju. Park, M. J. (2010). Identification of nursing diagnosis-outcomeintervention (NANDA-NOC-NIC) linkage in MICU inpatients. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Chonnam National University, Gwangju. Scroggins, L. M. (2008). The developmental processes for NANDA international Nursing diagnoses. International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications, 19, dx.doi.org/ /j x x Stanford University. (2011). Protege Retrieved October 20, 2012, from von Krogh, G., Dale, C., & Naden, D. (2005). A framework for integrating NANDA, NIC, and NOC terminology in electronic patient records. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 37, Summary Statement What is already known about this topic? Nursing process is the common guideline uniting different types of nurses who work in varied areas and essential core of nursing practice. Nonetheless, nurses' do not use nursing process for various reasons. What this paper adds? Knowledge system about nursing process in obstetric and gynecologic nursing unit was constructed using a standardized nursing process and SNOMED CT. It's constructed based on the ontology;and will be reused in other clinical terms and nursing units. Implications for practice, education and/or policy Not only it will be helpful to complete nurse's lack of knowledge and experience to determine nursing diagnosis logically, but will be easier to establish nursing planning andnursing interventions according to nursing diagnosis. 12 Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing
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