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1 Clinical Article The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine 2013;31(2): 여자엘리트탁구선수의전형별체력및경기력분석 용인대학교 1, 한국체육대학교 2 김용연 1 ㆍ김상훈 2 The Analysis of Physical Fitness and Performance Level Depending on Play Style in Female Table Tennis Players Yong Youn Kim 1, Sang Hoon Kim 2 1 Yong In University, Yongin, 2 Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea The purpose of this study was to analyze the physical fitness and performance level depending on play style in female table tennis players. Thirty-one female players participated in this study. The measurement factors for physical fitness were body composition, cardiopulmonary function and fitness, balance, power, flexibility, agility, isotonic and isokinetic strength, muscle endurance and anaerobic. Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman correlation were used to analyze the data. The results were as follows; in cardiopulmonary function and fitness, FEV1/FVC was significantly higher in defensive style than drive style. Also, Harvard step test was significantly higher in drive style than attack style. In agility, cross run was significantly slower in attack style than the other styles. In isokinetic strength, left flexion strength of knee was significantly higher in driver style than defensive style. Also, in correlations, performance level had association with Harvard step test in defensive and attack style, 20 m run in attack style, cross run in defensive and drive style, push-ups in drive style. As different physical fitness factors were correlated on performance and scientific training program should be applied according to the play styles. Keywords: Racket sports, Physical fitness, Sports, Performance 서 론 한국탁구는한동안올림픽을비롯한각종세계대회에서 Received: April 26, 2013 Revised: June 10, 2013 Accepted: July 1, 2013 Correspondence: Sang Hoon Kim Korea National Sport University, 1239 Yangjae-daero, Songpa-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: sportler@hanmail.net Copyright 2013 The Korean Society of Sports Medicine CC This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 금메달을획득하며탁구강국들과어깨를나란히하였으나, 최근우수선수들의국제랭킹하락, 선수저변확대실패와대중적관심저하등으로침체기를겪고있어 1) 탁구강국으로서의면모를회복하기위한다각적이고적극적인노력이절실하다. 탁구는다양한기술의연속적인구사가필요하며, 선수가주로구사하는기술을중심으로어떤형태의플레이 (play) 를펼치는가에따라공격형또는속공형 (attack style), 수비형 (defensive style), 드라이브형 (drive style) 으로선수의경기스타일을구분할수있는데이를전형이라고한다 2). 속공형은테이블과가까이위치하여공격위주의플레이를구사하는스타일로상대가공을받아치는것을실패할때까지번갈아가 92 대한스포츠의학회지

2 김용연외. 여자엘리트탁구선수의전형별체력및경기력분석 며되받아치는랠리 (rally) 는줄이고공을빠르게타구하여득점을노리는스타일이며, 수비형은주로커트 (cut) 기술을사용하여상대의공을받아치는전술을쓰며테이블과거리를두고상대의공격을받아내는스타일로빠른움직임이필요하다 3). 마지막으로드라이브형은테이블에서약간떨어져서주로플레이를하지만때에따라테이블앞쪽에서플레이하기도하며활발한발놀림으로드라이브위주의플레이를하는전형을일컫는다. 이와같이전형별로주로구사하는기술에는차이가있으며이는신체움직임과활동반경에영향을미치게되는데, 상대선수의전형을파악하는것은경기전략수립에매우중요한의미를갖는다 3). 스포츠에서승부는다양한요인에의해결정되지만해당종목의경기력에중요한체력요인을파악하는것은승리를위한최우선과제가될것이다 4). 이에국내에서도다양한종목을대상으로 5-10) 경기력향상을위한연구가시도되었으며체력, 심리적요인, 지도자, 과거의경험, 훈련방법, 컨디션, 영양상태등다양한요인이경기력에영향을미치는것으로밝혀졌으나대부분의연구에서우수한기량을갖춘선수의전제조건으로강인한체력을우선시하는데의견을같이하고있다. 이처럼여러종목을대상으로체력특성을파악하여경기력향상을꾀하고자많은연구들이시도되었으나 5-10) 탁구종목을대상으로한연구는미미하다. 또한실제로많은지도자와선수들이경험적근거를토대로전형별체력특성의존재가능성을인지하고있는사실을고려하면다른스포츠에서포지션에따른선수간체력특성이존재하는것과같이 11-13), 탁구선수의전형간에도체력특성의차이가나타날가능성을배제할수없지만, 탁구를대상으로이루어진연구의대부분이전형이고려되지않은일반적인체력특성에대한연구가주를이루고있으며 14-16) 전형을고려한연구는매우부족한실정이다. 이에본연구는실업팀에서활동하고있는엘리트여자탁구선수를대상으로전형에따른체력특성을구명하고이들이경기력에미치는관계를분석하여경기력향상을위한 과학적인훈련프로그램구성의기초자료가되고자실시하였다. 연구방법 1. 연구대상본연구에참여한여자탁구선수들은한국실업탁구연맹에선수로등록되어활동중인 31명으로정형외과적인증상이나질환이없어연구참가가가능하며, 연구의내용과절차에대한충분한설명후동의를구한자들로하였다. 선수의경기력은측정일을기준으로한국실업탁구연맹에서제시한국내랭킹으로하였으며이들의일반적특성은 Table 1에나타냈다. 2. 측정항목및방법엘리트여자탁구선수들의전형별체력측정을위해체육과학연구원 (Korea Institute of Sports Science) 17) 과 Tomchuk 18) 의지침을참고로하였으며지면관계상일반적인측정항목은표준화된방법을사용하고각각의측정방법은간략히기술하였다. 신체조성은임피던스원리를이용한체성분측정기 (Biospace, Seoul, Korea) 를이용하여체지방률을측정하였으며심폐기능측정을위해안정시심박수와 Digital Spirometer (CNP-10, Tokyo, Japan) 를이용하여폐활량과노력성폐활량의최초 1초간의노력성호기량으로나눈일초율을측정하였다. 전신지구력은하바드스텝테스트를실시하였으며 50센티의승강대에서 2초에 1회를승강하는속도로 5분동안반복시킨후 1분 1분 30초, 2분 2분 30초, 3분 3분 30초사이의맥박수를측정하여하바드지수 ([300 ( 심박수 3회합 2)] 100) 를산출하여측정값으로하였다. 순발력은 20 m 달리기로출발신호원이 20 m의직선거리를최단시간에주파한시간으로기록하였으며, 제자리멀리뛰기를추가로실시하였다. 앉아서상체를구부려측정하는좌전굴과매트에엎드려누운상태에서상체를최대한으로신전시켰을때, 줄자를이용하여지면에서 Table 1. Characteristics of study subjects Type Ranking Age (y) Height (cm) Body weight (kg) BMI (kg/m 2 ) Defensive style (n=10) 41.70± ± ± ± ±1.11 Attack style (n=11) 39.27± ± ± ± ±1.66 Drive style (n=10) 22.60± ± ± ± ±1.05 p-value Values are presented mean±standard deviation. BMI: body mass index. 제 31 권제 2 호

3 YY Kim, et al. Physical Fitness and Performance Level Depending on Play Style in Table Tennis Players 턱까지의거리를측정하는체후굴로유연성을측정하였다. 민첩성은반응시간측정기 (Yagami, Tokyo, Japan) 의발판위에두발을올리고무릎을살짝구부린채로대기한상태에서빛에대해최대한신속히발판에서두발을이탈시키는시간을 2회측정하여최고치를기록으로하였으며, 9 m의직선이직각으로교차된십자모양의구간을중앙지점을중심으로회선하여주파하는십자달리기를실시하였다. 배근력계 (TKK, Tokyo, Japan) 와악력계 (TKK) 를이용하여등장성근력 을측정하였다. 각각 2회씩측정하여최고치를 kg 단위로채택하였으며, 등속성근력은등속성근력측정기구 (Cybex, Medway, MA, USA) 를이용하여각속도 60 o /s에서각각 3회씩굴곡과신전을반복하여굴곡, 신전근력을측정하였다. 측정된자료는체중당근력으로환산하여측정치로하였다. 근지구력검사는팔굽혀펴기와윗몸일으키기를실시하였다. 팔굽혀펴기는무릎을꿇고하는변형된팔굽혀펴기로실시하였으며 2초에 1회의속도로자세가흐트러지거나실패할때까지의 Table 2. The results of fitness assessment in play style Fitness category Play style Defensive style (1) Attack style (2) Drive style (3) p-value Post-hoc Body composition Body fat (%) 19.72± ± ± Cardiopulmonary function FEV1/FVC (%) 95.53± ± ± Vital capacity (ml) 3,972.00± ,505.45± ,656.00± HRrest 65.20± ± ± Cardiorespiratory fitness Harvard step test ± ± ± Balance Romberg test (s) 13.12± ± ± Power 20 m run (s) 3.86± ± ± Standing long jump (cm) ± ± ± Flexibility Sit and reach test (cm) 20.27± ± ± Trunk & neck extension test (cm) 53.70± ± ± Agility Reaction time (s) 0.29± ± ± Cross run (s) 14.97± ± ± , 3 2 Isotonic strength Handgrip strength test (kg) 32.56± ± ± Lower back strength test (kg) 71.20± ± ± , 2 3 Isokinetic strength R.E. of ankle (%BW) ± ± ± R.F. of ankle (%BW) 44.33± ± ± L.E. of ankle (%BW) ± ± ± L.F. of ankle (%BW) 42.05± ± ± R.E. of knee (%BW) ± ± ± R.F. of knee (%BW) ± ± ± L.E. of knee (%BW) ± ± ± L.F. of knee (%BW) ± ± ± Muscular endurance Push-ups 43.70± ± ± Sit-ups 50.40± ± ± Anaerobic power Wingate test Total work (KPM) ± ± ± Average power (%BW) 4.89± ± ± , 2 3 Fatigue index (%) 26.87± ± ± Values are presented mean±standard deviation. FEV1/FVC: the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity, HRrest: resting heart rate, R.E: right extension, R.F.: right flexion, L.E.: left extension, L.F.: light flexion, KPM: kilopounds per meter. 94 대한스포츠의학회지

4 김용연외. 여자엘리트탁구선수의전형별체력및경기력분석 횟수를기록으로하였으며윗몸일으키기는발을 30 cm 벌리게한후목뒤로깍지낀팔꿈치가무릎에닿고시작자세로돌아왔을때를 1회로하여 1분간측정하였다. 마지막으로무산소성파워측정을위해윈게이트검사 (Wingate test) 를실시하였는데, 고정자전거 (Monark, Vansbro, Sweden) 를이용하여 2분간가벼운페달링으로준비운동을실시하고, 설정된부하로일정한속도에도달하면 30초간전력으로페달링을유도, 30초간발휘된총일량, 5초간격으로측정된 6회의파워의평균값, 이중최고파워값, 최고파워에서최저파워로감소되는비율을피로지수로측정하였다. 3. 자료처리자료처리는 PASW ver (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 프로그램을이용하여모든측정자료의평균과표준편차를산출한후본연구의표본수가많지않은이유로비모수검정방법인크루스칼월리스검정 (Kruskal-Wallis test) 으로전형간체력특성의차이를검증하였으며, 유의한차이가있을경우만휘트니검정 (Mann-Whitney test) 으로사후검증을하였다. 체력과경기력의관계는스피어만상관관계분석 (Spearman correlation analysis) 을실시하였으며모든분석의통계적유의 Table 3. The correlation between physical fitness and performance depending on play style Fitness category Defensive style Attack style Drive style r p r p r p Body composition Body fat (%) Cardiopulmonary function FEV1/FVC (%) HRrest Vital capacity Cardiorespiratory fitness Harvard step test Power 20 m run Standing long jump Flexibility Sit and reach test Trunk & neck extension test Agility Reaction time Cross run Isotonic strength Handgrip strength test Lower back strength test Isokinetic strength R.E. of ankle (%BW) R.F. of ankle (%BW) L.E. of ankle (%BW) L.F. of ankle (%BW) R.E. of knee (%BW) R.F. of knee (%BW) L.E. of ankle (%BW) L.F. of ankle (%BW) Muscular endurance Push-ups Sit-ups Anaerobic power Total work Average power (%BW) Fatigue index FEV1/FVC: the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity, HRrest: resting heart rate, R.E: right extension, R.F.: right flexion, L.E.: left extension, L.F.: light flexion, KPM: kilopounds per meter. 제 31 권제 2 호

5 YY Kim, et al. Physical Fitness and Performance Level Depending on Play Style in Table Tennis Players 수준은 α=0.05로하였다. 결과탁구선수의전형별체력측정결과심폐기능측정항목중일초율에서수비형 (95.53±2.85%), 드라이브형 (90.42±7.67%) 간에유의한차이가나타났으며, 전신지구력항목의하바드스텝테스트에서는공격형 (116.65±9.73), 드라이브형 (123.86± 12.87) 간에유의한차이가나타났다. 민첩성항목에서는민첩성항목의십자달리기에서는수비형 (14.97±1.38초) 및공격형 (16.57±0.50초) 과드라이브형 (15.58±1.12초) 간에, 등장성근력의배근력에서는수비형 (71.20±12.55 kg) 과공격형 (70.72±8.03 kg) 및드라이브형 (80.60±6.53 kg) 간에유의한차이가발견되었다. 등속성근력측정결과에서는좌측무릎관절의체중당등속성굴근력에서수비형 (122.92±14.94%BW) 과드라이브형 (138.69±8.68%BW) 간에유의한차이가나타났다. 무산소성파워를측정하기위한윈게이트검사의평균파워에서드라이브형 (4.89±0.36%BW) 과공격형 (4.50±0.66) 및수비형 (5.37± 0.45) 간에유의한차이가발견되었으며모든측정결과와사후검증결과는 Table 2에나타내었다. 전형별체력측정결과를토대로국내랭킹으로결정한경기력과관련성에대한검증결과 (Table 3) 심폐지구력측정을위한하바드스텝지수의수비형 (r=0.765), 공격형 (r=0.667) 에서유의한상관관계가나타났으며순발력측정항목의 20 m 달리기에서공격형 (-0.093) 과유의한상관관계가나타났다. 민첩성에서는십자달리기와경기력간에관련이있는집단으로공격형 (r=-0.665) 과드라이브형 (r=-0.857) 에서관련이유의한것으로나타났다. 한편, 근지구력항목에서는드라이브형에서팔굽혀펴기 (r=0.700) 와유의한상관관계가나타났다. 고찰본연구의의의와중요한결과는여자엘리트탁구선수를대상으로면밀한체력측정을통해전형에따른체력특성과경기력에영향을미치는체력요인의차이를확인하고, 그간필드에서언급되어오던전형별체력특성의존재가능성을검증하였다는점이다. 그간탁구선수의플레이형태에따른경기스타일이전형으로명확히구분되어있음에도불구하고국내외선행연구들은탁구선수들이갖추어야할체력요인으로전형을전혀고려하지않은채민첩성, 지구력, 순발력등의체력요인을일률적으로제시하는제한점을갖고있었다. 분석결과, 공격형은심폐지구력, 순발력항목에서, 수비전형의선수들은심폐지구력, 민첩성, 근지구력항목이우수할수록국내랭킹이높은것으로나타났으며, 드라이브형은민첩성항목이우수할수록상위에랭크되는것으로나타났다. 이러한점은수비전형의경우공격형또는드라이브형과비교할때지구력을가지고끈질기게상대의공격을받아넘김으로써실수를유도하여득점을하는전략으로인해심폐지구력과근지구력항목에서경기력과관련이있는것으로판단되며, 공격형의경우공이네트를넘어와바운딩되자마자바로받아치는기술을주무기로탁구대에가깝게위치하여경기를운용하는스타일로빠른순발력이요구되기때문인것으로분석된다. 또한, 전형별체력특성의차이를분석한결과유의한결과가있었음을확인할수있었는데심폐기능은운동능력을평가하는지표로운동시신체의산소활용능력을나타내며지구성훈련을통해향상된다고알려져있으며지구력을요하는스포츠에서경기력을결정하는매우중요한요인으로간주되고있다 19). 심폐기능측정방법중일초율은 1초간내쉴수있는최대호기량과노력성폐활량의비율로일초율이높다는것은폐기능이우수하다는증거인데 20), 분석결과유의한차이가발견되었으며사후검증결과수비형이 95.53±2.85%, 공격형이 85.90±8.55% 로수비형이 12.10% 더높았으며폐활량에서도수비형이가장높은경향을나타냈다. 이는수비형이다른두전형에비해심폐기능이우수하다고말할수있는데, 랠리를가능한한길게유도하여상대선수로하여금집중력과지구력의저하를통해실수를유도하여득점을노리는경기전략을구사하는점을 21) 염두에두면다른전형의선수들과비교할때상대적으로높은지구력이필요할것이며이것이원인이되어본연구에서수비형에서심폐기능과심폐지구력이우수하게나타난결과로조심스럽게생각해볼수있을것이다. Zagatto 등 22) 도탁구경기중의운동강도가예측최대심박수의 80% 이상을상회함을관찰하고, 강도높은심폐지구력훈련은탁구경기력향상에적극적인도움을줄수있을것이라고하였으며이러한주장은수비전형과공격전형의선수들에게더욱유효할것으로생각된다. 민첩성은탁구선수들이갖추어야하는기본체력항목으로본연구에서는실시한반응시간과십자달리기중십자달리기항목에서유의한차이가발견되었으며, 수비형 (14.97±1.38초) 과드라이브형 (15.58±1.12초) 에비해공격형 (16.57±0.50초) 이유의하게느린것으로나타났고, 전신반응시간검사에서도수비형, 드라이브형, 공격형의순으로우세한것으로나타났 96 대한스포츠의학회지

6 김용연외. 여자엘리트탁구선수의전형별체력및경기력분석 지만유의한차이는발견되지않았다. 정상급선수의강한공격은시속 200 km에육박하고 23), 이공을지속적으로받아내야하는수비전형의선수가빠른민첩성을갖게되는것은필연적인결과일지도모를것이다. 또한경기력과체력요인간의상관관계분석에서수비형에서십자달리기항목과유의한상관관계가나타난점을염두에두면수비형선수의경기력향상을위해민첩성훈련이효과가있을것임을시사한다. 배근력에서는드라이브전형이 80.60±6.53 kg으로가장높았으며검증결과다른두전형과유의한차이를나타냈다. 배근력은근력의원천이되는코어 (core) 근육이동원되는부위로 24), 상체가전방굴곡된자세를유지한채강한드라이브샷을반복하는드라이브전형의경우체간의강한회전동작의반복이 25) 이부위의근력을강화시킨결과로생각되나, 등속성근력측정장비를이용한체간의정밀한근력측정등과같은추가연구를통해결과를명확히할수있을것으로생각된다. 한편등속성근력측정결과무릎관절좌측의굴근에서드라이브형이 ±8.68% 로가장높게나타났고수비형에비해유의하게높은것으로나타났으나, 공격형과는차이가없었다. 이와같은결과는대부분의드라이브형선수가오른손을주측으로라켓의한면만을이용하는펜홀더 (pen holder) 그립을사용해축이되는좌측하지를지면에밀착, 견고한지지를기본으로기술을반복해야하는점에서원인을유추해볼수있지만, 선수의주측팔의방향을고려한추가연구가필요한것으로생각된다. 윈게이트검사로측정한무산소성파워에서는평균파워가드라이브형이다른두전형에비해높게나타났는데평균파워는 30초간최대페달링 (pedaling) 운동시발휘된전체파워를합하여경과시간으로나눈값을체중으로다시나눈값으로이값이높다는것은무산소성지구력이우수한것으로이해할수있다 26). 드라이브형은라켓을후방에서전상방으로스윙하여공에전진회전을거는빠른스트로크인드라이브를주무기로하는스타일로탁구에서구사되는기술중가장강력한파워가요구되는기술이며 3), 이기술의반복이무산소성파워향상에어느정도기여했을것으로생각된다. 본연구는여자엘리트탁구선수의과학적인체력측정을통해탁구에서특징적으로구분하는선수의플레이형태, 즉전형에따른체력특성을비교하고이들과경기력과의연관성을분석하여과학적인훈련프로그램구성의기초자료가되고자실시하였다. 이를위해기초체력과함께무산소성파워, 등속성근력을포함한전문체력을측정하였는데, 탁구선수를대상으로한선행연구의부족으로객관적인비교가곤란한 점과총 31명으로연구대상자가충분하지못한점을고려할때본연구의결과를일반화하기에는주의가필요하며, 이는본연구의제한점으로향후연구대상과측정방법을확장한연구가이루어져야할필요가있다고판단된다. 최근세계탁구는다양한기술과전형의개발로빠르고강한공격형경기스타일을가진선수들이주도하게되었으며, 규칙개정을통해지름이커진탁구공은결과적으로선수들에게더욱강한파워와빠른몸놀림을요구하게되었다. 한국선수들이세계정상급선수들과대등한실력으로경쟁하기위한과제로현재의팀중심의획일화된훈련프로그램을지양하고, 본연구에서나타난결과를토대로연구를확장하여, 전형을고려한과학적인훈련프로그램개발과적용을시도할때엘리트여자탁구선수의경기력향상에일조할수있을것으로판단된다. References 1. Bae JH, Yoon YJ. Development plans for the increase the number of the elementary table tennis players. Korean J Physic Educ 2011;50: Lee E. A comparative study of the personality traits depending on play style and skill level in female table tennis player. Nonmunjip-Yongindaehakgyo 2003;21: Hyun J. Perfect table tennis. Seoul: Samho Media; Issurin VB. Training transfer: scientific background and insights for practical application. Sports Med 2013;43: Chung JW, Kim KJ, Kim HJ. Effects of physique and fitness on performance of each event in elite alpine skier. Exerc Sci 2011;20: Kim MJ, Jang JH. Differences in anthropometric variables, body composition, and basal physical fitness in women soccer players according to athletic performance level and playing position. J Korean Soc Study Phys Educ 2010;15: Kim YK. Fitness profiles of the professional soccer players by each position. Korean J Sports Med 2000;18: Park SH, Kim KH, Huh Y. College Ssireum player`s strength profile and performance perdictions. J Korean Alliance Martial Arts 2009;11: Cheon IH, Kim KJ, Park DH. A comparative analysis of physical strength of competition performance level in national boxing athletes. Korean J Sport Sci 2008;19: Kim KJ. Aerobic: anaerobic performance and relative functional buffering capacity in middle-distance and marathon 제 31 권제 2 호

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Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong

Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong An 1 & Kyoo-jeong Choi 2 * 1 Korea National Wrestling