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1 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol. 43, No. 1 p Review Article Ethical Guidelines for Use of Experimental Animals in Biomedical Research Ahra Cho 1 and Seung Hyeok Seok 2 * 1 College of Communication, Yonsei University, Seoul; 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Increasing concerns on animal welfare, the discussion about the necessity and the ethical acceptability of animal experiments is getting important. In this article, we describe ethical issues between the benefits of the animal experiments and the suffering of the animals. If there are no alternatives for animal experiments, the ethical guidelines, 3Rs (Reduction, Replacement, Refinement) by Russell and Burch for humane animal experiments should be considered. Moreover, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) assist researchers to perform animal testing humanely and safely. We point out three important aspects in support of humane animal experiments; 1) the development of diverse scientific alternatives on the animal testing, 2) the ethical education of animal experiments for researchers, 3) the productive interactions among various social groups on ethics and safety of animal experiments. Key Words: Animal welfare, Animal experiments, Ethical guidelines, 3Rs, Biosafety 서론국내에서동물복지에대한대중의관심이높아지면서, 동물실험을둘러싼논쟁도심화되고있는것으로보인다. 유기견과학대받는동물의고통에미디어와사회가공감하면서실험동물의고통도관심의대상이되고있다. 물론동물실험에대한윤리적논의는오래전부터진행되어왔으며, 현재도국제적으로동물의복지를증진하는방향으로법률과제도들이마련되고있다. 그러나과학분야에서생명윤리가항상사회적화두가되는만큼, 여전히동물실험의실효성과윤리적문제는논쟁의대상이되고있다. 동물실험이란교육 시험 연구및생물학적제재 ( 製劑 ) 의생산등과학적목적을위하여실험동물을대상으로 실시하는실험또는그과학적절차를말한다. 동물실험의역사는아리스토텔레스가동물의종 ( 種 ) 에따라내부장기가다르다는것을밝힌사건까지거슬러올라간다. 이후해부학, 생리학, 의학, 생물학등수많은과학자들이다양한분야에서동물실험을기초로연구를진행해왔으며, 1901년이후노벨생리의학상을받은 88명중 65명의연구는동물실험과관련된것이었다 (1). 1980년대이후동물실험은잔혹성이문제가되면서배양세포및조직, 컴퓨터시뮬레이션등으로대체되는과정에서전체적인사용개체수가감소하는추세를보이기도했다. 그러나유전자조작에의한동물모델개발과인류의수명연장을위한질병치료의기전연구등에병원체를감염시킨질병모델동물의사용이활발히이루어지면서실험동물의사용량은다시폭발적으로증가했다. 식품의약품안전청의집계에따르면 2011 년한해동안국내에서사용된실험 Received: February 8, 2013/ Revised: March 2, 2013/ Accepted: March 5, 2013 * Corresponding author: Seung Hyeok Seok, D.V.M., Ph.D. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul , Korea. Phone: , Fax: , lamseok@snu.ac.kr CC This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( 18

2 Ethical Guidelines for Use of Experimental Animals in Biomedical Research 19 동물은약 150만마리에이른다. 동물실험의증가와함께실험동물에대한인도적취급및불필요한고통의경감을요구하는국제적인목소리도높아졌다. 따라서연구자와관련기관들은사회로부터동물실험의윤리적당위성을인정받는과정이필요하게되었으며, 이러한상황은관련법률제정과동물실험의지침마련, 기관내의자체심의기구운영등으로이어졌다. 본종설에서는동물실험을둘러싼논쟁의배경과논점을정리하고, 동물실험자체를금지하기보다는동물실험과정에서의윤리적실천이중요하다는입장아래, 보다윤리적이고안전한동물실험을수행하기위해연구자가고려해야할원칙과법률및제도등을소개하고자한다. 본론 1. 동물실험을둘러싼논쟁과동물실험의필요성동물실험과관련된쟁점은두가지이다. 첫번째는과연동물은인간이그들의삶과복지에대해고려해야만하는존재인지를묻는동물의도덕적지위에관한논쟁이고, 두번째는동물실험은필요한가라는필요성에대한논쟁이다 (2). 우선동물의도덕적지위논쟁과관련하여, 서양의종교와철학은기본적으로동물에게도덕적지위를부여하지않았다. 대표적인인물은근대철학의주류사고를형성하는데카르트 (Rene Descartes) 와칸트 (Immanuel Kant) 이다. 이들은동물은사고와언어능력, 이성적능력을갖춘인간과는구별되기때문에도덕적고려의대상이될수없으며, 인간은동물보다도덕적우위를갖는다고주장했다 (3). 그러나 1970년대들어동물해방운동이본격화되었고탐리건 (Tom Regan) 과피터싱어 (Peter Singer) 의주장은이러한움직임에이론적토대를제공했다. 탐리건 (Tom Regan) 은삶의주체여부를기준점으로삼아, 믿음, 욕구, 지각, 기억등의의식을가지고쾌락과고통의감정을느낄수있으며, 자신의목표를위해행동할수있는능력을가진존재들은삶의주체로서자신의복지를가지고있는것으로보았고, 최소한몇몇포유류는이에해당한다고주장했다 (4). 피터싱어 (Peter Singer) 는공리주의원리를바탕으로, 우리가추구해야할것이쾌락의증진과고통의회피라면쾌락의감정을느낄수있는모든존재의쾌락과고통을문제삼아야한다고주장했다. 따라서만일우리가동물의고통을외면하는것은성차별이나인종차별과마찬가지로잘 못된종차별주의 (speciesism) 라고주장했다 (5). 동물의도덕적지위에대한입장의차이는곧동물실험의필요성에대해서도입장차이를가져온다. 피터싱어 (Peter Singer) 와탐리건 (Tom Regan) 의이론적토대위에서동물실험을반대하는사람들의주장을살펴보면, 동물실험은인간과동물은서로다르기에그실효성이적고동물실험을대체할만한대안들이있어동물을이용한실험이꼭필요하지는않다고말한다 (6). 그러나동물실험을옹호하는입장에있는사람들의생각은다르다. 우선, 동물실험은현대의학의발전에반드시필요하다고본다. 예로백신, 항생제, 마취제, 인슐린, 암치료, 심장약, 외과수술, 이식등은동물실험연구가없었다면불가능했을것이며 1901년이후노벨생리의학상을받은 88명중 65명의연구는동물실험과관련된것이었을만큼, 동물실험이현대의학의발전에기여했다는점은부인할수없다 (1). 동물과인간은서로다르지만, 동시에지구상에서동물만큼인간과유사한존재는없다. 무엇보다도대체실험이불가능한실험에서피할수없는것이동물실험이다. 각종질병의치료를위한기전연구측면에서도, 병원체를이용하여질병의유도와치료의과정을면밀히살펴추론하는과정을인체를대상으로할수없기에실험동물을사용할수밖에없다. 따라서동물실험에대한부분적인대체는가능하지만, 동물실험전체가불필요하다는주장은설득력이떨어진다. 또한임상시험의피험자를보호하기위해서는반드시동물실험을통한전임상시험결과가축적되어야한다. 마지막으로, 동물실험이금지될경우인체를대상으로하는실험이증가할가능성이높으며사회적약자가그대상이되기쉽다 (2). 필자는모든동물실험을금지하자는주장은무리가있다고생각하지만, 이들의주장이연구자들에게동물실험의필요성에대한고려를하게만든다고생각한다. 왜냐하면동물해방운동가들의주장대로우리가필요이상으로동물실험에의존하고동물에고통을준다는점을부인하기는어렵기때문이다. 사람이얻는이익을위해서는어떠한실험도허용할수있다는태도는동물해방운동가뿐아니라일반사회구성원들에게서도동의를얻을수없을것으로보인다. 동물실험자체의금지는인류와문명의발전이라는관점에서받아들이기어렵지만, 동물실험을수행하는과정에서의윤리적실천은연구자들이반드시고려해야할문제인것이다. 동물실험이보다윤리적이면서도과학적으로안전하게

3 20 A Cho and SH Seok 수행되어야한다는국제사회의인식변화와함께세계각국에서는러셀과버치 (Russell & Burch) 가 50년전인도적인동물실험의방법으로제안한 3R 원칙하에, 동물복지와관련된법을제정하여동물실험을체계적으로관리하고있다. 2. 3R 원칙 1959년러셀과버치 (Russell & Burch) 는동물실험시연구자가지켜야할윤리적노력으로 3R 원칙, 즉실험동물수의감소 (Reduction), 대체 (Replacement) 및실험의세련화 (Refinement) 를제안했다 (7). 실험동물은동물실험을목적으로사용또는사육되는척추동물을뜻하며, 우리나라에서는포유류, 조류와파충류, 양서류, 어류중농림수산식품부장관이관계중앙행정기관장의장과협의를거쳐정하는동물을말한다. 3R 원칙의첫번째로실험동물의감소 (reduction) 란, 실험에사용되는동물수를가능하면최소한으로감소하자는것이다. 실험에사용되는동물의숫자는통계적유의성을가지는최소의수가되어야하며, 필요이상의동물을사용하는것과동물실험에대해충분히준비가되어있지않은연구자로부터동물이희생되는것을최소화하자는제안이다. 두번째로, 실험동물의대체 (replacement) 란가능하다면동물이아닌세포실험등으로동물실험을대체하는것을말한다. 살아있는토끼의눈에화장품등의원료물질을떨어뜨려자극성을평가하는 Draize test (8) 를도축장에서도축되는소의안구를이용한 Bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay 또는수정된알을가지고혈관의손상정도를평가하는 Hen's Egg Test on the chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) assay 등으로대체하려는노력이그예이다. 이는동물을희생하지않고도원하는결과를유추할수있는방법이나, 그과정과절차에많은비용과시간이소요된다는단점도있다. 최근에는중추신경계가없는하등동물, 배양세포, 컴퓨터시뮬레이션등이대체시험의수단으로서의유용성이검토되고있다. 마지막으로, 실험의세련화 (refinement) 는동물에게줄수있는불필요한통증과고통을최소화하는노력이중점이된다. 적절한마취와진통제및진정제그리고안락사가필수적으로수행되어야하며, 불필요한실험이반복되지않도록실험절차와과정이명료하고정교해야한다. 또한실험동물의사육환경의질을향상시키는것은동물의신체적건강과기능을좋은상태로유지하고 (9) 반응을안정화시키기 때문에, 실험결과의재현성을확보할수있으므로불필요한실험이반복되는것을방지할수있다. 동물실험은대안이없을경우에만수행해야하며, 실험에사용하는동물의수를최소한으로줄이고, 연구자들은동물들이가능한고통을느끼지않도록실험을세련화해야한다는 3R 원칙은, 연구자들이동물실험에있어윤리적결정을내릴때기준이되고있으며 1959년이후세계각국의동물복지관련법률및동물실험지침의기초를형성했다. 스테플과동료들은 (Stafleu et al.) 3R 원칙에더해, 동물실험과관련된윤리적결정을돕는평가요소로실험의궁극적인목적, 연구목적의실현가능성, 인류이익에의기여정도, 고통이나불편함등동물의피해정도, 실험의궁극적목적을얻기위해동물실험의필요정도등을제시하기도했다 (10). 3. 국내동물실험관련법및동물실험윤리위원회 (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, IACUC) 1876년영국은세계최초로실험동물관리에대한최소한의내용을법률로제정하였으며, 1986년동물 ( 과학적처치 ) 법 [Animal (Science procedure) Act] 을새롭게제정하였다 (11). 이후동물실험관련법은동물실험의용도와절차를엄격히규제하는방향으로발전했으며, 2000년도를기준으로호주, 오스트리아, 벨기에, 프랑스, 네덜란드, 뉴질랜드, 대만, 영국, 미국등약 23개국가에서실험동물보호법을제정했다. 우리나라는 1991년에동물보호법을제정했으나, 동물을적정하게보호, 관리하기위하여필요한사항을규정함으로써동물의생명과그안전을보호하고복지를증진하며생명의존중등국민의정서함양에이바지하기위해동물보호법이제정되었으나, 법의실제적인시행을위한령및시행규칙등하위법령이마련되지않아동물보호에대한권고수준에그쳤었다. 또한농장동물이나실험동물제도에관한내용이거의포함되지않았다. 그러나국제사회에서실험동물의윤리적사용에대한요구가증가하고동물실험과정중의안전관리의필요성이대두되면서, 동물보호단체들의주장을대폭반영한개정안을마련하여 2008년 1월농림수산식품부의동물보호법과 2009년 3월보건복지가족부의실험동물에관한법률이보완되었다. 그중일부중요내용을살펴보면아래와같다.

4 Ethical Guidelines for Use of Experimental Animals in Biomedical Research 21 < 동물보호법제23조 ( 동물실험의원칙 ) 中 > 1 동물실험은인류의복지증진과동물생명의존엄성을고려하여실시하여야한다. 2 동물실험을하려는경우에는이를대체할수있는방법을우선적으로고려하여야한다. 3 동물실험은실험에사용하는동물 ( 이하 " 실험동물 " 이라한다 ) 의윤리적취급과과학적사용에관한지식과경험을보유한자가시행하여야하며필요한최소한의동물을사용하여야한다. 4 실험동물의고통이수반되는실험은감각능력이낮은동물을사용하고진통 진정 마취제의사용등수의학적방법에따라고통을덜어주기위한적절한조치를하여야한다. 5 동물실험을한자는그실험이끝난후지체없이해당동물을검사하여야하며, 검사결과해당동물이회복될수없거나지속적으로고통을받으며살아야할것으로인정되는경우에는가능하면빨리고통을주지아니하는방법으로처리하여야한다. < 동물보호법제13조및시행규칙제13조 ( 동물실험금지의적용예외 ) 中 > 1 인간을위하여사역한동물을사용하여인수공통전염병등질병의진단, 치료, 연구를하는경우 2 방역을목적으로실험하는경우 3 해당동물, 동물종의생태, 습성등에관한과학적연구를위하여실험하는경우 4 해당동물실험시설의동물실험윤리위원회의승인을받아실험을하도록규정 < 동물보호법제25조 ( 동물실험윤리위원회의설치 ) 와제 26조 ( 동물실험윤리위원회의기능 ) 中 > 1 동물실험시행기관의장은실험동물의보호와윤리적인취급을위하여동물실험윤리위원회 ( 이하 " 윤리위원회 " 라한다 ) 를설치 운영하여야한다. 2 동물실험시행기관의장은동물실험을하려면윤리위원회의심의를거쳐야한다. 3 윤리위원회는동물실험에대한심의, 동물실험이동물보호법의원칙에맞게시행되도록지도 감독한다. 4 윤리위원회동물실험시행기관의장에게실험동물의보호와윤리적인취급을위하여필요한조치를요구한다. < 실험동물에관한법률제6조 ( 동물실험시설운영자의책무 )> 동물실험시설의운영자는동물실험의안전성및신뢰성등을확보하기위하여다음각호의사항을수행하여야한다. 1 실험동물의과학적사용및관리에관한지침수립 2 동물실험을수행하는자및종사자에대한교육 3 동물실험을대체할수있는방법의우선적고려 4 동물실험의폐기물등의적절한처리및작업자의안전에관한계획수립우리나라의관련법률은앞서살펴보았던 3R 원칙을기본으로하고있으며, 생명의존엄성과가치를인정하고실험동물의윤리적취급과동물실험및동물사육관리대한비교적구체적인규정을담고있다. 또한시행령에따라, 동물실험을시행하는정부기관및교육기관, 병원등은기관내에자체심의기구인동물실험윤리위원회 (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, IACUC) 를설치하고운영하고있다. 국내에서동물실험을수행하는기관에속한모든연구자는각기관에설치된동물실험윤리위원회에서동물실험계획서를승인받아야만동물실험을할수있다. 동물실험윤리위원회는 3R 원칙을기반으로동물실험계획서를심의하며, 이외에도실험시설과실험동물관리, 사육및처리에대한감독, 동물실험연구자교육등을주된활동으로하고있다. 위원구성에있어서도, 수의사와동물보호전문가각각 1인이상을반드시포함시켜동물실험에대한윤리성과동물복지, 시설의운영평가에이들의관점도반영될수있도록하고있다. 동물보호전문가란, ' 민법에따라설립된법인으로서동물보호를목적으로하는법인이나비영리민간단체지원법에따라등록된비영리단체로서동물보호를목적으로하는단체가추천하는동물보호에관한학식과경험이풍부한자 ' 로구체적인자격기준은동물보호법제 26조시행규칙에서확인할수있다.

5 22 A Cho and SH Seok Table 1. Observational checklists used to determine endpoints: Chronic infectious disease in mice-leishmaniasis (13) Score a Body weight changes Physical appearance Behavior 0 Normal Normal Normal 1 < 10% Weight loss Lack of grooming Minor changes; limping, favoring inoculated limb 2 10~15% Weight loss Rough coat, nasal/ocular discharge Abnormal; reduced mobility, inactive 3 > 20% Weight loss Very rough coat, abnormal posture Unsolicited vocalizations, self-mutilation, either very restless or immobile a When a total score of three or more is reached, based on above checklist, the laboratory animal veterinarian must be notified 4. 동물실험계획서평가내용및동물실험의인도적종료동물실험윤리위원회는기관자체심의기구이기때문에기관마다동물실험계획에대한심의절차나항목에다소차이가있을수있다. 그러나일반적으로동물실험계획서작성시포함되어야할내용으로는연구목적, 실험형태, 사육조건, 동물실험대체가능성, 요구동물의종과숫자의타당성, 동물실험의방법과근거, 고통의기준과고통의최소화방안, 실험종료시점, 안락사시점과방법, 실험환경의안전성, 실험자및실험책임자의교육의정도등이있다. 각항목마다기술해야할세부사항들이있으며그와관련된정보는국립수의과학검역원이나연구자가속한기관의동물실험윤리위원회를통해확인할수있다. 동물실험계획서의평가내용에도포함되어있듯이, 실험과정에서동물이받을수있는고통을최소화하고실험의인도적종료시점을설정하여적절한안락사를실시하는것은매우중요하다. 인도적종료시점이란실험동물이겪게되는통증및고통을최소화하기위해과학적목적을충족하는범위내에서실험을일찍종료하는시점을말한다 (12). 특히독성시험, 감염질환연구, 백신역가시험, 종양연구, 통증및스트레스연구, 신경계손상연구등에서는인도적종료시점이요구된다. 유전자를변형한동물을계속유지하지않고연구를종료하게되는경우엔변형된유전자의동물을 sperm freezing하거나 embryo freezing 등으로 banking하여필요할때다시녹여서사용하는기술들이많이개발되어있으므로이러한방법을이용하면불필요하게동물을계속살아있는상태로유지교배하지않아도될것이다. 동물실험에있어고통의기준은총 5단계로, 1단계는 원생동물이나무척추동물을실험하는것으로현행법상적용대상동물이아니므로위원회의심의나승인절차가필요하지않다. 2단계는척추동물을사용하지만거의고통을주지않는실험으로, 생산이나공급을목적으로사육하거나관찰혹은검사를목적으로한단기간의보정이해당되며이단계부터위원회의심의와승인절차가필요하다. 3단계는척추동물에게약간의스트레스나단기간의적은고통을주는실험으로, 고통을줄여주는약물의필요성이적은경우이며약물을투여하는등의일반적인동물실험이 3단계부터해당된다고할수있다. 4단계는척추동물에게스트레스나통증, 억압을동반하는실험으로, 고통을줄여주는약물이필요한경우이며심마취하에조직채취, 장시간의조작혹은수술, 장기간의물리적억압상태의실험등이이에해당된다. 5단계는앞의 4단계와같이고통을줄여주는약물이필요하지만마취제나진통제가사용되지않은실험, 비인간영장류를대상으로한실험, 고통에대한완화조치가있더라도인내한계나그이상의통증을유발하는경우를말한다. 실험과정에서동물에게고통을경감시켜주는조치를할수없는경우그분명한목적과사유를위원회에제시해야한다. 실험의인도적종료시점을설정하는기준으로참고할수있는정보는 Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) 가발행한종료시점지침서에서확인할수있으며 (13), 종료시점설정을위한관찰사항의예로기생충 (Leishmania) 에감염된마우스의만성감염질병의종료시점점수표가 Table 1에있다. 여기서총합산점수가 3점이상이면수의사에게알리고조치를취하도록하고있다. 실험종료시점을설정한후엔적절하고허용가능한안락사를실시한다. 안락사는동물에게통증과고통을최소화하여가능한단시간에의식을소실시켜죽음에이르게하는행위로전문수의사나숙련된연구자가수행해야

6 Ethical Guidelines for Use of Experimental Animals in Biomedical Research 23 Table 2. Agents and methods of euthanasia by species (14) Methods Acceptable a Acceptable with conditions a Aquatic invertebrates Amphibians Cats - Immersion in anesthetic solution (magnesium salts, clove oil, eugenol, ethanol) - As appropriate by species Injected barbiturates, dissociative agents and anesthetics as specified, topical buffered tricaine methanesulfonate or benzocaine hydrochloride - Intravenous barbiturates, injected anesthetic overdose, Tributame, T-61 - Adjunctive methods (second step) include 70% alcohol and neutral-buffered 10% formalin, pithing, freezing, boiling - As appropriate by species Inhaled anesthetics as specified, CO 2, penetrating captive bolt or firearm, manually applied blunt force trauma to the head, rapid freezing - Barbiturates (alternate routes of administration), inhaled anesthetic overdose, CO b, CO 2 b, gunshot b Cattle - Intravenous barbiturates - Gunshot, penetrating captive bolt Dogs - Intravenous barbiturates, injected anesthetic overdose, Tributame, T-61 - Barbiturates (alternate routes of administration), inhaled anesthetic overdose, CO b, CO 2 b, gunshot b Equids - Intravenous barbiturates - Penetrating captive bolt, gunshot Nonhuman primates - Injected barbiturates or anesthetic overdose - (as appropriate by species): Inhaled anesthetic, CO, CO 2 Poultry Rabbits Reptiles Rodents Small ruminants Swine - Injected barbiturates and anesthetic overdose - Intravenous barbiturates - As appropriate by species Injected barbiturates, dissociative agents and anesthetics as specified - Injected barbiturates and barbiturate combinations, dissociative agent combinations - Inhaled anesthetics, CO 2 c - CO 2, CO, N 2, Ar, cervical dislocation (as anatomically appropriate), decapitation, manual blunt force trauma, electrocution, gunshot, captive bolt - Inhaled anesthetic overdose, CO 2, cervical dislocation (as anatomically appropriate), penetrating captive bolt - As appropriate by species Inhaled anesthetics as specified, CO 2, penetrating captive bolt or firearm, manually applied blunt force trauma to the head, rapid freezing for animals < 4 g - Inhaled anesthetics, CO 2, CO, tribromoethanol, ethanol, cervical dislocation, decapitation, focused beam microwave irradiation - Injected barbiturates - Gunshot, penetrating captive bolt - Injected barbiturates a Source: Modified from AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition, p 99 (14) b Not recommended for routine use c Routine use in Korea - CO 2, CO, N 2, Ar, gunshot, electrocution, nonpenetrating captive bolt, manually applied blunt force trauma 한다. 안락사방법의선정기준및허용가능한안락사방법은 American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) 에서발행한안락사지침서에서확인가능하다 (14). AVMA 에서권고하는안락사방법은 Table 2와같다. 5. 동물실험과생물안전 (biosafety) 동물실험시연구자가반드시고려해야할또다른것은생물안전 (biosafety) 이다. 이는잠재적감염우려가있는생물체가가지고있는인체위해성을분석하고, 그에맞는적절한통제를통해실험자와지역사회및환경을보호하는활동을말한다. 동물실험역시많은감염사고의 위험이따르며, 연구자는사회의한구성원으로서감염사고로부터본인뿐아니라동료, 지역사회를보호할책임을가진다. 따라서자신이실험시다루게될미생물의위험요소를평가하여위험군등급에해당하는실험실안전장비와지침을마련하고사용해야한다. 또한실험실구성원들과이와관련된지식과경험을공유하며정기적인점검과교육도실시되어야한다. 미생물의위험군구분에따른생물안전수준 (Biosafety Level, BL) 은 Table 3 (15), 동물관련생물안전등급산정기준 (Animal Biosafety Level, ABL) 은 Table 4 (16) 를참고할수있다. 각위험등급에따른국내실험실안전장비및

7 24 A Cho and SH Seok Table 3. Biosafety Levels (BL) (15) BL Agents a Practices a Equipment a Facilities a 1 Not known to consistently cause diseases in healthy adults Standard microbiological practices - No primary barriers required. - PPE: laboratory coats and gloves; eye, face protection, as needed Laboratory bench and sink required 2 - Agents associated with human disease - Routes of transmission include percutaneous injury, ingestion, mucous membrane exposure BL-1 practice plus: - Limited access - Biohazard warning signs - Sharps precautions Biosafety manual defining any needed waste decontamination or medical surveillance policies Primary barriers: - BSCs or other physical containment devices used for all manipulations of agents that cause splashes or aerosols of infectious materials - PPE: Laboratory coats, gloves, face and eye protection, as needed BL-1 plus: Autoclave available Indigenous or exotic agents that may cause serious or potentially lethal disease through the inhalation route of exposure - Dangerous/exotic agents which post high individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections that are frequently fatal, for which there are no vaccines or treatments - Related agents with unknown risk of transmission BL-2 practice plus: - Controlled access - Decontamination of all waste - Decontamination of laboratory clothing before laundering BL-3 practices plus: - Clothing change before entering - Shower on exit - All material decontaminated on exit from facility Primary barriers: - BSCs or other physical containment devices used for all open manipulations of agents - PPE: Protective laboratory clothing, gloves, face, eye and respiratory protection, as needed Primary barriers: - All procedures conducted in Class III BSCs or Class I or II BSCs in combination with full-body, air-supplied, positive pressure suit a Source: Modified from Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, p 59 (15) BL-2 plus: - Physical separation from access corridors - Self-closing, double-door access - Exhausted air not recirculated - Negative airflow into laboratory - Entry through airlock or anteroom BL-3 plus: - Separate building or isolated zone - Dedicated supply and exhaust, vacuum, and decontamination systems 지침의세부사항은질병관리본부국립보건연구원에서발행하는 ' 실험실생물안전지침 ' 에서확인가능하다. 우리나라는생물학적위험발생을예방하고생명공학연구를촉진하기위해 2007년 유전자재조합실험지침 을개정고시했으며, 질병관리본부의관리아래각연구기관이생물안전위원회 (Institutional Biosafety Committee, IBC) 를구성하도록규정하고있다. 생물안전위원회는생물체를다루는생물관련연구및유전자재조합실험이안전하고효율적으로이루어질수있도록심의하고조사, 관리하는위원회로, 생물안전 3등급이상의밀폐시설을설치 운영하는연구기관에서는필수적으로생물안전위원회를운영하도록규정하고있으며생물안전 1 2등급연구시설을설치 운영하는기관에서는권장사항으로정하고있다. 감염의위험이있는동물실험진행시연구자는실험의생물안전등급을확인하고, 생물안전위원회로부터심의와자문을구해야한다. 결론지금까지동물실험을둘러싼논쟁의배경과윤리적인동물실험수행을위한원칙및제도등을살펴보았다. 인간의생명을연장하기위해동물을이용하는것은언제나윤리적일까? 이에대한다양한철학적의견들을앞서논의했다. 필자의입장과다수의과학자들그리고많은일반사람들이동물실험의필요성에대해동의하고이것이비윤리적이지않다고인정하더라도, 사용되는동물의

8 Ethical Guidelines for Use of Experimental Animals in Biomedical Research 25 Table 4. Animal Biosafety Levels (ABL) (16) ABL Agents a Practices a Equipment a Facilities a Not known to consistently cause disease - Associated with human disease, BL-2 - Percutaneous, mucous, membrane exposure, ingestion - Indigenous or exotic agents, BL-3 - Potential for aerosol transmission - Standard animal care and management - Good microbiological technique ABL-1 plus: - Limited access - Biohazard signs - Sharps precautions - Decontamination of wastes and cages prior to washing - Disinfectant foot baths as needed ABL-2 plus: - Restricted and controlled access - Decontamination of clothing before laundering - Cages decontaminated before bedding removal None other than what is required for normal care ABL-1 plus: - Primary containment equipment such as BSCs - PPE and respiratory protection as needed ABL-2 plus: Containment equipment for housing animal and cage dumping a Source: Modified from Cornell University Institutional Biosafety Committee's manual (16) - No recirculation of exhaust air - Hand washing facility ABL-1 plus: Easy cleaning ABL-2 plus: - Physical separation from access corridors - Anteroom with self closing double door access - Sealed penetrations - Autoclave available in facilities 복지와대우에대한윤리적문제는여전히존재한다 (3). 어떻게연구용동물을기를것이고어떻게다룰것이며, 고통은어떻게줄일수있는가하는것들이이에해당한다. 특히영장류의경우우리가인간의고유한특성이며도덕적존재로서의근거가되는자질이라고보는지적능력, 판단력, 자의식, 사회성등을일정부분가지고있다고여겨지기때문에이들을실험동물로사용할때에는더욱신중을기해야한다 (3). 동물실험옹호론자들이주장하듯이, 인간이동물보다높은도덕적지위와존엄성을가진다면, 그도덕성을바탕으로동물실험의구체적인상황에서어떻게동물을최대한보호할것인지를고민하고실천적인지침들을마련해야할것이다. 나아가, 점차동물실험이최소화될수있도록동물대체시험법연구등구체적이고실질적인노력도수반되어야한다. 즉, 현재연구에있어서동물대체시험법의사용이동물을이용한실험보다경제적, 시간적비용이크다고하더라도, 연구목적에부합하는범위내라면동물실험을대체할수있도록노력해야한다. 또한후속연구세대가실험동물에대한윤리적책임감과태도를가질수있도록학교및연구기관에서체계적인교육이이루어져야한다. 두번째로, 동물실험과관련한사회적소통의문제를 언급하고싶다. 하버마스 (Habermas) 와롤즈 (Rawls) 가주장하듯이도덕은어디까지나인간들의사회적협력을위한하나의구성물이다 (2). 따라서동물실험에대한법률및제도역시이에대한사회적합의를기반으로마련되고발전한다. 특히동물실험과같이윤리적쟁점과가치가개입된결정은사회구성원들의심도있는논의와합의를거쳐야한다. 즉동물실험윤리는동물이느끼는고통에대해서도고민해야하지만, 동시에동물의고통에민감한사회구성원들이느끼는고통에대해서도고민할필요가있는것이다 (2). 그리고이구성원에는연구자자신도포함된다. 연구자와사회구성원들의도덕성과감정, 안전을보호할수있는제도적장치내에서동물실험이허용될수있도록, 연구자집단을포함한다양한사회집단의의견수렴과합의를위한지속적인소통의장이마련되어야한다. 마지막으로, 1985년미국의실험동물에대한개정법을발의했던로버트돌 (Robert Dole) 상원의원의대표발언을소개하면서글을마무리하고자한다. " 이법안의목적은시험또는실험에사용되는동물이받는고통과억압을감소시키는것이목적입니다. 이를통해, 생명의학연구는더욱정확해지고인도적이될것입니다. 우리는실험동물로부터많은덕을보았고, 그빚을

9 26 A Cho and SH Seok 실험동물을잘관리하고고통스러운실험을최소화함으로써갚을수있습니다." 참고문헌 1) Day N. Animal Experimentation: Cruelty or Science?. NJ: Enslow Publisher, ) Kim MS. Animal Experiment and Deliberation. Philosophy 2007;92: ) Choo JW, Choi KS, Kwon I. Claims for Animal Right and Ethical Consideration on Primate Experiments. J Korean Bioehics Assoc 2007;8: ) Regan T. The case for Animal Rights. Berkeley: University of California Press, ) Singer P. The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, ) Paul ES. Us and Them: Scientists' and Animal Rights Campaigners' Views of the Animal Experimentation Debate. Soc Anim 1995;3: ) Russell WMS, Burch R. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. London: Methuen, ) Draize JH, Woodard G, Calvary HO. Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes. J Pharmacol Exptl Therap 1944; 82: ) Kempermann G, Kuhn HG, Gage FH. More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment. Nature 1997;386: ) Stafleu FR, Tramper R, Vorstenbosch J, Joles JA. The ethical acceptability of animal experiments: a proposal for a system to support decision-making. Lab Anim 1999;33: ) Paton WD. Animal Experiment: British and European Legislation and Practice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1983;406: ) Demers G, Griffin G, De Vroey G, Haywood JR, Zurlo J, Bédard M. Animal research. Harmonization of Animal Care and Use Guidance. Science 2006;312: ) Canadian Council on Animal Care. Guidelines on: choosing on appreciate endpoint in experiments using animals for research, teaching and testing Available from: URL: 14) American Veterinary Medical Association. AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition. Available from: URL: euthanasia.pdf 15) U. S. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. 5th ed. Available from: URL: /publications/bmbl5/bmbl.pdf 16) Cornell University Institutional Biosafety Committee. Animal Biosafety Procedures. Available from: URL:

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