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1 Korean J Women Health Nurs ( 여성건강간호학회지 ) Vol. 22 No. 3, , September 2016 pissn eissn 부인과간호단위입원환자에적용되는간호진단-간호결과-간호중재의연계확인 양민지 1 김혜영 2 전북대학교병원 1, 전북대학교간호대학 간호과학연구소 2 Identification of Nursing Diagnosis-Outcome-Intervention Linkages for Inpatients in Gynecology Department Nursing Units Yang, Min Ji 1 Kim, Hye Young 2 1 Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 2 College of Nursing Research Institute of Nursing Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the nursing diagnosis-outcome-intervention (NANDA-NOC-NIC) linkages for gynecology inpatients shown in their electronic nursing records. Methods: This retrospective and descriptive research was conducted in two steps and based on the 287 electronic nursing records for 253 patients. First, nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions were collected. To identify major nursing diagnoses, a comparison was done with the top 10 nursing diagnoses from this research and with previous research selected using a content validity index developed by a team of professionals. Second, nursing outcomes and interventions that were associated with major nursing diagnoses were identified. Results: Nineteen nursing diagnoses, 12 nursing outcomes, and 40 nursing interventions were collected. The top 5 major nursing diagnoses were identified and 7 nursing outcomes and 18 nursing interventions associated with these diagnoses were checked. Conclusion: The identified NANDA-NOC-NIC linkages can contribute to improving nursing practice and will help in the establishment of standardized nursing care. Key Words: Nursing process, Gynecology department, Inpatient 서론 1. 연구의필요성 간호과정은간호의궁극적인목적을달성하기위해간호사가대상자의건강상태를사정하여실제적이거나잠재적인건강문제를진단하는독자적인임상적판단이며, 확인된문제들 에대해개별화된간호를계획및수행하고대상자의반응을평가하는단계를거치는과학적인문제해결방법이다 [1]. 이에간호사는다양한임상현장에서간호실무의표준지침으로간호과정을채택함으로써의사결정자로서역할을수행하고있다 [2]. 전자의무기록에서간호과정을효율적으로적용하기위해서는객관적이고표준화된언어를사용해야한다 [3,4]. 이러한표준화된간호용어를정립하기위해북미간호진단협회 (North 주요어 : 간호과정, 부인과, 입원환자 Corresponding author: Kim, Hye Young College of Nursing, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Korea. Tel: , Fax: , tcellkim@jbnu.ac.kr - 이논문은제1저자양민지의석사학위논문의일부를발췌한것임. - This article is based on a part of the first author's master's thesis from Chonbuk National University. Received: May 25, 2016 / Revised: Jul 14, 2016 / Accepted: Aug 2, 2016 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. c 2016 Korean Society of Women Health Nursing

2 부인과간호단위입원환자에적용되는간호진단 - 간호결과 - 간호중재의연계확인 America Nursing Diagnosis Association, NANDA) 는표준화된간호용어인간호진단분류체계 (NANDA-International., NANDA-I) 를개발하였으며 [5], 이를효과적으로적용하기위해아이오와대학연구팀은표준화된간호용어인간호진단 (NANDA-I)-간호결과(Nursing Outcomes Classification, NOC)-간호중재 (Nursing Interventions Classification, NIC) 의연계 (NNN Linkage) 를정립하여간호실무에간호과정을적용할때보다쉽게전산화할수있도록하였다 [6]. 부인과간호단위는여성생식기질환, 불임및수술등다양한입원환자들로구성되며, 대상자들은출혈, 통증, 외상등여성특성의간호문제를가지고있다. 이러한특성때문에부인과간호단위는다른간호단위보다생식건강및생애주기동안의신체적, 심리적, 사회적요구를포함한전인적인접근이더욱요구되며독자적이고전문적인간호를필요로한다 [7]. 따라서부인과간호단위입원환자의간호문제를해결하기위한체계적이고포괄적인접근방법인간호과정을적용하여부인과간호단위에서행해지는간호진단, 간호결과및간호중재를확인하는것은부인과간호단위특성관련간호실무를파악하는중요한일이라고여겨진다. NNN의연계를임상실무에서대상자간호의의사결정지침으로사용하기위해서는다양한실무영역에서반복적인연구나검토를통해타당성이검증되어야하며, 각단계별로핵심적인간호진단, 결과및중재가확인되어야한다 [8]. 이에따라국내외에서간호대상자나간호단위를중심으로간호진단, 결과및중재를파악하고이들의연계를확인하는연구가이루어졌다. 간호대상자를중심으로한연구는유방암환자 [9], 척수손상환자 [10], 위절제술환자 [11], 복부수술 [12], 당뇨환자 [13], 항암화학요법환자 [14], 그리고심부전환자 [15,16] 등이있고, 간호단위를중심으로한연구로는중환자실 [17], 수술실 [18], 회복실 [19], 외과계간호단위 [20,21], 내외과계간호단위 [18,22], 간호단위별 NNN의연계비교 [23] 등이보고되었다. 국내외에서의간호진단, 간호결과, 간호중재파악및연계를확인하는연구들은간호대상자나간호단위를중심으로간호기록을통해적용된간호진단만을도출하였거나 NNN의연계를확인한연구라하더라도간호사대상으로설문지를통해확인하였는데 [8,14], 이것은통합적인간호기록을통해확인한것보다정보의제한이있고실제임상과차이가있을것으로여겨진다. 또한다빈도로적용되는주요간호진단에따른간호결과와간호중재의연계를확인하기위해서는실무에서실제적용하는간호기록과간호과정을임상에적용하는간호사들의전문가집단검증을통한타당성이선행될필요가있다. 그러므로각간호단위별로구체적인간호과정전산프로그램이필요하고이를위해서는간호단위별 NNN의연계를확인하기위해실제적용하고있는간호기록을통한근거기반연구자료가필요하다. 간호결과는간호중재효과를검증할수있으며중재후간호결과를재확인하는단계로간호실무영역에서매우중요한의미를부여한다 [8]. 하지만이러한중요함에도불구하고국내에서는부인과간호단위의간호진단, 간호중재각각을확인하는연구 [24] 로매우국한되어있으며부인과간호단위입원환자를대상으로 NNN의연계를분석한연구는아직시도되지않았다. 이에본연구는부인과간호단위입원환자에게간호사들이실제사용하는주요간호진단에따른간호결과와간호중재의연계를확인하여부인과간호단위입원환자에게적합한표준화된간호업무및진료지침이되는근거자료로활용하고자시도되었다. 2. 연구목적본연구의목적은부인과간호단위입원환자의전자간호기록을통해주요간호진단에따른간호결과와간호중재의연계를확인하여해당영역에서의간호실무를향상시키고표준화업무에도움이되고자함이며, 구체적인목적은다음과같다. 부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용된간호진단, 간호결과및간호중재를파악한다. 부인과간호단위입원환자의주요간호진단에따른간호결과와간호중재의연계를파악한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계 본연구는부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용된주요간호진단에따른간호결과와간호중재의연계를확인하기위한후향적기술조사연구이다. 2. 연구대상본연구의표적모집단은우리나라에서부인과질환으로입원치료한환자의전자간호기록이며근접모집단은 2015년 3 월 1일부터 5월 31일까지 J시에위치한 1,000병상규모의일개상급종합병원부인과간호단위에서입원치료후퇴원한 18세 Vol. 22 No. 3,

3 양민지 김혜영 이상성인환자의전자간호기록이다. 연구기간동안재입원한환자를포함한 253명의부인과간호단위입원환자에게입원기간동안사용된간호진단에따른간호결과와간호중재를적용한총 287건의전자간호기록이최종분석에이용되었다. 본연구대상병원의간호기록은 Focus 기록과상황기록 (situational records) 으로이루어져있다. Focus 기록은환자의현재상태, 앞으로의목표, 중재결과에초점을맞추는것으로의료진간원활한정보교환을목적으로개발된간호기록체계를말하며 [25], 구조화되어있는 (structured) 간호기록방법으로간호사는전자간호기록내에입력되어있는 NNN의연계중해당되는간호진술문을간호사가선택하여기록한다. 구조화되어있지않은 (unstructured) 상황기록은전산시스템내에해당되는간호진술문이없을경우간호사들이직접간호진술문을입력하도록하는것이다. 간호진단은 NANDA-I에서제시한것으로 간호진단화되어있는 Focus 와 NANDA-I 진단목록에서제시하지않은간호문제인 간호진단화되어있지않은 Focus 로구성된다. 전자간호기록은간호진단, 간호결과, 간호중재및해당병원에서자체개발한간호진단과간호중재를포함하여총 206개의간호진단과 115개의간호결과, 459개의간호중재가포함되어있다. 그리고해당병원의간호부는전자간호기록에서이루어지는제반사항을관리하고있으며특히간호진단, 간호결과, 간호중재의수정및개발등의업데이트를위해의료정보과에간호사가상주하여간호부와전산실을연계해주는역할을하고있다. 3. 연구도구 1) 간호진단 (NANDA-I) 북미간호진단협회 (NANDA) 의간호진단분류체계에서제시한 13개의영역, 47개의과, 221개의간호진단을사용하였다 [5]. 간호진단명과빈도를기록할수있도록연구자들이개발한기록지에표기하였다. 2) 간호결과 (NOC) Moorhead, Johnson, Mass와 Swanson의간호결과분류체계에서제시된 7개의영역, 32개의과, 490개의간호결과를사용하였다 [26]. 간호결과는결과지표로구성되며결과지표는 5점척도로기대되는범위나정상범위내에있으면 5점, 그렇지않으면 1점으로점수가높을수록결과와관련하여가장바람직한환자상태를반영한다. 간호결과명과빈도를기록지에표기하였다. 3) 간호중재 (NIC) Bulechek, Butcher, Dochterman과 Wagner의간호중재분류체계에서제시된 7개의영역, 30개의과, 554개의간호중재를사용하였다 [27]. 간호중재명과빈도를기록지에표기하였다. 4) 간호진단-간호결과-간호중재연계 (NANDA-NOC-NIC Linkage) 아이오와대학의연구팀이 NNN의관계를제안하여제시한것 [6] 으로 Choi 등 [28] 이번역한문헌을참고로사용하였다. 간호진단과연계된간호결과, 간호중재명과빈도를기록지에표기하였다. 4. 연구과정자료수집은윤리성확보를위하여먼저해당병원의간호부에연구에대한취지를설명하고조사협조를구하여동의를얻은후, 해당병원생명의학연구윤리심의위원회 (Institutional Review Board, IRB) 의승인을받아시행하였다 (IRB No ). 본연구에서산부인과입원환자의 NNN의연계를확인하기위해모든내용은기록지를이용하여파악하였다. 먼저부인과간호단위입원환자의일반적특성및간호진단, 간호결과, 간호중재를확인하였다. 간호진단은입원기간동안전자간호기록에작성되어있는간호진술문을연구자들이검토하고그정확성을파악하여확인하였다. 간호진단화되어있는 Focus 는간호진단명그대로추출하였고, 간호진단화되어있지않은 Focus 는간호과정관련교수 2인과함께간호진단의정의적특성을고려하여내용타당도에포함시켜서재명명할간호진단을선정하였다. 그후전문가집단 11명 ( 여성건강간호학교수 2인, 간호과정관련교수 2인, 산부인과병동수간호사 2인, 5년이상의산부인과경력간호사 5인 ) 의내용타당도검증을통해재명명후추출하였다. 내용타당도는 Fehring의진단적내용타당도모형 [29] 으로 5점 Likert 척도로평가하여타당도지수 (Content Validity Index, CVI) 가.80 이상인간호진단만선택하였다. 간호사가직접입력한상황기록은전문가집단이합의에도달할때까지여러번의논의를거친후결정하였다. 그다음단계로선행연구에서제시된산부인과입원환자에게적용된 27개의간호진단 [30] 중 Fehring의진단적내용타당도를적용하여전문가집단 (3년이상의산부인과경력간호사 21인으로구성 ) 을통해 CVI를검증하였으며상위 10위의간호진단을선택하였다. 본연구의조사결과확인된상 172 Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing

4 부인과간호단위입원환자에적용되는간호진단 - 간호결과 - 간호중재의연계확인 위 10위의간호진단과선행연구에서제시한간호진단중상위 10위의간호진단을비교하여서로일치하는간호진단을부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용가능한주요간호진단으로도출하였다. 간호결과는 Focus 간호진술문에서간호결과명을그대로추출하였고, 간호중재는 Focus 간호진술문에서간호중재명을그대로추출하였으며간호사가직접입력한상황기록은의미가모호하고연구자의편견이개입될수있어전문가집단이합의에도달할때까지여러번의논의를거친후결정하였다. 마지막으로도출된주요간호진단에따른간호결과와간호중재의연계를빈도로확인하였다. 5. 자료분석수집된자료는기호화하여컴퓨터에입력한후 SPSS/WIN 19.0 프로그램과 Excel 프로그램을이용하여통계분석을실시하였다. 연구목적에따른구체적인자료분석방법은다음과같다. 의무기록분석대상인부인과간호단위간호기록대상자의일반적특성은기술통계를이용하여분석하였다. 부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용된간호진단, 간호결과, 간호중재의빈도는실수와백분율로산출하였다. 부인과간호단위입원환자에게도출된주요간호진단에따른간호결과와간호중재의연계를분류한후빈도는실수와백분율로산출하였다. 연구결과 1. 부인과간호단위간호기록대상자의일반적특성 연구대상자의연령은 20세에서 84세까지로평균 44.99± 13.55세였으며 40~49세가 106명 (36.9%) 으로가장많았다. 결혼상태는기혼이 235명 (81.9%) 으로대부분을차지하였고, 직업이있는대상자가 155명 (54.0%) 으로나타났다. 교육정도는고졸이 121명 (42.2%) 으로가장많은것으로나타났으며종교가있는대상자는 145명 (50.5%) 으로조사되었다. 입원기간은 3일에서 41일까지로평균 6.42±3.65일이었으며진단명은자궁근종이 90명 (31.4%) 으로가장많은것으로나타났다. 입원기간동안수술을한대상자는 212명 (73.9%) 으로전체대상자의과반수이상을차지하였고, 전자궁절제술이 80명 (27.9%) 으로가장많았다 (Table 1). 2. 부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용된간호진단, 간호결과, 간호중재의평균빈도부인과간호단위에입원한대상자의간호기록 287건을통해확인한결과, 입원기간동안대상자별로적용된간호진단의개수는평균 3.01±0.81개 ( 범위 : 1~5개 ) 였다. 간호결과개수는평균 2.61±0.78개 ( 범위 : 1~5개 ) 였으며, 간호중재개수는평균 7.43±2.55개 ( 범위 : 1~14개 ) 로나타났다. 3. 부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용된간호진단부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용된 Focus는 16개가추출되었고이중 간호진단화되어있는 Focus 는 11개이며 간호진단화되어있지않은 Focus 는 5개로입원, 퇴원, 전입, 전출, 중심정맥관삽입으로나타났다. 간호진단화되어있지않은 Focus 중입원, 퇴원, 전입, 전출의 Focus 4개는간호문제라기보다는병원의모든환자에게통상적으로적용되는간호상황으로판단되어이를제외하였고중심정맥관삽입의 Focus 는전문가집단의내용타당도검증을통해 NANDA-I 간호진단목록중혈관외상의위험으로재명명하여, 총 12개의간호진단이추출되었다. 또한간호사가직접기록한상황기록에서추출된간호진단은 8개로총 20개의간호진단이추출되었으며이들중중복되는간호진단을통합하여최종 19개의간호진단이도출되었다. 부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용된간호진단 19개중 13 개는실제적간호진단 (problem-focused diagnosis) 과 6개는위험간호진단 (risk diagnosis) 이었으며영역 6개, 과 10개로나타났다. 영역, 과별로살펴보면안위영역에서신체적안위과가, 안전 / 보호영역에서감염, 신체적손상, 체온조절과가, 지각 / 인지영역에서인지과가, 영양영역에서수화작용, 섭취과가, 배설과교환영역에서비뇨기계기능, 위장관계기능과가, 활동 / 휴식영역에서심혈관 / 호흡기계기능과로나타났다. 부인과간호단위입원환자에게입원기간동안적용된간호진단의건수는총 4,079건으로적용빈도가높은상위 10위의간호진단은급성통증 (acute pain) 2,186건 (53.2%), 감염의위험 (risk for infection) 1,114건 (27.3%), 지식부족 (deficient of knowledge) 595건 (14.6%), 요정체 (Urinary retention) 52건 (1.3%), 체액불균형의위험 (risk for imbalanced fluid volume) 40건 (1.0%), 고체온 (hyperthermia) 24건 (0.6%), 체액부족 (deficit fluid volume) 19건 (0.5%), 배뇨장애 (impaired urinary elimination) 14건 (0.3%), 상해의위험 (risk for injury) 11건 (0.3%), Vol. 22 No. 3,

5 양민지 김혜영 Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Patients Nursing Record in Gynecology Department Nursing Unit (N=287) Variables Categories n(%) M±SD Range Age (year) 20~29 30~39 40~49 50~ (13.6) 58 (20.2) 106 (36.9) 39 (13.6) 45 (15.7) 44.99± ~84 Marriage status Occupation Education Religion Married Non-married Others Yes No Middle school High school College Yes No 235 (81.9) 38 (13.2) 14 (4.9) 155 (54.0) 132 (46.0) 61 (21.2) 121 (42.2) 105 (36.6) 145 (50.5) 142 (49.5) Length of stay in hospital (day) 6.42±3.65 3~41 Medical diagnosis Type of surgery (n=212) Uterine myoma Cancer (cervix, ovary, endometrium) Ovarian cyst Adxetal tumor Uterine prolapse Ectopic pregnancy Inflammatory disease Endometrioma Adenomyosis Others Hysterectomy Myomectomy Cystectomy Adnexectomy Colporrhaphy Salpingectomy Polypectomy Oophorectomy Others 90 (31.4) 51 (17.8) 29 (10.1) 19 (6.6) 16 (5.6) 15 (5.3) 15 (5.3) 15 (5.3) 13 (4.5) 24 (8.1) 80 (27.9) 40 (14.0) 33 (11.5) 15 (5.2) 14 (4.9) 13 (4.5) 10 (3.5) 2 (0.7) 5 (1.7) 변비 (constipation) 8건 (0.2%) 의순으로나타났다 (Table 2). 4. 부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용된간호결과부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용된간호결과는총 12개였으며영역 3개, 과 9개로확인되었다. 영역, 과별로살펴보면건강지식과행위영역에서건강행위, 건강지식과가, 생리적건강영역에서심폐기계, 체액과전해질, 면역반응, 대사조절, 섭취와영양, 조직통합과가, 인지된건강영역에서징후상태과로나타났다. 부인과간호단위입원기간동안환자에게적용된간호결과의건수는 3,085건이었다. 적용빈도가높은상위 10위의간호결과를살펴보면, 통증조절 (pain control) 1,292 건 (41.9%) 으로가장많았고, 그다음으로는상처치유 : 일차유합 (wound healing: primary intention) 898건 (29.1%), 지식 : 질병과정 (knowledge: disease process) 593건 (19.2%), 면역상태 (immune status) 177건 (5.7%), 감염정도 (infection severity) 62건 (2.0%), 체온조절 (thermoregulation) 24건 (0.8%), 체액균형 (fluid balance) 19건 (0.6%), 혈액응고 (blood coagulation) 6건 (0.2%), 호흡상태 : 환기 (respiratory status: ventilation) 5건 (0.2%), 조직통합 : 피부와점막 (tissue integrity: skin and mucous membranes) 5건 (0.2%) 의순으로나타났다 (Table 3). 174 Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing

6 부인과간호단위입원환자에적용되는간호진단 - 간호결과 - 간호중재의연계확인 Table 2. Nursing Diagnosis Used in Gynecology Department Nursing Unit (N=4,079) Domains Classes Nursing diagnosis n(%) Rank Comfort Physical comfort Acute pain 2,168 (53.2) 1 Nausea 2 (0.0) 16 Safety/protection Infection Risk for infection 1,114 (27.3) 2 Physical injury Risk for injury Risk for falls Risk for bleeding Impaired skin integrity Risk for vascular trauma 11 (0.3) 7 (0.2) 6 (0.2) 5 (0.1) 2 (0.0) Thermoregulation Hyperthermia 24 (0.6) 6 Perception/cognition Cognition Deficient of knowledge 595 (14.6) 3 Nutrition Hydration Risk for imbalanced fluid volume 40 (1.0) Deficit fluid volume 19 (0.5) 5 7 Ingestion Imbalanced nutrition : less than body requirements 2 (0.0) 16 Elimination and exchange Urinary function Urinary retention Impaired urinary elimination Function urinary incontinence 52 (1.3) 14 (0.3) 1 (0.0) Gastrointestinal function Constipation Diarrhea 8 (0.2) 4 (0.1) Activity/rest The ten most nursing diagnoses. Cardiovascular/ pulmonary responses Ineffective breathing pattern 5 (0.1) 13 Table 3. Nursing Outcome Used in Gynecology Department Nursing Unit (N=3,085) Domains Classes Nursing Outcome n(%) Rank Health knowledge and behavior Health behavior Health knowledge Pain control Knowledge: disease process 1,292 (41.9) 593 (19.2) Physiologic health Cardiopulmonary Blood coagulation Respiratory status: ventilation 6 (0.2) 5 (0.2) Fluid and electrolytes Fluid balance 19 (0.6) Immune response Immune status 177 (5.7) Infection severity 62 (2.0) 4 5 Metabolic regulation Thermoregulation 24 (0.8) 6 Digestion and nutrition Nutritional status 2 (0.1) 11 Tissue integrity Wound healing: primary intention 898 (29.1) Tissue integrity: skin and mucous membranes 5 (0.2) 2 9 Perceived health Symptom status Nausea and vomiting severity 2 (0.0) 11 The ten most nursing outcome. 5. 부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용된간호중재 부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용된간호중재는총 40개였으며영역 5개, 과 14개로나타났으며입원기간동안환자에 게적용된간호중재건수는 14,887건이었다. 영역, 과별로살펴보면, 행동영역에서환자교육, 심리적안위증진과가, 생리적- 기본영역에서배설관리, 영양지원, 신체적안위증진, 자가간호촉진과가, 생리적-복합영역에서약물관리, 호흡관리, 피부 Vol. 22 No. 3,

7 양민지 김혜영 / 상처관리, 체온조절, 조직관류관리, 신경계관리과가, 안전영역에서위험관리과가, 건강체계영역에서건강체계조정과로나타났다. 적용빈도가높은상위 10위의간호중재를살펴보면, 이완요법 (relaxation therapy) 이 2,085건 (14.0%) 으로가장많았고, 그다음으로는교육 : 개인 (teaching: individual) 2,046건 (13.7%), 절개부위간호 (incision site care) 1,576 건 (10.6%), 자가통증조절기보조 (patient controlled analgesia assistance) 1,337건 (9.0%), 마사지 (massage) 1,054건 (7.1%), 상처간호 : 퍠쇄배액 (wound care: closed drainage) 1,017건 (6.8%), 투약관리 : 정맥내 (medication administration: intravenous) 1,015건 (6.8%), 기분전환 (distraction) 810건 (5.4%), 감염예방 (infection protection) 741건 (5.0%), 교육 : 질병과정 (teaching: disease process) 664건 (4.5%) 의순으로나타났다 (Table 4). Table 4. Nursing Intervention Used in Gynecology Department Nursing Unit (N=14,887) Domains Classes Nursing intervention n(%) Rank Behavioral Patient education Teaching: individual Teaching: disease process Teaching: procedure/treatment Chemotherapy management Teaching: prescribed medication 2,046 (13.7) 664 (4.5) 116 (0.8) 120 (0.8) 110 (0.7) Physiological - basic Physiological - complex Psychological comfort promotion Elimination management Relaxation therapy Distraction Guided imagery Urinary elimination management Urinary retention care Constipation/impaction management Diarrhea management Urinary bladder training 2,085 (14.0) 810 (5.4) 195 (1.3) 145 (1.0) 28 (0.2) 17 (0.1) 8 (0.1) 1 (0.0) Nutrition support Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) administration 51 (0.3) 23 Physical comfort promotion Massage Nausea management Heat/cold application 1,054 (7.1) 24 (0.2) 31 (0.2) Self-care facilitation Tube care 10 (0.1) 35 Drug management Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) assistance Medication administration: IV Medication administration: oral Medication administration: IM Medication administration Respiratory management Respiratory monitoring Ventilation assistance Skin/wound management Incision site care Wound care: closed drainage Skin surveillance 1,337 (9.0) 1,015 (6.8) 524 (3.5) 46 (0.3) 4 (0.0) 10 (0.1) 5 (0.0) 1,576 (10.6) 1,017 (6.8) 35 (0.2) Thermoregulation Fever treatment 63 (0.4) 21 Tissue perfusion management Fluid monitoring Fluid/electrolyte management Hypovolemia management Fluid management Bleeding precautions Invasive hemodynamic monitoring 145 (1.0) 99 (0.7) 19 (0.1) 58 (0.4) 40 (0.3) 15 (0.1) Neurologic management Seizure precautions 25 (0.2) 29 Safety Risk management Infection protection Fall prevention Health system Health system mediation Admission care Discharge planning The ten most nursing intervention; IV=intravascular; IM=intramuscular. 741 (5.0) 24 (0.2) 287 (1.9) 287 (1.9) Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing

8 부인과간호단위입원환자에적용되는간호진단 - 간호결과 - 간호중재의연계확인 6. 부인과간호단위입원환자의주요간호진단-간호결과-간호중재의연계본연구에서추출된상위 10위의간호진단과산부인과간호단위입원환자의간호기록을대상으로한선행연구 [30] 에서제시한간호진단중내용타당도검증을통해추출된상위 10위의간호진단 ( 급성통증, 감염의위험, 불안, 출혈의위험, 지식부족, 변비, 고체온, 배뇨장애, 낙상의위험, 체액불균형의위험 ) 을비교하여서로일치하는간호진단을선택한결과간호진단 7개 ( 급성통증, 감염의위험, 지식부족, 체액불균형의위험, 고체온, 배뇨장애그리고변비 ) 가도출되었고그중배뇨장애와변비는상황기록에서추출하였기때문에간호결과와간호중재가연계되어있지않아제외하여최종 5개의간호진단을간호결과와간호중재에연계하였다. 환자에게적용된다빈도순으로제1순위간호진단인급성통증에연계된간호결과는통증조절이었고이와연계된간호중재는이완요법, 자가통증조절기보조, 투약관리 : 정맥내, 기분전환, 투약관리 : 경구, 심상요법, 투약관리 : 근육내, 냉온적용의순이었다. 제2순위간호진단감염의위험과연계된간호결과는상처치유 : 일차유합, 면역상태, 감염정도의순으로나타났다. 간호결과상처치유 : 일차유합에연계된간호중재는절개부위간호, 상처간호 : 폐쇄배액의순이었고, 간호결과면역상태에연계된간호중재는감염예방이었다. 그리고간호결과 감염정도와연계된간호중재는튜브간호이었다. 제3순위간호진단인지식부족과연계된간호결과는지식 : 질병과정으로나타났고이와연계된간호중재는교육 : 개인, 교육 : 질병과정, 교육 : 시술 / 치료의순으로나타났다. 제4순위간호진단체액불균형의위험과연계된간호결과는체액균형이었고이와연계된간호중재는체액 / 전해질관리, 체액관리의순으로나타났다. 제5순위간호진단고체온과연계된간호결과는체온조절이었고이와연계된간호중재는고열치료로나타났다 (Table 5). 논의 부인과간호단위입원환자의전자간호기록을통해주요간호진단에따른간호결과와간호중재의연계를확인하여해당영역의간호과정적용을촉진하고간호실무를향상시키며표준화업무에도움이되고자실시하였다. 본연구에서부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용된간호진단은총 19개, 간호결과는 12개, 간호중재는 40개로확인되었다. 본연구에서적용된간호진단중상위 10위의간호진단은급성통증, 감염의위험, 지식부족, 요정체, 체액불균형의위험, 고체온, 체액부족, 배뇨장애, 상해의위험, 변비의순으로확인되었다. 부인과간호단위에서적용되는간호진단을확인하기위해본연구와같은대상자가포함된산부인과간호단위를대상으로한연구 [30] 와본연구의간호진단을비교하면급성통 Table 5. NANDA-NOC-NIC Linkage Used in Gynecology Department Nursing Unit NANDA Nursing outcomes classification Nursing Interventions Classification n Acute pain Pain control Relaxation therapy Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) assistance Medication administration: IV Distraction Medication administration: oral Guided imagery Medication administration: IM Heat/cold application Risk for infection Wound healing: primary intention Incision site care Wound care: closed drainage 2,085 1,337 1, ,576 1,017 Immune status Infection protection 741 Infection severity Tube care 10 Deficient of knowledge Knowledge: disease process Teaching: individual Teaching: disease process Teaching: procedure/treatment Risk for imbalanced fluid volume Fluid balance Fluid/electrolyte management Fluid management Hyperthermia Thermoregulation Fever treatment 63 NANDA=North America Nursing Diagnosis Association; IV=intravascular; IM=intramuscular. 2, Vol. 22 No. 3,

9 양민지 김혜영 증, 감염의위험, 지식부족, 요정체, 체액불균형의위험, 체액부족, 배뇨장애, 출혈의위험, 변비등이일치하였다. 이러한간호진단은부인과간호단위에입원한환자가가질수있는공통된간호문제로서간호사들이환자의건강문제사정시필수적으로확인하고유의해야할중요한부분이다. 주요간호진단은부인과간호단위간호사의간호과정교육에포함시켜야하며이러한노력은간호과정을효과적으로활용하게하여구성원간의의사소통을촉진할수있을것으로사료된다. 내과계, 외과계, 부인과, 소아과그리고정신과간호단위를대상으로한연구결과에서부인과간호단위의주요간호진단으로변비, 급성통증, 배뇨장애만이일치하여본연구의결과와차이가있었는데이는동일한대상자라도실제간호기록을조사한본연구와간호사를대상으로설문조사한연구의차이라고여겨진다 [23]. 본연구에서는실제임상현장에서간호사들이기록한전자간호기록을통해간호진단을확인했다는점, 전문가집단의내용타당도를통해선행연구의간호진단과본연구에서추출된간호진단을비교하여주요간호진단을추출했다는점이기존의다른연구와차별화된다고할수있겠다. 간호대상자나간호단위별로공통으로적용되는간호진단을파악하기위해부인과간호단위를포함하여다른간호단위에서확인된상위간호진단 5개를서로비교해본결과, 적용되는간호진단은급성통증, 감염의위험, 오심, 비효과적기도청결등의순임을확인할수있었다. 간호진단급성통증은내외과계간호단위 [8], 외과계간호단위 [21], 회복실 [19], 중환자실 [17], 간호단위별 NNN 연계의비교 [23], 항암화학요법환자 [14], 복부수술환자 [12] 등모든대상자에게적용되었고, 간호진단감염의위험은부인과간호단위 [30], 일반외과간호단위 [21], 중환자실 [17], 복부수술환자 [12] 에서적용되었다. 간호진단오심은내외과계간호단위 [8], 일반외과간호단위 [21], 회복실 [19], 간호단위별 NNN 연계의비교 [23] 에서적용되었고, 간호진단비효과적기도청결은중환자실 [17], 회복실 [19], 심부전환자 [16] 에서적용되었다. 특히급성통증간호진단은모든간호대상자나간호단위에서적용되었으며가장우선적으로해결해야하는간호문제로나타나그중요도가매우높음이확인되었다. 반면 NNN의연계를확인하는선행연구중회복실 [19] 에서적용된지식부족 : 항암요법 (deficient of knowledge: chemotherapy), 일반외과 [21] 에서적용된수면양상장애 (disturbed sleep pattern) 와같은간호진단은간호대상자나간호단위별특성을입증해주고있다. 이는환자들의특성이나간호문제가다름을반영해주는당연한결과로보인다. 따라서부인과간호단위에입원한대상자의간호시모든환자에 게적용되는공통된간호진단과부인과간호단위특성이반영된간호진단을통합하여적용하고이러한간호문제를해결하기위한간호중재가필요할것으로보여진다. 본연구에서적용된주요간호결과는 12개로적용빈도가높은상위 10위의간호결과는통증조절, 상처치유 : 일차유합, 지식 : 질병과정, 면역상태, 감염정도, 체온조절, 체액균형, 혈액응고, 호흡상태 : 환기, 조직통합 : 피부와점막의순이었다. 간호진단별로간호결과가연계되어야하지만혈관외상의위험등의간호진단은간호결과및결과지표에연계되어있지않았다. 혈관외상의위험은 NNN의연계목록 [6] 에는있었지만해당연구병원의간호기록시스템에는간호결과및결과지표에연계되어있지않았다. 간호결과는간호중재의목표를명확히해주고결과지표는대상자의실제상태를관찰가능한구체적수준으로평가해주어간호문제가간호중재를통해해결되었거나악화되었음을암시해준다. 따라서간호진단에간호결과및결과지표를연계한전산프로그램의개발은간호중재의효과를검증하는데유용하며간호과정을효과적으로적용할것으로사료된다. 본연구에서적용빈도가높은상위 10위의간호중재는이완요법, 교육 : 개인, 절개부위간호, 자가통증조절기보조, 마사지, 상처간호 : 퍠쇄배액, 투약관리 : 정맥내, 기분전환, 감염예방, 교육 : 질병과정의순으로확인되었다. 특히, 다빈도 1순위로나타난이완요법은옷을느슨하게해주고편안한자세를취해주기, 불끄기등조용한분위기조성해주기, 심호흡해보기, 과거이완이되었던행동하기등의간호중재등이포함되었다. 이완요법, 자가통증조절기보조, 마사지, 기분전환등은통증조절을위한간호중재로부인과간호단위의입원환자중수술한환자가 73.9% 로많은부분을차지하였고시술이나검사등이많이이루어지는간호단위특성을반영한결과로급성통증에대하여통증관리의간호중재가중요함을나타내주고있다. 간호중재교육 : 개인, 교육 : 질병과정은부인과간호단위에서적용된간호중재중두번째로가장빈도가높았으며간호사의역할중교육자의역할이중요한부분임을시사해주고있다. 아울러수술전, 후교육등을포함하여개인별교육이매우중요한간호중재이며환자들의교육요구도가증가함을보여준결과라고생각된다. 간호중재절개부위간호, 상처간호 : 폐쇄배액과감염예방은부인과간호단위의수술및시술부위관리등감염을예방하기위한중요한간호중재로나타났다. 그리고투약관리 : 정맥내의간호중재는간호사의임상실무중약물투여가많은부분을차지하고그중정맥내투여가중요한업무임을보여주고있다. 이상의논의를살펴보면간호단위에서적 178 Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing

10 부인과간호단위입원환자에적용되는간호진단 - 간호결과 - 간호중재의연계확인 용되는간호중재가간호단위별특성을파악하는데도움이된다고사료된다. 이에간호단위별각각의간호중재를확인해보는반복연구및간호진단과간호결과를연계하는추후연구가필요하다고여겨진다. 본연구결과에서나타난 NNN의연계를살펴보면, 제1순위간호진단은급성통증으로연계된간호결과는통증조절이며이와연계된간호중재는이완요법, 자가통증조절기보조, 투약관리 : 정맥내, 기분전환, 투약관리 : 경구, 심상요법, 투약관리 : 근육내, 냉온적용의순으로나타났다. 이는간호단위별 NNN 연계의비교 [23], 항암화학요법환자 [14], 내외과계간호단위 [8], 일반외과간호단위 [21], 회복실 [19] 의연구결과와부분적으로일치하였다. 급성통증의간호문제를해결하기위해간호사들은이완요법, 기분전환, 심상요법, 냉온적용등의비약물요법과자가통증조절기보조, 투약관리 : 정맥내, 투약관리 : 경구, 투약관리 : 근육내등의약물요법을상황에따라적절하게대상자에게적용하고있음을보여주는결과이다. 제2순위간호진단감염의위험과연계된간호결과는상처치유 : 일차유합이며이와연계된간호중재는절개부위간호, 상처간호 : 폐쇄배액의순이었고, 간호결과면역상태와연계된간호중재는감염예방, 간호결과감염정도와연계된간호중재는튜브간호로확인되었다. 본연구의결과는일반외과간호단위 [21], 내외과간호단위 [8], 심부전환자 [16] 의연구결과와부분적으로일치하였다. 수술부위의감염을예방하기위해상처치유나절개부위간호가필요한데이러한결과는부인과간호단위의특성을반영하며실제적간호진단뿐만아니라위험간호진단도중요함을시사해주고있다. 제3순위간호진단지식부족과연계된간호결과는지식 : 질병과정으로나타났고간호결과지식 : 질병과정과연계된간호중재는교육 : 개인, 교육 : 질병과정, 교육 : 시술 / 치료로확인되었다. 본연구결과는내외과계간호단위 [8], 간호학생이활용한내외과계간호단위 [22], 심부전환자 [16] 연구결과와부분적으로일치하였다. 이는수술, 시술및치료등을목적으로부인과간호단위에입원한환자의특성을반영해주는결과이며질병이나시술및치료과정에대해간호사에게교육및설명을받고시행여부를결정하는환자들의요구와도일치하는결과로보여진다. 제4순위간호진단체액불균형의위험과연계된간호결과는체액균형이었고연계된간호중재는체액 / 전해질관리, 체액관리로나타났다. 부인과간호단위입원환자중대량출혈, 외상환자의체액조절기전장애가발생하는데이러한환자특성이반영된결과로여겨진다. 그리고제 5순위간호진단고체 온과연계된간호결과는체온조절이었고연계된간호중재는고열치료로나타났다. 본연구결과는간호단위별 NNN 연계의비교 [23] 와부분적으로일치하였다. 이는골반내감염이나수술후감염등부인과환자특성을반영한결과이며고체온의문제가발생하면최우선적으로체온을떨어뜨리기위한간호중재가이루어지고있음을알수있다. 즉, 본연구의부인과간호단위입원환자의 NNN 연계는제 4순위인체액불균형의위험에따른체액균형을제외하고급성통증, 감염의위험, 지식부족, 그리고고체온에따른간호결과와간호중재연계는일반외과와내외과간호단위에서제시된 NNN의연계와부분적으로일치하였다. 이는본연구의대상자인부인과간호단위의입원환자중약 74% 가수술한환자이었기에수술전, 후간호와관련된간호진단에따른간호결과및간호중재가주로연계되었다고생각된다. 최근포괄수가제 (diagnosis related group) 가도입되면서산부인과간호단위에서는제왕절개술, 자궁및자궁부속기의복강경수술등표준진료지침 (critical pathway) 을개발하여간호기록에적용하고있다. 이러한시점에서여러가지간호문제를가진환자를대상으로한간호단위보다는특정한간호문제를가진대상자별로 NNN의연계를확인하여전산시스템에활용하면간호과정의문제점인간호기록시간과인력부족, 진단에대한자신감부족등을보완하여간호과정을더효율적으로적용할수있으리라생각된다. 또한전산프로그램의지속적인업데이트를위해전산실과간호부를연계하는간호사의역할도중요하리라생각된다. 그리고표준화된간호용어가계속개발되고수정되기때문에간호사들에게 NNN의연계에대한교육도계속적으로이루어져야할것으로여겨진다. 본연구의간호진단, 간호결과, 간호중재를영역및과별로살펴보면간호진단은총 13개의영역중 6개, 47개의과중 10개로나타났고간호결과는 7개영역중 3개, 32개의과중 9개로나타났으며간호중재는 7개의영역중 5개, 30개의과중 14개로나타났다. 본연구결과간호진단의목록은안전 / 보호영역에서, 간호결과의목록은생리적건강영역에서, 간호중재의목록은생리적 : 복합영역에서주로나타나모든영역에서고루나타나지않았는데이는임상위주의간호환경과지역사회를병행하여간호를할수없는상황을반영한결과라여겨지고병원에서이루어지는간호기록이신체적, 심리적, 사회적측면의인간반응에대한초점보다신체, 병리적인측면에비중을둔간호기록이이루어지고있음을보여주고있다. 그러므로간호정보시스템내 NNN의연계는신체적, 사회적, 심리적영역을포함하여적용및개선될필요가있다. Vol. 22 No. 3,

11 양민지 김혜영 이상본연구의결과로실제간호기록을통해부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용되는간호진단, 간호결과, 간호중재를파악하였고주요간호진단에따른간호결과와간호중재의연계를확인하였다. 따라서본연구결과를통해간호과정의적용을용이하게해주어간호의질을향상시키며아울러부인과간호단위의표준화된간호업무를가능하게하는기초자료로제공할수있을것이다. 결론 부인과간호단위입원환자에게적용된실제간호기록을통해간호진단 19개, 간호결과 12개, 간호중재 40개로확인되었고, 본연구의상위 10위의간호진단과선행연구에서제시한간호진단중상위 10위의간호진단을비교하여일치하는간호진단 5개를도출하였다. 부인과간호단위입원환자의주요간호진단에따른간호결과와간호중재를연계하는단계로 5개의주요간호진단과연계된 7개의간호결과, 18개의간호중재를확인하였다. 이상의연구결과는부인과간호단위의간호과정을용이하게해주고간호실무를향상시키며표준화업무에도움이되며나아가간호의질을향상시킬수있을것이라기대된다. 아울러본연구결과를바탕으로다음과같은제언을하고자한다. 각각의간호단위별입원환자의 NNN 연계를확인하고간호단위별로특성을비교하는연구의수행을제언한다. 본연구결과를기초로부인과간호단위입원환자의간호진단, 간호결과, 간호중재를적용하고간호활동을포함한간호정보시스템개발을제언한다. 마지막으로부인과간호단위에서의주요한간호문제를가진환자를대상으로 NNN의연계를확인하는연구를제언한다. REFERENCES 1. Choi SH, Kim YJ, Moon H, Park MJ, Sun JJ. Nursing process. Seoul: Hyunmoonsa; p Lundberg CB, Warren JJ, Brokel J, Bulechek GM, Butcher HK, Dochterman JM, et al. Selecting a standardized terminology for the electronic health record that reveals the impact of nursing on patient care. Online Journal of Nursing Informatics. 2008;12(2): Park HJ, Lee EJ. Incorporating standardized nursing languages into an electronic nursing documentation system in Korea: A pilot study. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge. 2015;26(1): Saranto K, Kinnunen UM, Kiveka s E, Lappalainen AM, Liljamo P, Rajalahti E, et al. Impacts of structuring nursing records: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 2014;28(4): NANDA-International. Nursing diagnoses: Definition and classification th ed. Philadelphia: Blackwell; Johnson M, Bulechek GM, Butcher HK, Maas ML, Moorhead S, Swanson E. NOC and NIC linkages to NANDA-I and clinical conditions. 3rd ed. Saint Louis: Mosby Elserver; Kim YJ, Jo KH. Effects of nurse presence program on anxiety and physiological indicators in patients with gynecological surgery. Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science. 2014; 16(4): Ko E, So HS. Construction and application of nursing information system using NANDA-NOC-NIC linkage in medicalsurgical nursing units. Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing. 2013;25(4): Chi MK, Chi SA. Linkages of nursing diagnosis, nursing intervention and nursing outcome classification of breast cancer patients using nursing database. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration. 2003;9(4): Hughes R, Sheerin F, McCourt F. Identifying and defining the problems, interventions, and outcomes of spinal cord injured patients in the Irish Spinal Cord Injury Service using standardized nursing language: A delphi study. International Journal of Nursing Terminologies & Classifications. 2006;17(1): Park IS, Yoo CS, Lee SH, Woo KS, Joo YH, Choi WH, et al. Evaluation on the record completeness of the nursing process in electronic nursing record for patients undertaken gastrectomy. Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research. 2009;15 (3): Yoo HS, Chi SA. Construction of linkage database on nursing diagnoses, interventions, outcomes in abdominal surgery patients. The Journal of Korean Nursing Administration Academic Society. 2001;7(3): Minthorn C, Lunney M. Participant action research with bedside nurses to identify NANDA-International, nursing interventions classification, and nursing outcomes classification categories for hospitalized persons with diabetes. Applied Nursing Research. 2012;25(2): Song SM, So HS, An MJ. Identification of major nursing diagnosis, nursing outcomes, and nursing interventions (NNN) linkage for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing. 2014;26(4): Azzolin K, Mussi CM, Ruschel KB, de Souza EN, de Fa tima Lucena A, Rabelo-Silva ER. Effectiveness of nursing interventions in heart failure patients in home care using NANDA-I, NIC, and NOC. Applied Nursing Research. 2013;26(4): Park HJ. Identifying Core NANDA-I Nursing Diagnoses, NIC 180 Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing

12 부인과간호단위입원환자에적용되는간호진단 - 간호결과 - 간호중재의연계확인 interventions, NOC outcomes, and NNN linkages for heart failure. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge. 2014;25 (1): Moon MK. Relationship of nursing diagnoses, nursing outcomes, and nursing interventions for patient care in intensive care units [dissertation]. Iowa: University of Iowa ; Menna Barreto LN, Swanson EA, de Abreu Almeida M. Nursing outcomes for the diagnosis impaired tissue integrity (00044) in adults with pressure ulcer. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge. 2016;27(2): Cho EJ, Kim NC. Validation of major nursing diagnosis-outcome-intervention (NANDA-NOC-NIC) linkage for adult surgery patients of post anesthetic care unit. Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research. 2008;14(3): Kim MJ. Analysis on military hospital nursing records by NANDA, NIC, NOC system. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration. 2010;16(1): Lee EJ, Choi SH. Identification of nursing diagnosis-outcomeintervention (NANDA-NOC-NIC) linkages in surgical nursing unit. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing. 2011;23(2): Noh HK, Lee EJ. Relationships among NANDA-I diagnoses, nursing outcomes classification, and nursing interventions classification by nursing students for patients in medical-surgical units in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge. 2015;26(1): Kim JK. A study on nursing diagnoses, interventions, outcomes frequently used and linkage to NANDA-NOC-NIC in major nursing departments. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration. 2010;16(2): Hong SJ, Lee SH, Kim HS. Analysis of nursing interventions performed by gynecological nursing unit nurses using the nursing interventions classification. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing. 2011;17(3): Lampe S. Focus charting: Documentation for patient-centered care. Minneapolis: Creative Nursing Management; p Moorhead S, Johnson M, Mass ML, Swanson E. Nursing outcomes classification (NOC). 5th ed. Saint Louis: Mosby Elsevier; Bulechek GM, Butcher HK, Dochterman JM, Wagner C. Nursing interventions classification (NIC). 6th ed. Saint Louis: Mosby Elsevier; Choi SH, Cho BH, Chi HR, Lee EJ, Kim HS, Park MJ. Standardized NANDA, NOC, NIC linkage. Seoul: Hyunmoonsa; Fehring RJ. Method to validate nursing diagnoses. Heart and Lung. 1987;16(6): Park JE, Chung KA, Cho H, Kim HS. Construction of the nursing diagnosis ontology in obstetric and gynecologic nursing unit using nursing process and SNOMED CT. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing. 2013;19(1):1-12. Summary Statement What is already known about this topic? A computer-based nursing process documentation system was developed through NANDA-NOC- NIC linkages to facilitate the standardized nursing process. What this paper adds? The NANDA-NOC-NIC linkages for inpatients of gynecology department nursing unit were identified through their electronic nursing records. The top 5 major nursing diagnoses were identified and 7 nursing outcomes and 18 nursing interventions associated with these diagnoses were checked. Implications for practice, education and/or policy The identified NANDA-NOC-NIC linkages can contribute to improving standardized nursing care and provide evidence-based nursing. Vol. 22 No. 3,

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