歯안건훈4-2.PDF

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "歯안건훈4-2.PDF"

지숙 고
5 years ago
Views:

1 4 2 Asia n Journa l of Ed uc a tion 2003, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp , ( ) *..,..,,.,,. ( ).,. :,,...? *

2 ??.,...,,?,,.,.,,...??.?,??,??,.. (. inconsistence ; contradiction),,

3 , 41., (incompatibility) (libertarians) (hard determinists). Campbell(1966) Broad(1966),, , (synthetic a priori statement)...,,.., Hospers (1954 : 117),..,,,..,,.... (1965 : 129), (the upper level), (the lower, or deeper level).

4 ( )...,,.., (retribution). (rehabilitation),..,... ( ), ( ) (Double, 1994, 155-6)...,..,.., (instruction),.. Edwards. Edwards (soft determinists),.,,. (1965 : 113). Skinner

5 , 43 S-R, (Feinberg, 1996 : 430).. (428)..,..,...,..,.., (rational deliberation).. Benn Peters(1967 : 354),.,.,...,.., (reconciliation).,

6 ,...,,,.. < 1>,, : :... Hobbes.,,., (1950 : 178)... Schlick.,. (1939 : 150), (150).

7 , 45.,. Stace.... (1976 : 27),.,,., (p.23).. Ayer. (1984 : 2),,,,,,,,..,..,,,.....,.,....,,,

8 46 4 2, -, -.,...,,....,.., Schlick(1939 : 152), (wrongdoers),,.,..,.... Lewis, (1953 : 74).....

9 , 47,,.,,. Stace,. (30).,...,.. < 2> (Ahn, 1999 : 72). (nonreconciling determinism) < 2>. (reconciling determinism) , (a real or genuine (a verbal or semant ic problem) problem)..

10 48 4 2,,..,....,.,...,.,.,,,.,??...?.... (Garner & Rosen, 1967 : 167)..,

11 , 49.,...,... (the principle of benefit maximization) (the principle of equal respect)., Kant. (consequentialists).,, (Strike, Haller, & Soltis, 1988 : 16).. (felicific calculus), (the greatest happiness for the greatest number),.,,,. (motivists). (intrinsic worth) (17)... (17). Kant,, (Kant, 1959 : 47). (39)..,.,.

12 ?..,.. Strike, Haller Soltis (1988). ;,.. (82)..,.,.... < 3> (Ahn, 1999 : 104). < 3> (hypot het ical imper at ives ) I. Kant ( ) (cat egor ical imperat ives ) ( ), ( )

13 , 51..?..,. ( - ) -, ( - ) - (, 1975 : 54). -, - -, - -, - -, ( ),.,,... Peters(1979b), (descriptive term).,. ( ).,.,, (272). (automatism). (innate). Aristotle (virtues), (habit-formation) (p. 266).,.

14 (Eisenstein, Bonheim, & Welch, 1990 : 169)...., (Boss, 1994 : 416).,.,.,. (volition).,.,,.....,.. V..,., Hospers Edwards., Campbell Broad.

15 , 53,., Schlick.,.,.,.., Stace,,.,.,..,,.,..,.,.,...,.,...,.,

16 ,....,., -, -.,.

17 , 55 (1996).? ( ). 27(4) (1975).. ( 2). :. Ahn, G. H. (1999). The free will/ determinism controversy: Its implications for moral reasoning and education. UMI dissertation services. Ann Arbor : A Bell & Howell. Ayer, A. J. (1984). Freedom and morality and other essays. Oxford : Clarendon. Benn, S. I., & Peters, R. S. (1967). Determinism and the concept of action. In Alston & Brandt(eds.), The problems of philosophy. Old Tappan : Allyn and Bacon Broad, C. D.(1966). Determinism, indeterminism, and libertarianism. In B. Berofsky(ed.). Free will and determinism. New York: Harper and Row Boss, J. A. (1994). The autonomy of moral intelligence. Educational Theory, 44(4) Campbell, C. A.(1966). Is free will a pseudo-problem? In. B. Berofsky(ed.), Free will and determinism. New York: Harper & Row Campbell, J. K. (1997). A compatibilist theory of alternative possibilities. Philosophical Studies, 88(3), Daw, R. E. (1996). Free will and determinism : An assessment of the traditional approach to the compatibility issue (Doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia, 1995). Dissertation A bstracts International, 56(9), 3609A. Double, R. (1994). How to frame the free will problem. Philosophical Studies, 75(1-2), Edwards, P. (1965). Hard and soft determinism. In S. Hook (ed.), Determinism and f reedom in the age of modern sciences. New York : New York University Press Eisenstein, E. M., Eisenstein, P., Bonheim, P., & Welch, E. A. (1990). Habituation of the galvanic skin response in adult males as a function of age. Physiology & Behavior, 48(1), Feinberg, J. (ed.). (1996). Reason and responsibility. Belmont : Wadsworth. Garner, R. T. & Rosen, B. (1967). Moral philosophy: a systematic introduction to normative ethics and metaethics. New York : Macmillan. Hobbes, T. (1950). Leviathan. (A. D. Lindsey, intro.). New York : E. P. Dutton. Hospers, J. (1954). A n introduction to philosophical analysis. Englewood Cliffs : Prentice Hall.

18 Hospers, J. (1965). What means this freedom? In S. Hook(ed.). Determinism and f reedom in the age of modern science. New York : New York University Press Hospers, J. (1978). Free will and psychoanalysis. In J. Feinberg (ed.), Reason and responsibility. Encino : Dickenson Publishing Inwagen, P. v. (1994). When the will is not free. Philosophical Studies, 75(1-2), Kant, I. (1959). Foundations of the metaphysics of morals. (L. W. Beck, trans.). The Liberal Arts Press (Original work published 1785). Lewis, C. S. (1953). The humanitarian theory of punishment. Res judicatae. UK : Trust of the C. S. Lewis Estate. Nowell-Smith, P. H. (1966). Freedom and responsibility. In B. Berofsky (ed.), Free will and determinism. New York : Harper & Row Peters, R. S.(1979a). Moral principles and moral education. In D. B. Cochrane, C. M. Hamm, & A. C. Kazepedes (eds.). The domain of Institute for Studies in Education moral education. Toronto : The Ontario Peters, R. S.(1979b). Virtues and habits in moral education. In D. B. Cochrane, C. M. Hamm, & A. C. Kazepides (eds.), The domain of Ontario Institute for Studies in Education moral education. Toronto : The Ravizza, M. (1994). Semi-compatibilism and the transfer of non-responsibility. Philosophical Studies, 75(1-2) Schlick, M. (1939). Problems of ethics. (R. David, trans.). New York : Prentice-Hall. Shaffer, J. A. (1968). Philosophy of mind. Englewood Cliffs : Prentice-Hall. Sichel, B. A. (1988). Moral education. Philadelphia : Temple University Press. Skinner, B. F. (1996). Beyond freedom and dignity. In J. Feinberg (ed.). Reason and responsibility. Belmont : Wadsworth Publishing Stace, W. T. (1976). The problem of free will. In Burr & Goldinger (eds.). Philosophy and contemporary issues. New York : Macmillan Strasser, M. P. (1992). A gency, f ree will, and moral responsibility. Wakefield : Hollowbrook. Strike, K. A., Haller, E. J., & Soltis, J. F. (1988). The ethics of school administration. New York : Teachers College Press(Columbia University). Toumela, R. (1998). A defense of mental causation. Philosophical Studies, 90(1), Wallace, R. J. (1994). Responsibility and the moral sentiments. Cambridge : Harvard University Press.

19 , 57 Wolf, S. (1990). Freedom within reason. Oxford : Oxford University Press. * / / * : ( M. A., ), (, Ph. D. ). I,,, ( ),.,.. e-mai l : ghahn@kangwon. ac. kr

20 Abstra c t Free Will, Moral Responsibility, and Moral Education Ahn, Ga n Hun* The free will problem is usually viewed in terms of the trichotomy of nonreconciling determinism / reconciling determinism / libertarianism and also by the dichotomy of incompatibilism vs. compatibilism. This study defends reconciling determinism in the trichotomy and compatibilism in the dichotomy. Compatibilism appears to be most sound because free choice is different from capriciousness. If there were no deterministic aspects of human beings at all, their actions would be unpredictable. Moreover, if one does not have a free will, one could or should not be held morally responsible for one's action. Moral responsibility presupposes free will which is not exempted from causality. 'Freedom to do otherwise' does not mean examption from causality. In broad sense, cause-effect relationships include reason-action relationships. Of course, causal relationships are known on the basis of inductive evidence, whereas one can know the reasons for one's own action. Free will is a necessary condition for moral responsibility and it should also be seen as compatible with determinism. When we face value conflicts, we need a set of criteria for defining what is desirable because these criteria serve as a basis for making moral choices. One of the main criteria is a moral belief system based on such principles as the principle of benefit maximization and that of equal respect. Moral choices and actions are influenced by moral belief system. Moral belief system plays an important role in one's criteria for making moral judgment. The criteria become the motives of choices. The preceding view of the relationship between free will, determinism, and moral belief system has implications for moral education. Moral education is related to the formation of moral acts and belief systems. Formation of good habits means an internalization of norms * Professor, Department of Philosophy, Kangwon National University

21 , 59 such as moral principle and moral belief system. Thinking and acting soundly are the most desirable moral characteristics of a person. A reasonable person requires to have a foresight about future consequences of his/ her own actions. A moral agent should examine his/ her impulses with a moral belief system for self-control. Key Words : free will, compat ibilism, criteria for moral judgment

歯박효종1-1.PDF

歯박효종1-1.PDF 1 1 Asia n Journa l of Education 2000, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 151-169. ( ) * 1).,.,.,,,.,.. 17,., * 152 1 1. A X,. X A X A.,...,., (false consciousness)..,..,? (modus vivendi),.,.,.,,..,.,,.,, 153..,.. II...,.

歯안건훈4-2.PDF

歯안건훈4-2.PDF