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1 === Chapter 1 === Chapter 2 apt inclined, prone, disposed <-> disinclined ~하는 경향이 있는 residence, abode 주소 address appropriate, proper, suitable <-> inept 적당한 speech, lecture, discourse 강연 astonish surprise, astound, shock, startle, daze 놀라게 하다. undertake, take on 맡다 chronically constantly, continuously, inveterately, habitually 만성적으로 assume put on, pretend, affect ~인척하다 daub coat, cover, plaster, slather 흠뻑 칠하다 think, suppose, presume ~라고 생각하다,추측하다 domain region, area, territory, realm 지역, 영토 reach 도달하다 attain area, field, sphere 분야, 영역 achieve, accomplish 성취하다, 이루다 enthusiastic eager, ardent, zealous, passionate <-> apathetic 열성적인 boast brag, swagger <-> depreciate 자랑하다 extend go, run, range, stretch (어떤 거리까지)걸쳐있다 volume, dimensions 용적 capacity expand, enlarge, increase, prolong, lengthen 확장하다, 늘리다 ability 능력 feat achievement, accomplishment, exploit 업적 cede yield, surrender, relinquish <-> defend 양도하다, 포기하다 fulfill accomplishment, achieve, execute 성취하다 refuse, reject, dismiss <-> accept 거절하다 decline satisfy, meet 만족시키다. decrease, fall, weaken 쇠퇴하다 give over to dedicate, devote, commit 헌신하다, 바치다 desert abandon, forsake <-> cleave (to) 버리다 heavy ponderous, weighty <-> light ; burdensome 무거운 ; 고된 disassemble break apart, dismantle, take apart <-> join 분해하다 hibernation sleep, dormancy 동면 dispose array, arrange, order 배치하다, 배열하다 immerse submerge, dip, submerse 담그다 dispose of get rid of 처리하다 attract, fascinate, interest <-> bore (주의, 관심을)끌다 erode wear away 침식하다, 부식되다 intrigue plot, conspire 음모를 꾸미다 reasonably, moderately, tolerably, pretty 꽤 fairly luxuriant abundant, exuberant, opulent <-> withered 무성한, 풍부한 impartially 공정하게 magnitude extent, measure, degree ; volume, size, amplitude 등급 ; 크기 glossy shiny, bright, glazed, lustrous 빛나는, 광택이 나는 maintain affirm, contend, claim 주장하다 grounds reasons, rationale, root, basis 근거, 이유 sustain, preserve, keep 지속하다 hallmark feature, a distinguishing trait 특징 monitor check, examine, inspect 조사하다 perfect, model, exemplary <-> average 이상적인, 전형의 ideal epidemic (전염병 등의)만연, 창궐 abstract, theoretical, hypothetical <-> actual 관념적인 outbreak eruption, explosion, burst 폭발 inhabit live, occupy, dwell, abide, reside <-> emigrate 거주하다 periodically from time to time, at interval, once in a while, 때때로, 가끔 laborious diligent, industrious 근면한 free, liberate, loose <-> detain 해방시키다 remain, stay, tarry 남다 linger release emit, give off, discharge, vent 뿜다, 방출하다 lag, procrastinate, loiter, drag, delay <->hasten 꾸물거리다, 질질 끌다 loose, untie, unfasten (묶인 것을)풀다 loathe abhor, abominate, detest, hate <-> tolerate 혐오하다 relief reproduce copy, duplicate, imitate 복제하다 watch ; perceive, notice, 관찰하다 ; 알아채다 observe breed, multiply, spawn <-> perish 번식하다. conform, follow, comply <-> violate 준수하다 aid, assistance, support 구제, 원조(물자) misgiving apprehension, presentiment, apprehensiveness 불안 alleviation, ease <-> anguish 완화 model specimen, prototype, pattern, sample 견본 rugged uneven, rough, bumpy 울퉁불퉁한 plentiful abundant, bountiful, rich<->meager, scant(y) 풍부한 self-sufficient independent 자급자족의(제힘으로사는) preoccupied engrossed, absorbed 몰두한 speculative theoretical, academic 이론적인 estate, havings, possession, asset 자산 property thoughtful, reflective, meditative 사색적인 character, characteristic, quality, feature 특성 stimulate prompt, activate, inspire, incite <-> discourage 자극하다, 격려하다 recurring recurrent <-> isolated 되풀이 되는 subordinate inferior, subject, dependent, secondary<->dominant 종속적인 rooted ingrained, fixed, embedded 뿌리깊은, 정착한 torrential wild, violent 격렬한 thoroughly completely, perfectly, utterly, entirely 철저히, 완전히 1. vigor : 활기 2. contract clause : 계약조항 3. adulation : 아첨 4. measles : 홍역 5. hug : 껴안다, 포옹하다 6. delightedly : 기꺼이 7. morality : 도덕 8. disclaim : 포기하다, 부인하다 1. telescope : 망원경 2. microscope : 현미경 3. periscope : 잠망경 4. engaging : 매력 있는 5. drowning : n. 익사하는 것 a. 혼란된 ; 좌절된 ; 이해할 수 없는 6. disconcert : 당황케 하다

2 === Chapter 3 === Chapter 4 afford provide, give, grant 주다 achieve accomplish, effect, perform <-> fail 성취하다 announce proclaim, publish, declare 공포하다 anchor hold in place, secure, fasten <-> release 고정시키다 a wide range of a wide variety of 다양한 ascribe, impute, refer ~의 탓으로 돌리다 attribute chance opportunity ; probability, likelihood 기회 ; 가능성 quality, trait, characteristic, character 특성 chart map, plot (지도 등를) 작성하다 brisk active, vigorous, energetic, lively <-> passive 활기 있는 promise, contract, pledge <-> disengage 약속하다 codify classify, arrange, systematize <-> randomize (체계적으로)정리하다 engage reserve, book 예약하다 consummate superb ; complete <-> incomplete 뛰어난 ; 완전한 hire, employ <-> discharge 고용하다 falling 하강 descent esteem respect, revere ; prize, value <-> despise 존경하다 ; 중하게 여기다 origin, blood, lineage 혈통, 기원 evidence proof ; sign 증거 ; 증후 disseminate spread out, distribute, scatter, disperse 퍼뜨리다 fertile bountiful, productive, fecund, fruitful <-> barren 비옥한 earn acquire, attain, win 획득하다 generate produce <-> extinguish 발생시키다 emergence rise, appearance, advent 출현, 부상 innate inborn, natural <-> acquired 타고난 facilitate make more available (easier) (일을)용이하게 하다 invaluable precious, priceless <-> worthless 매우 귀중한 fervent passionate, ardent, earnest <-> impassive 열정적인 irreparable irremediable, permanent, irrecoverable 돌이킬 수 없는 fine slight, subtle, delicate ; thin 미세한, 섬세한 ;가느다란 maxim principle ; saying, proverb 행동원칙 ; 격언 frivolous trivial, trifling, petty, unimportant 사소한 object outstanding remarkable, prominent, excellent, eminent 뛰어난 grip, clutch, grab, seize 붙잡다 grasp unpaid, owing, unsettled, remaining 미결제의 catch, understand, comprehend, apprehend 이해하다, 파악하다 protest, remonstrate <-> acquiesce 항의하다 giant ogre <-> dwarf 거인 goal, purpose, function 목적 golden age a period of great achievement 황금시대, 전성기 patron protector, supporter, advocate ; customer 후원자 ; 고객 hamstrung disabled, crippled, lame ; ineffective, powerless 불구의, 무력한 predominate outweigh, prevail, rule, dominate 우세하다, 지배력을 갖다 haphazard random, casual, unplanned, chance 되는 대로의, 우연의 previous prior, earlier, former, preceding <-> subsequent 이전의 incidental minor, secondary ; accidental, casual 중요하지 않은 ; 우연한 premise assumption, supposition 전제 initiate start, begin, originate, commence, inaugurate 시작하다 primitive primeval, uncivilized, savage <-> civilized 원시적인 make up invent 창작하다, 창안하다 rudimentary 기본적인 manifold various, multiple, diverse <-> single 가지각색의 proficiency skill, ability, expertise, mastery <-> imcompetence 능숙함 obliterate delete, erase, efface, eradicate, wipe out 제거하다 proposition suggestion, proposal 제안 period time, age, era, epoch 시대 questionable doubtful, suspicious, dubious <-> indisputable 의심스러운 proceed advance, progress <-> recede 나아가다 rife with full of 가득찬, 수없이 많은 procure obtain, gain, secure, acquire 얻다 shield protect, defend, safeguard, guard <-> expose 보호하다 professional specialized, adept, expert <-> amateur 전문적인, 직업의 solitary isolated, remote, secluded, lonely<->gregarious 고독한 redundancy superfluity, extra capacity ; wordiness 여분 ; 장황 stick cling, adhere, cleave, hold 달라붙다, 고수하다 responsible charged, liable, accountable, answerable 책임이 있는 stimulus motivation, incentive, incitement, 자극, 격려 keen, pointed, shrewd <-> dull 날카로운, 예리한 sharp stir agitate, provoke, rouse, spur, excite 자극하다 sudden, abrupt, rapid 급격한 taboo prohibition <-> approval 금기 add to 보충하다 supplement thrive prosper, flourish <-> stagnate 번성하다 extension, extra, addition <-> omission 추가, 부가 tide stream, current 경향, 풍조 defer,postpone,delay,procrastinate<->precipitate 연기하다 vagary uncertainty, sudden desire, caprice, whim 예측 불허의 변화 suspend interrupt, cease, arrest, stop 중지하다 wane decrease, decline, fade <-> increase 감소하다, 쇠퇴하다 hang, dangle, sling <-> collapse 매달다 view outlook, opinion ; consider, deem, regard 견해, 의견 ; 간주하다 tailored adapted, fitted 맞추어진 1. homicide : 살인[범,행위] 2. strikes : 파업 3. cannibalism : 사람 고기를 잡아먹는 풍습 4. scarcity : 부족, 결핍 5. patriotism : 애국심 6. chauvinism : 맹목적 애국주의, 배타주의 1. conspicuous : 눈에 띄는, 뚜렷한 2. drastically : 강렬하게, 급격하게 3. obscure : 숨기다 4. powerhouse : 발전소 ; 세력을 가진 사람이나 집단 5. oust : (왕을) 내쫓다 6. fire : 해고하다

3 === Chapter 5 === Chapter 6 abreast alongside 나란히 agile quick, light, nimble <-> torpid 민첩한 affectation airs, pretense <-> naturalness 가식 sizable, large, spacious, vast, capacious 넓은 ample ally confederate ; affiliate, associate 동맹을 맺다 ; 연합하다 plentiful, abundant <-> meager 충분한 anonymous unnamed, unknown, innominate <-> named 익명의 arbitrarily randomly 임의로 anticipate foresee, forecast, foretell, predict 예견하다 break with discontinue on association ; separate from 관계를 끊다 ; 그만두다 archaic primitive, ancient ; antiquated, antique 원시적인 ; 구식의 brightness radiance 빛 aspect appearance, look, countenance 용모 conjure recall ; implore, supplicate 불러(상기)내다 ;간청하다 behavior conduct <-> misconduct 행동 agreement, conformity, harmony 일치 correspondence ceaseless constant, uninterrupted, eternal 끊임없는 communication, exchange of letters (편지로 하는) 통신 change alter, vary, turn, metamorphose, transform 변화시키다 durable lasting, enduring, constant 지속되는 confederacy ally, alliance,confederation<->adversary,antagonist 연합, 동맹 dwarf pygmy <-> giant 난쟁이 cut sever, chop 절단하다 enigmatic puzzling, mysterious, cryptic, perplexing 알기 어려운 disturbance agitation, disorder, confusion 동요, 혼란 extinct vanished, defunct <-> extant 멸종된 elucidate clarify, clear up, enlighten,shed light on<->confuse 명료하게 하다 fabricate make, build, construct, concoct 만들어내다 encroachment invasion, intrusion <-> defense 침범 flake bit, chip <-> whole 파편 entice allure, tempt, seduce <-> scare 유혹하다 harm damage, mischief, detriment <-> benefit 손해 equivocally ambiguously 애매하게 innocent sinless, blameless, guiltless <-> guilty 결백한 exterminate extirpate, annihilate, eradicate 근절하다 in the course of during ~동안에 fortify strengthen, reinforce <-> weaken 강화하다 in vain unsuccessful 헛된 frightful horrible, dreadful, fearful, awful 무시무시한 inconsequential unimportant, insignificant, petty, trifling 하찮은, 사소한 immunity exemption, impunity 면제 leave depart 떠나다 improve enhance, refine, enrich, better, ameliorate 개선하다 liken compare, equate, match, parallel 비유하다 lose sight of forget 잊다 literally really, actually 실제로 nuts and bolts basics, practical details 기본 moderate gentle,temperate,reasonable,mild<->excessive 온건한 permit let, allow <-> prohibit 허락하다 prolong extend, lengthen, protract <-> curtail 연장하다 radical fundamental, basic <-> superficial 근본적인 purify clear, purge, cleanse <-> contaminate, pollute 정화하다, 깨끗이 하다 extreme, drastic, revolutionary 급진적인 reasonable rational, logical, sensible <->extravagant, absurd 이치에 맞는 reference allusion, mention 언급 refined purified, clarified, distilled <-> vulgar 정제된 sparse scanty, meager, scarce, limited <-> rich 빈약한, 부족한 resilient rebounding, elastic <-> flaccid 탄력 있는 sting smart, hurt 얼얼하다, 쓰리다 retain keep, maintain, preserve 유지(보유)하다 support assist, back, advocate <-> oppose 지지하다 scarce rare ; limited, deficient, insufficient <->abundant 드문 ; 부족한 maintain, sustain, provide for, take care of 부양하다 scope extent, range 범위 tangible material, concrete, real, substantial <-> intangible 실질적인 shabby ragged, beggarly, poor <-> spruce 초라한 tolerate endure, stand, bear 견디다 short-lived lasting for only short period <-> permanent 단기간의 train aim, head ~로 향하게 하다 solidify unify, consolidate <-> divide 결속시키다 unambiguous clear, distinct, definite 명확한 strong, sturdy, solid <-> weak 튼튼한 substantial in effect, practically 사실상 significant, noticeable, considerable 상당한 virtually nearly 거의 vacant empty, void, unoccupied 텅 빈 wary distrustful, cautious, heedful, alert <-> foolhardy 주의 깊은 wary of cautious for, watchful 조심(경계)하는 wealth affluence, abundance, profusion 풍부함 wizened shriveled, withered, shrunken <-> blooming 시든, 주름진 1. lassitude : 나른함, 무관심 2. tumulus : 고분 3. porcelain : 자기 4. diversity : 다양성 zone area, region 지역 5. vegetation : 식물 6. summit : 정상 7. constitutional theory : 입헌이론 8. the accused : 피고 9. willingness : 기꺼이하는 마음 10. peninsula : 반도 1. convert : 변화[전환]시키다 2. depict : 표현[묘사]하다 3. traitor : 배신자 4. hurtle : 충돌하다 5. impeach :탄핵하다 6. inferior :(능력등이) 떨어지는 사람 7. incommodious :비좁고 옹색한, 불편한

4 === Chapter 7 === Chapter 8 abolish annul, nullify, revoke <-> conserve 폐지하다 acquaintance associate, companion <-> stranger 친구 adage proverb, saying, maxim 속담, 금언 acquire obtain, secure, win, earn <-> forfeit 얻다 aesthetic artistic 미적인 affection liking, attachment, fondness, love <-> hate 애정 influence, act on ~에 영향을 미치다 agree assent, accede, concede <-> deny 동의하다 affect pretend, feign, assume ~인 체하다 attentive, vigilant, wakeful, wary <-> inattentive 경계하는 alert alteration change, modification <-> preservation 변경 warn, alarm, forewarn 경고하다 amenity facility, pleasant situation, convenience 편의 시설 allure appeal, attract, invite <-> repel (마음을)끌다, 유혹하다 approximately about, roughly, nearly, almost <-> precisely 대략 amplify increase, enlarge,expand,magnify<->abbreviate 늘리다 artisan craftsman 숙련공 arid dry, waterless, barren <-> fertile 메마른 carry, transport, convey 운반하다 ascribe attribute, impute, refer ~의 탓으로 돌리다 bear yield, provide, produce 산출하다, 생기게 하다 barge a large low boat 배 support, hold, sustain <-> put down (무게를)지탱하다, 견디다 compensate atone, recompense ; offset, counterbalance 보상하다 ; 상쇄하다 bountiful plentiful, abundant, ample, prolific,liberal<->sparse 풍부한 configure shape, form, mold ~의 형체로 만들다 constituent component, elemental 구성하는, 구성요소의 drastic extreme, desperate, radical <-> slight 과격한, 극단적인 dispute argue, debate <-> concede 논쟁하다 embarrass abash, discountenance <-> relieve 무안케 하다 argument, disagreement, debate, controversy 논쟁 focus concentrate, center, zoom in 집중하다 faculty ability, capacity, aptitude <-> inability 능력 purpose, role, use 기능, 역할 function field area 분야 act, work, operate, go, run 기능하다 guiltless sinless, blameless, innocent <-> guilty 결백한 gathering amassing, collection ; assembly, convocation 수집 ; 모임 influx arrival, incoming <-> outflow 유입 haul pull, tug, drag, heave 끌어 당기다. inundate flood, deluge, swamp, submerge 물에 잠기게 하다 immediate nearest, close, next <-> distant 인접한 lexicon vocabulary 어휘 increase augment, enlarge, escalate <-> decrease 확대하다 lure attract, draw, seduce, allure, decoy <-> repel 유혹하다 loom emerge, appear, take shape <-> disappear 어렴풋이 나타나다 mixture combination, compound, blend, composite 혼합(물) overtax burden heavily 지나치게 과세하다 mount ascend, climb, scale <-> descend 오르다 paradox contradiction 모순 increase, multiply, grow, rise <-> decrease 증가하다 pervasive widespread, prevalent <-> limited 퍼지는 mundane ordinary, routine, commonplace <-> exceptional 평범한 pleasing attractive, agreeable 마음에 드는, 기분 좋은 nearly almost, approximately, virtually 거의 primary fundamental, elementary, basic <->secondary 근본적인 outstrip surpass, transcend, exceed, excel <-> follow 능가하다, 뛰어나다 proper suitable, appropriate, adapted, fitting 적당한 pertinent relevant, germane, applicable <-> impertinent 관련된, 적절한 recur return, reappear 재발하다 preclude prevent, rule out, forestall, obviate 그만두게 하다, 막다 retaliate avenge, revenge 복수하다 refrain pause, stop, cease 중단하다 serve suit, function (as), suffice, answer 소용이 되다, 도움이 되다 roughly approximately, nearly 대략 simulate imitate, copy ; pretend, feign 흉내내다 ; 가장하다 semblance appearance 외관 spot, splotch, stain, blot, soil 얼룩 speck analogy, similarity, likeness, resemblance 유사함 particle, atom, bit, grain 소량 sophisticated complex, complicated 복잡한 strive try, endeavor, struggle 노력하다 stage level, phase, step 단계 suppose assume, presume 가정하다 thick dense, compact <-> thin 빽빽한 surprise amaze, astound, startle, astonish 놀라게 하다 thus consequently, therefore, accordingly 따라서 treat handle, deal with, manage 다루다, 대하다 tiny little, minuscule, small <-> huge 작은 undertake assume ; attempt, set about (책임,역할)맡다,착수하다 verge brink, threshold 경계, 찰나 variant variation, modification 변형 1. legislation :법률 2. impudent :건방진, 뻔뻔한 3. polygraph :거짓말 탐지기 4. detective : 탐정 1. menace : 위협 2. archaeologist : 고고학자 3. plagiarize : 도용, 표절하다 4. blunt : 퉁명스러운 5. shellfish :갑각류 6. stroke :(뇌졸중 등의)발작 7. on the verge :하기직전에 8. properous :번영하는 5. momentarily :잠시,잠깐 6. attorney general :법무장관 7. tubercle :결절,결핵 8. Bacillus :간상균

5 === Chapter 9 === Chapter 10 abandon give up, relinquish, forsake, desert <-> acquire 그만두다, 버리다 advantage benefit, profit, gain <-> drawback 이익 antidote remedy 치료법 arise from originate from ~에서 기인하다 at hand available, accessilbe, handy 사용 가능한 barrier bar, obstacle, obstruction, barricade 장애물, 장벽 bear in mind remember, keep in mind 명심하다 betray be disloyal to, be a traitor to 배신하다 boost increase, raise, amplify 증대시키다 bind tie, fasten <-> release 묶다 conspicuous noticeable, obvious, prominent <-> hidden 뚜렷한 blur make vague, obscure, cloud 흐리게 하다 critical important, crucial, vital <-> insignificant 중요한 circumvent bypass, detour, go around 우회하다 dangerous 위험한 clumsy awkward, unskillful, maladroit <-> apt 서투른 discriminate distinguish, discern <-> confound 식별하다 commence begin, start, originate 시작하다 dorsal relating to the back, on the back of<->ventral 등(부분)의 behavior, demeanor, bearing, manner 행동 conduct eliminate remove, get rid of, discard 제거하다 transmit, convey, carry (빛,열 등을)전도하다 fuse melt, dissolve <-> solidify 녹다, 녹이다 conserve keep, preserve, save <-> waste 보존하다 hinterland bush, boondocks 배후지, 오지 contradiction paradox, inconsistency 모순 in earnest serious <-> facetious 진지한 culminate result, end <-> begin ~로 끝나다. laden burdened, loaded, weighed down (짐을)실은 delineate trace, outline, describe 윤곽을 그리다 lumber board, timber, wood 판재, 재목 donation contribution, gift, offering 기부(금), 기증(물) mirror reflect, echo 반영하다 embark on start, commence, begin <-> conclude 시작하다. mutual reciprocal ; joint, common 상호간의 ; 공동의 foundation basis, underpinning, base, ground 기초 obtainable available, achievable, attainable <-> unavailable 손에 넣을수 있는 fundamental basic, essential, primary, elementary 근본적인 patch mend, repair, fix 수선하다 handful few, smattering <-> large quantity 소량, 소수 area, part, section 작은 부분, 지역 height peak, apex, crest, zenith <-> nadir 정상, 절정 protest remonstrate, complain, object 항의하다 identical same, alike, equal 동일한 recall remember, recollect 회상하다 impediment obstacle, barrier, difficulty, obstruction 장애 recite rehearse, repeat, read out 암송하다 justify prove, confirm, verify (정당성을)증명하다 regain restore, recover, retrieve ~을 되찾다 lament grieve, regret, deplore, bemoan, mourn 슬퍼하다, 애도하다 reinforce strengthen, fortify <-> weaken 강화하다 microorganism microbe, bacterium 미생물 relevant applicable, pertinent, germane <-> irrelevant 관련된, 적절한 origin beginning, source 발생, 근원 reminisce remember, recollect, recall, look back 추억하다 peculiarity feature, characteristic, quality 특성 repent regret, rue 후회하다 physical material, substantial ; bodily, corporeal 물질의 ; 육체의 secrete produce, discharge 분비하다 predict foretell, prophesy, foresee 예측하다 semiarid rather dry 반건조한 progress strides, improvement, advance, development 발전 soothe relieve, allay, mitigate <-> excite 완화하다 scoop gather up 긁어 모으다 stay remain, reside, sojourn <-> go 머무르다 gain, win <-> lose 얻다 score surplus extra,redundance,excess,excessive,quantity 나머지, 잔여 musical composition, musical note 악보 toothed uneven, jagged, ragged <-> even 들쑥날쑥한 scrap fracture, piece, portion 파편 transform convert, change, alter 변형시키다 singularly particularly, especially <-> unexceptionally 각별히 unbalanced asymmetric, lopsided, unequal <-> symmetric 균형을 잃은 skilled skillful, expert, adept, proficient <-> unskilled 숙련된 unrelenting relentless, implacable, inexorable, cruel <-> humane 무자비한 stem from arise from, originate from, grow out of ~에서 유래하다 utilitarian practical, pragmatic 실용적인 assist, encourage, finance, support, subsidize variety diversity, multiplicity ; type, species, sort 다양성 ; 종류 back, fund 후원하다 warp bend, twist, wind <-> straighten 휘게 하다 unanimity total agreement, accord (만장) 일치 wonderful marvelous, remarkable, awesome <-> lousy 놀라운 1. timid : 겁많은, 소심한 2. pneumonia : 페렴 3. charity : 자선 사업 4. dizzy : 현기증이 나는 1. addiction : 중독 2. deflation : (통화)수축 3. coral reef : 산호초 4. organism : 유기체 5. defendant : 피고인 6. bucket : 양동이, 물통

6 === Chapter 11 === Chapter 12 account description, narrative, explanation 기술( 記 述 ) adaptable flexible, adjustable, malleable 융통성 있는, 적응성 있는 alloy mix, blend, fuse, compound <-> separate 혼합하다 adhesion getting together, sticking together 달라붙음, 부착 barely scarcely, hardly <-> wholly 거의 ~ 않다 blame incriminate, reproach, censure, condemn 비난하다 captivity bondage, confinement 속박, 감금 chaotic disorganized, disordered, anarchic, deranged 무질서한 cohesion bond, unity <-> incohesion 결속 comprehend grasp, perceive, apprehend <-> misunderstand 이해하다 coincide exist at the same time, occur at the same time 동시에 일어나다 decided obvious, definite ; resolute, determined 분명한 ; 단호한 agree, concur <-> differ 의견이 일치하다 displace supplant, replace 대체하다 colossal enormous, monstrous, gigantic, tremendous 거대한 enclose surround, circle, encompass <-> reveal 에워싸다 considerable significant, substantial, important <-> trivial 중요한 entail involve, require ~을 수반하다 large, big, sizable 상당한 excel be superior to, surpass, outdo, transcend 능가하다, 빼어나다 converge meet, come together, merge <-> disperse 한 데 모이다 expend use, spend (시간,노력을)쓰다,들이다 corpse body, carcass 시체 facility aptitude, skill, ability 재능, 소질 covet desire, long for, aspire to, envy, crave <-> spurn 갈망하다 genre sort, kind, type, style 유형 defect shortcoming, blemish, fault, flaw <-> merit 결점 illustrate represent, picture 묘사하다 defection apostasy <-> loyalty 변절, 탈당 infrastructure foundation, base, basis, groundwork 기반, 하부구조 dull boring,prosaic,uninteresting,tiresome,tiring<->lilvely 지루한 inhibit hinder, limit ; ban, prohibit, forbid <-> approve 억제하다 ; 금지하다 endeavor strive, struggle, try 노력하다, 애쓰다 involve include, entail ~을 수반하다 flock group, herd, bevy 무리, 떼 lease rent, hire, charter 임차하다 grant bestow, confer, award 주다 likewise similarly ; also, as well <-> differently 마찬가지로, 또한 hustle rush, hurry, hasten <-> dawdle 서두르다 limited narrow, confined, restricted <-> infinite 제한된 push, shove 밀다 lodge in embed, implant 박다, 꽂아 넣다 intermediate between extremes, mean, median, halfway 중간의 mingle unite, mix, blend 섞이다, 혼합되다 intolerant bigoted, illiberal <-> forbearing 옹졸한, 편협한 obligation requirement, duty, responsibility <-> option 의무 kind limit benign, humane, compassionate <-> unkind bound, boundary 친절한, 인정많은 경계, 한계 oblige on occasion require, compel, force, impel <-> disoblige occasionally, periodically <-> frequently 강요하다 가끔 type, sort, variety restrict, confine <-> broaden 유형, 종류 제한하다 offer pare present, proffer, tender <-> receive peel, skin ; reduce, whittle, trim 제공하다, 제안하다 껍질을 벗기다 ; 삭감하다 margin border, edge, rim, verge 가장자리 peril risk, jeopardy, hazard, danger 위기 militia military, army 시민군 predominately primarily, predominantly, chiefly 주로 in addition, additionally, as well, preordained determined beforehand, predestined 예정된 moreover 게다가 besides, furthermore represent ; make 표현하다 ; ~이 되게하다 render necessary required, indispensable, essential, vital 필수적인 provide, afford, give, impart 주다 obstruct block, bar, hinder, impede 막다, 방해하다 renown fame, repute, distinction, reputation <-> infamy 명성 on the spot instantly, immediately 즉시 repel drive away, repulse, parry <-> allure 물리치다 partial biased, prejudiced, unfair 편파적인 sanitation health, hygiene 공중위생 incomplete, partial, fractional <-> whole 부분적인 scorching exceedingly hot, boiling, broiling 몹시 뜨거운(더운) placid calm, serene, tranquil, untroubled <-> turbulent 평온한 secluded remote, isolated, solitary 외딴 porosity space, pore ; porousness <-> density 구멍 ; 다공성 save, economize 절약하다 spare reform amend, improve, ameliorate 개정하다, 개선하다 give, afford, allow 주다, (시간을) 할애하다 rigid stiff, hard, inflexible <-> elastic 단단한, 뻣뻣한 stimulating restorative, refreshing, inspiring<->deadening 활기(자극)을 주는 strict, severe, rigorous <-> indulgent 엄격한 typify represent, embody, symbolize 대표하다,특징을 나타내다 scarcity lack, shortage, insufficiency, deficiency 부족, 결핍 wholesale extensive, indiscriminate <-> constricted 대규모의 1. customarily:관습적으로 2. fugitive : 도망친 3. profanity : 신성모독언행 4. scribble : 낙서하다 yet nevertheless, however 그럼에도 불구하고

7 === Chapter 13 === Chapter 14 admire esteem, revere <-> despise 존경하다 actually in fact, as a matter of fact, literally 실제로 adroit skillful, dexterous, proficient <-> incompetent 능숙한 adorn decorate, beautify, ornament <-> disfigure 장식하다 ambivalent unsure, undecided <->certain 불확실한, 상반된감정이 공존하는 calculate figure, determine 추정하다, 어림잡다 camouflage hide, disguise, conceal <-> expose 감추다, 위장하다 claim call for, demand, request, require <-> renounce 요구하다 composed calm, tranquil 차분한 commemorate celebrate 기념하다 created, written, formed 작성된 conformity agreement, accordance <-> discord 일치 conceal hide, cover, obscure, mask, bury <-> reveal 숨기다 desire covet, long for ; seek, request 열망하다 ; 요구하다 deliberate careful, thoughtful, cautious 신중한 assiduously, carefully, industriously, diligently intentional, designed,planned,voluntary<->casual 의도적인 sedulously 열심히 exhilarate excite, thrill, elate 들뜨게 하다 enthrall fascinate, captivate, enchant, mesmerize 매혹하다 exposure disclosure, revelation, uncovering, unveiling 폭로, 발각 feast celebration, festival, fiesta 축제 glow shine, radiate, beam 빛나다 gather collect, aggregate, assemble <-> scatter 모으다 hiatus break, interruption, gap 중단, 단절 gauge measure, calculate, appraise 평가하다, 판단하다 incinerate burn 태우다 glue stick, fix, cement, paste <-> unfasten 접착시키다 indignity humiliation, insult, scorn 경멸, 모욕 grand imposing, stately, august <-> trivial 웅장한 inert motionless, immobile, stationary <-> active 자동력이 없는, 움직일 수 없는 hearten encourage, inspire, cheer <-> dampen 격려하다 luster sheen, brightness, brilliance, radiance 광채 hub center 중심 massive huge, colossal, enormous, bulky, large<->puny 거대한, 막대한 hybrid combination, cross, mixture 잡종, 혼합물 occupy engross, engage, absorb (주의,마음을)끌다, 사로잡다 impetus stimulus 자극 precede come before, antecede, forerun <-> follow 앞서다, 우선하다 improvise extemporize, ad-lib <-> rehearse (연주) 즉흥적으로 하다 prove verify, substantiate, confirm <-> refute 입증하다 irresistible attractive, fascinating ; overwhelming 매혹적인, 저항할수 없는 purchase buy, procure <-> sell 얻다, 획득하다 incised carved 새겨진 restrict limit, confine, restrain <-> free 제한하다 incommode trouble, disturb, inconvenience 불편하게 하다 rupture breach ; burst 불화 ; 파열 juvenile children's, puerile, young <-> adult 어린 break apart, burst, split, tear 찢다, 파열시키다 main chief, prime, principal <-> minor 주요한 scrutiny examination, investigation, inspection 정밀조사 negligence carelessness 부주의, 태만 seductive tempting, enticing <-> repulsive 유혹적인 outweigh preponderate, outbalance, override, prevail over ~보다 뛰어나다 seep go through slowly, pass through slowly overtake catch up with 따라잡다 스며들다 permeate plausible believable, credible, likely, probable 그럴듯한 segment portion, division, section, part 부분 prudent cautious, discreet, careful, wary <-> imprudent 조심성 있는, 신중한 shatter break, pulverize, smash, crash 박살 내다 revise modify, change, correct 수정하다 shock jolt, startle, stun 충격을 주다, 놀라게 하다 spirit mind 정신 significant important, essential, considerable, deft, skilled, adept, dexterous, 중요한 skillful substantial, serious <-> unimportant adroit, proficient <-> maladroit 숙련된 slab single piece of material 조각 sociable gregarious, companionable, social <-> unsocial 사교적인 slaughter massacre, butcher, kill 학살하다 transformation change, conversion, alteration 변화 strife conflict, struggle, fight <-> accord 싸움 traverse cross, pass, go over 가로지르다 summon convene, convoke, call 소환하다 unbearably extremely 극도로 sustained continued, constant, prolonged, steady 지속적인 variable unstable, changeable, inconstant, fickle 변하기 쉬운 temperance moderation, continence, self-discipline 자제, 절제 during the time ; as long as ~동안에 ; ~하는 한 while tremendous huge, great, gigantic, colossal 엄청난 although ; whereas ~할 지라도 ; ~와는 반대로 vivid graphic, pictorial ; bright, brilliant <-> lifeless 생생한 ; 선명한 wholesome healthful, healthy, salutary <-> noxious 건강에 좋은 wedge cram, squeeze, crowd <-> loosen up 억지로 밀어 넣다 1. destination : 목적지 2. shift : 이동, 변화 3. inflection : 굴곡 4. rather : 다소, ~대신에

8 === Chapter 15 === Chapter 16 affluent wealthy, plentiful, opulent, abundant <-> poor 부유한, 풍족한 alternative choice, option, substitute ; substitutive 대안 ; 대용이 되는 aggravate worsen, exacerbate <-> soothe 악화시키다 analogous comparable, similar, parallel <-> dissimilar 유사한 cling to hold tightly, stick to, adhere to 달라붙다, 고수하다 annually yearly, per annum 매년 craft skillfully produce, fabricate, make 솜씨있게 만들다 awkward clumsy, unskillful <-> deft 서투른 crest acme, peak, apex, top, crown 정상 capability flair, talent, ability, aptitude <-> incapability 재능 critic reviewer, judge 비평가 cleanse purify, clean 깨끗이 하다 cross-hatching shade 음영 collide hit each other, smash, clash, bump 충돌하다 decent nice, proper, modest <-> obscene 겸손한 congested overcrowded, crowded <-> sparse 혼잡한 disciple pupil, student, scholar 제자 contemporary coexisting, simultaneous ; current, modern 동시대의 ; 현대의 disclose reveal, divulge, unveil <-> conceal (사실 등을) 밝히다 deceitful misleading, dishonest, deceptive <-> trustful 허위의 dispositon temperament, temper, nature, spirit 성질, 기질 exception exclusion 제외 dissimilar different, heterogeneous, unlike 다른 feature characteristic 특징 dominant supreme, ruling, prevailing,prevalent<->subordinate 우세한 fractious irritable, petulant, tetchy,fretful<->good-humored 성미가 까다로운 effect influence, impact ; result, consequence 영향 ; 결과 incorporate combine, include, integrate 통합하다 enhance improve, enrich, develop, upgrade 향상시키다, 개선하다 intimate close, familiar <-> remote 친숙한 enunciate articulate, phonate, pronounce 분명하게 발음하다 invoke beseech, plead 호소하다, 탄원하다 eradicate root up, extirpate, eliminate, remove <-> implant 근절하다 inveigle entice, lure, coax 꾀다, 유혹하다 harsh severe, rigorous, inclement, ruthless <-> mild 가혹한 lead clue, hint, indication ; cause 단서 ; 야기하다 heritage tradition, inheritance, legacy 전통, 유산 loop knot 묶다 inappropriate improper, unsuitable 부적당한 lucid clear, obvious, distinct <-> obscure 명료한, 명쾌한 insolent impudent, impertinent, rude, audacious 거만한 master learn thoroughly, pick up, grasp 정통하다 jeopardy danger, venture, peril, risk, hazard <-> safety 위험 option choice, selection 선택 ludicrous ridiculous, comical, funny <-> doleful 우스꽝스러운 picturesque beautiful, pretty ; vivid, graphic 그림같이 아름다운 ; 생생한 manipulate operate, work, maneuver 조종하다. 다루다 plumage feather 깃털 mock ridicule, make fun of, deride, jeer 조롱하다 prevent preclude, avoid, impede, avert, deter<->allow ~을 방해하다, 막다 precious valuable, dear, priceless <-> worthless 귀중한 profuse abundant, ample, luxuriant, plentiful<->meager 풍부한 regard attention ; affection, respect, esteem <-> disdain 관심 ; 호감, 존경 revolve rotate, circulate, circle, turn 회전하다 return recur, revert, come back <-> advance 되돌아가다 climb, mount, ascend (기어)오르다 scale set situate, place, put, lay, locate ~을 놓다 extent 정도, 단계 spacious roomy, ample, capacious, extensive <-> confined 넓은 scant minimize, reduce, decrease <-> amplify 줄이다 spectator viewer, observer 구경꾼 sensational exciting, stimulating 세상을 들끓게 하는 strict rigid, rigorous, stringent <-> lenient 엄격한 solace comfort, consolation 위로 swift quick, speedy, fleet, rapid <-> sluggish 빠른 classify, class, assort <-> merge 분류하다 sort synchronize occur at the same time 동시에 일어나다 type, kind 종류 throughout in every part of, in all parts of ~의 도처에 stylus pen, pencil 첨필 traitor betrayer 반역자 trim clip, shear, crop 깎아 다듬다 undermine attenuate, weaken <-> reinforce 약화시키다 vary differ, be unlike, be diverse 다르다 upset capsize, overthrow, overturn 뒤엎다, 정복하다 voracious insatiable, greedy, gluttonous 만족할줄 모르는, 탐욕적인 disturb, distress, perturb 당황하게 하다 1. means : 수단, 방법 2. issue : 주제, 간행물, 자손 3. amongst : ~사이에, ~이 함께, 협력하여 virtuous righteous, good, moral <-> vicious 덕있는 4. mettle : 열정, 용기, 기질 5. social work : 사회(복지)사업 6. aviary : 새장 cf. apiary : 양봉장 wrangle argue, debate ; quarrel, bicker <-> assent 논쟁하다 ; 말다툼하다 7. squirrel : 다람쥐 8. squall : 소동, 질풍 9. trial : 재판 10. pilgrimage : (성지)순례 withdraw retire, retreat <-> advance 물러나다 11. hedge clipper : 울타리용 가위 12. appetite : 식욕, (정신적,육체적)욕구 13. cancer : 암 worship venerate, revere, respect 숭배하다 14. trench : 참호 15. spark : ~의 도화선이 되다 16. pillage : 약탈하다 17. cosmetics : 화장품

9 === Chapter 17 === Chapter 18 absolute unqualified, complete, utter <-> incomplete 완전한 ability faculty, capacity, competence <-> impotence 능력 adapted modified, altered <-> unaltered 개조된 accessible available, reachable <-> inaccessible 이용가능한, 접근하기 쉬운 chamber compartment (작은)방 accord grant, give, bestow ; agree, assent, 주다, 수여하다 ; 일치하다 compact compress <-> loose 압축하다 appear seem, look ~인 듯 하다 complacency satisfaction <-> discomfort 만족 be rooted in be based on, originate from ~에 근거를 두다, 유래하다 complex elaborated, involved, complicated, compound 복잡한 bog marsh, swamp, fen 습지 compulsory obligatory, forced, necessary, compelled 강제적인 collaborate effort together, cooperate 협력하다 concomitant concurrent, simultaneous, synchronous 동시에 일어나는 crucible container 도가리, 용광로 condense compress, concentrate <-> amplify 압축(응축)하다 curb control, repress, suppress, restrain <-> incite 제한(억제)하다 conform comply, follow <-> diverge 순응하다, 따르다 cycle sequence 주기 consistent compatible, harmonious, coherent 모순이 없는, 일관된 deem consider, believe, regard ~라고 여기다 constrain bind, inhibit, restrain 억제하다 devout pious, reverent, religious <-> impious 독실한 contagious infectious, communicable 전염성 있는 disperse spread out, scatter, dissipate, diffuse 흩어지게 하다 counterpart complement, equivalent, parallel (동등한 자격의) 대응물 economical saving, thrifty, frugal <-> extravagant 절약하는 debris dregs, wreckage 잔해 in time, finally, ultimately, in due time, eventually decisive definite, definitive, conclusive <-> hesitant 결정적인 in the long run 결국 disdain condemn, despise, scorn 경멸하다 faint indistinct, dim, feeble <-> clear 희미한 element component, part, feature, constituent, financial monetary, pecuniary 재정상의 구성요소 ingredient frighten scare, terrify, alarm <-> embolden 두렵게 하다 enlighten illumine, edify <-> mistify 계몽하다 geognosy geology (study of the makeup of the earth) 지질학 erratic irregular, inconsistent <-> consistent 불규칙적인, 변덕스러운 give way to retreat, withdraw 물러가다, 양보하다 exhaust use up, deplete, run out of, expend, consume 다 써버리다 immense enormous, huge, tremendous <-> tiny 거대한, 막대한 tire, weary, fatigue 지치게 하다 impact influence, effect 영향 expand increase, bloat,swell,enlarge,extend<->contract 확장하다 ingenuity creativeness, inventiveness 독창성, 창의력 flattering complimentary 아부하는 in keeping with in agreement with, consistent with, in conformity with ~와 일치하여 full-blown complete, matured 성숙한 job project, assignment, task, undertaking 일, 직무 henceforth from now on, forward 앞으로, 차후 mariner sailor, seaman 선원 intricate complex, complicated, elaborate 복잡한 meager scare, scanty, deficient <-> ample 부족한 mammoth huge, gigantic, colossal, large <-> diminutive 거대한 parody lampoon, mockery, spoof, takeoff, travesty 풍자적 변형 merely simply, just, purely 단지 rascal scamp, villain, scoundrel 악당 ordinary unexceptional, mundane, common, usual 보통의, 평범한 refuge shelter, sanctuary <-> exposure 피난처, 은신처 plain clear, distinct, obvious <-> abstruse 분명한 rural country, rustic, pastoral <-> urban 시골의 unadorned, undecorated, simple <-> adorned 꾸밈없는, 간소한 scrub scour, rub 북북 문지르다 popular widespread, common, current, general 대중적인 secure acquire, obtain, procure, get ; safe 확보하다 ; 안전한 reconcile conciliate, settle, resolve <-> estrange 화해시키다, 조정하다 skepticism doubt, suspicion, uncertainty <-> belief 회의(론) reexamine review, reassess 재검토하다 so far until now 지금까지 requirement stipulation, condition, provision 조건, 조항 spark bring about, trigger, stimulate 야기하다 revolutionize completely change ~에 혁명을 일으키다 speculation conjecture, supposition, surmise 추측 rival competitor, antagonist, opponent ; compete 경쟁자 ; 경쟁하다 terrain land, territory, area 지역 shovel excavate, dig, scoop (삽으로 ) 파다 tumult chaos, disturbance, turbulence <-> calm 혼란, 소란 succinct concise, brief, terse <-> discursive 간결한 unlimited infinite, limitless, boundless, endless 무한한 1. gaseous : 기체화된 2. mainstream : 대세 3. flu : 유행성감기 4. Buddha : 부처, 석가모니 vagarious changeable, whimsical, capricious, arbitrary 변덕스러운 5. chassis : (자동차 등의)차대 6. ownership : 소유권 7. summation : 개요, 요약 volume book, tome 책

10 === Chapter 19 === Chapter 20 advent arrival, appearance <-> exit 출현 accurate precise, true, exact, correct <-> lax 정확한 article item, object, thing (개개의) 물품 advisor consultant 고문 assembly congress, legislature, parliament 의회 antagonize counteract 대항하다 associated connected, correlated, linked <-> divided 연관된 appall frighten, horrify, shock <-> embolden 오싹하게 하다 aware conscious <-> ignorant ~을 알고 있는 assure convince, persuade, satisfy <-> discomfit 확신시키다 bank edge, brink, margin, shore 물가, 기슭 bond tie, connection, link 유대, 결속 by and large on the whole 전반적으로, 대체로 brave courageous, gallant, dauntless <-> craven 대담한 challenge difficulty, problem ; defy 난제 ; 도전하다 essential, important, acute, deciding, crucial compress compact, condense, squeeze <-> spread 압축하다 decisive, critical 중대한 consort associate, fraternize 교제하다 complement supplement 보충,보완 construe interpret <-> misconstrue 해석하다 comprise consist of, be made up of, form <-> exclude 구성되다 correct remedy, amend, rectify <-> spoil 고치다, 바로잡다 counter to in opposition to ~와 정반대로 curious inquisitive, nosy, inquiring <-> indifferent 호기심이 강한 daring bold, courageous, brave 용감한 deadly fatal, lethal, mortal <-> harmless 치명적인 devise create, contrive, invent, design 고안하다 defeated conquered 패배한 duplicate copy, imitate 복사(복제)하다 deplete exhaust, empty, use up <-> replenish 고갈시키다 dwindle decrease, diminish <-> increase 줄다, 감소하다. edge periphery, border, margin, boundary, rim 가장자리 embody incarnate, exemplify, represent ; contain 구현하다 ; ~을 포함하다 elude evade, dodge, avoid <-> face 피하다 etch cut, carve, engrave 식각하가, 새기다 endow dower, endue 부여하다 flash flame, flare, glare 번쩍이다 exceedingly extremely, excessively, surpassingly 지나칠 정도로 imaginable conceivable, thinkable, supposable<->unbelievable 상상할 수 있는 far-reaching broad, extensive, having a wide range of effect 방대한 infectious contagious, communicable 전염성의 fluster confuse, addle, befuddle <-> calm 마음을 뒤흔들다 innumerable countless, numberless, numerous 무수한 guess conjecture, suppose, fancy 추측하다 invariable constant, consistent, unchanging <-> varying 불변의 importance significance, consequence, moment 중요함 meditate think deeply, ponder, contemplate, reflect 숙고하다 interfere disrupt, intervene, intrude, meddle 간섭하다 observance comliance, conformity, obedience 준수 last final, ultimate, conclusive <-> initial 마지막의 opposite counter ; contrast 정반대의 ; 정반대 continue, persist 지속하다 outdo surpass, excel, exceed, outmatch ~을 능가하다 manage control, conduct, direct, administer 관리하다 outline summary, contour, silhouette 개요,윤곽 mastery expertise 전문기술, 숙달 corresponding, comparable, analogous ~와 유사한 parallel monopolize dominate, occupy <-> share 독점하다 match, compare, equate <-> surpass ~에 필적하다 overcome defeat, conquer <-> submit 이기다 preeminent outstanding, foremost, transcendent 탁월한 ratify endorse, confirm, sanction, validate <-> reject 승인하다 regulate control, adjust 조절하다 replica copy, duplicate, reproduction <-> original 복제 respectful courteous, polite, well-mannered, civil 공손한 shift move, transfer ; change, switch 옮기다 ; 바꾸다 shrink shrivel, decrease, diminish <-> swell 줄어들다 stride progress 진보, 발전 skill expertise, know-how, craft, technique 기술 subject to susceptible to (영향을) 받기 쉬운 steadily constantly, continuously 지속적으로 successive consecutive, continuous 계속되는 struggle contend, fight, battle 싸우다 transition change, alteration, shift <-> uniformity 변화 subsequence next in a series, sequel 이어서 일어나는 것 undertaking enterprise, project, task 사업, 과제 voyage cruise, journey 항해, 여행 1. prodigious : 놀라운 2. electric bulb : 전구 3. elk : 고라니 4. Repulican : 공화주의자 ware product 제품 5. Democratic Party : 민주당 6. shrine : 성지 7. motorcade : 자동차 행렬 8. meteorite : 운석, 유성체 1. Pope : 교황 2. missionary : 선교사 3. misogynist : 여자를 싫어하는 사람 9. scrap : 폐물이 된 10. shoulder : 산등성이 11. unanimously : 만장일치로 12. aisle :통로, 복도 13. crew : 승무원, 한 팀, 조, 패거리 14. pusillanimous : 소심한 4. copyrighted : 저작권이 있는 5. overeating : 과식 6. abolitionist : (노예제도) 폐지론자 7. suffrage : 참정권 8. taxonomy : 분류법 9. purloin : 훔치다 10. trauma : 충격

11 === Chapter 21 === Chapter 22 abundance large number, profusion, plenty, bounty <-> lack 풍부함 accustomed used to, customary, habitual, wont 익숙한 adaptability ability to change, changeability, flexibility<->rigidity 적응성, 융통성 allege assert, claim, affirm, declare <-> gainsay 주장하다, 우기다 arrest seize, apprehend, capture <-> liberate 체포하다 at the expense of at the cost of ~의 비용(대가)으로 assigned specified, designated, appointed 정해진, 할당된 breed raise, rear, nurture, nourish 기르다 blink wink, twinkle 깜빡 거리다 chisel carve, engrave 조각하다 curiously surprisingly 신기하게도 conclusive definite, decisive 결정적인 dense thick, heavy <-> porous 짙은 costly expensive, high-priced 비싼 deploy set up, distribute, position, arrange (전략적으로)배치하다 crack down enforce laws ~을 엄히 다스리다 discreet judicious, prudent, sensible, regardful <-> irrational 분별력 있는 degree measure, extent, scale 정도 entire whole, complete <-> partial 전체의 delicate dainty, exquisite, fine <-> gross 섬세한 evident obvious, apparent, manifest, plain, clear<->vague 분명한 devote dedicate, commit 헌신하다 extensive wide, far-reaching, broad, commodious 넓은 die decease, perish, pass away <-> live 죽다 extinguish put out, quench ; abolish, destroy (불을) 끄다 ; 소멸시키다 distribute parcel out, allot, apportion, divide <-> amass 분배하다 feeble weak, delicate, fragile, frail, unsubstantial<->robust 연약한 emergency crisis, exigency 위기, 위급 flavor nature, character ; savor, taste, relish 특징 ; 맛, 풍미 fatal deadly, mortal, lethal <-> benign 치명적인 fragmentary incomplete, partial, fractional 단편적인 guilty criminal, culpable <-> innocent 유죄의 in charge of responsible for ~에 책임이 있는 hazard danger, peril, jeopardy 위험 minor less important, secondary, subordinate <-> major 중요치 않은 in any case regardless 여하간에, 여하튼 parcel out administer, deal out, distribute, divide 분할(분배)하다 incite provoke, inflame, spur 자극하다 perceive see, discern, notice, apprehend, recognize 알아차리다 moist damp, humid, wet 축축한 piece fragment, shard, segment, shred, scrap 조각 ornament decorate, adorn, embellish 장식하다 pledge promise, oath, vow, swear 맹세 outlaw criminal, bandit 범죄자 portray depict, picture, describe, represent 묘사하다 precipitous sudden, hasty, rush <-> deliberate 성급한 project plan, scheme 계획 primarily mostly, mainly, chiefly ; at first, originally 주로 ; 본래, 처음에 protrude, extend, jut 돌출하다 primeval ancient, primitive, pristine 원시의 region area, domain, tract, expanse 지역 raw unprocessed,crude,rude,uncooked<->matured 가공하지 않은 safe secure, protected <-> dangerous, unsafe 안전한 reject renounce, refuse, decline, deny <-> accept 거절하다 search comb, scour, seek, explore 탐색하다, 조사하다 roar cry, shout, yell, bellow <-> murmur 고함치다 seethe boil, fume, rage (화가 나서) 속이 끓다 rot decay, corrupt, degenerate 부패하다 shortcoming disadvantage, defect, failing <-> merit 결점 ruin devastate, destroy, wreck 파괴하다 special express, particular, especial, specific <-> common 특별한 runoff overflow, overspill 범람, 넘쳐흐름 survey examine, inspect, scrutinize, view 조사하다 shorten abbreviate, abridge, lessen, curtail, reduce 줄이다 temperament disposition, temper, nature, make-up 성질 spoil mar, hurt, damage, impair, harm <-> benefit 손상시키다 tool implement, instrument, utensil 도구 criterion, gauge 기준 standard tyrant dictator, oppressor 독재자 unexceptional, usual, average, mean<->exceptional 보통의 uninitiated inexperienced, unfamiliar 미숙한 stipulation requirement, qualification, proviso 조건 vanish disappear, fade 사라지다 strikingly remarkably <-> unremarkably 두드러지게 vile wicked 사악한 subtract deduct, discount <-> add 빼다 worldly mundane, earthly, secular <-> naïve 세속적인 thaw defrost 녹다 wreck destroy, devastate, ruin, shatter, crush 파괴하다 unpin to remove a pin or pinned object from 핀(핀 종류의 것)을 빼다 1. dense : 밀집한 2. feature(s) : 특징 3. exchange : 교환하다 4. cycle : 주기, 순환 5. unfit : 부적합한 6. Sumerian : 수메르인 7. overthrow : 전복하다 8. portray : 묘사하다 9. pungent : 신랄한 10. solvent : 지불능력이 있는 11. somatic : 신체의, 육체의 1. overlook : 간과하다 2. regulation : 규제 3. palm : 손바닥 4. lackey : 하인, 아첨하다 5. labile : 변하기 쉬운 6. divers : 약간의(2~3개), 잡다한 7. censorious : 검열하는, 까다로운 8. actuarial : 보험계리사의 9. glimmer : 깜박이다, 소량 10. pinch : 꼬집다, 소량

12 === Chapter 23 === Chapter 24 akin to similar to ~와 유사한, ~에 가까운 illogical, irrational, unreasonable, inconsistent 불합리한 absurd appealing desirable, attractive, charming, winsome 매력적인 preposterous, ridiculous, foolish, stupid <-> smart 어리석은 approach method, way 접근법, 방법 activity liveliness, sprightliness, vivacity <-> inactivity 활기 move toward, come toward, reach <-> retreat 접근하다 assort categorize, classify, codify, separate, sort 분류하다 argue dispute, debate, claim, discuss 토론하다 beam ray, shine, gleam, glitter, radiate 빛나다 assert claim, declare, maintain 주장하다 shatter, destroy, batter, 부수다 break brace support, buttress, reinforce 받치다, 보강하다 rest, pause, respite (짧은) 휴식 catastrophic disastrous, tragic 비참한, 비극적인 common shared, joint <-> rare 공통의 clarify elucidate, clear up <-> obfuscate 명료하게 하다 consciously intentionally 의도적으로 constantly continually, continuously, always, context setting 배경 지속적으로 persistently <-> temporarily damage harm, impairment, detriment, injury <-> advantage 손상, 손해 deception fraud, cheating, trickery <-> candidness 속임수, 사기 detach separate, disconnect, disengage <-> affix 분리하다 distinct separate, different, discrete<->indistinguishable 별개의 dormant inactive, latent, stagnant, inert <-> dynamic 활동하지 않는 definite, apparent, clear <-> nebulous 뚜렷한 environment setting, ecology 환경 elaborate detailed, intricate, complicated, complex 복잡한, 정교한 essential vital, prerequisite, indispensable, fundamental 필수적인 flaw defect, blemish, fault, failing, shortcoming 결점 heighten increase <-> diminish 늘리다 flood inundate, deluge, overflow <-> trickle 범람시키다 hinder stunt, hamper, impede, interrupt, check<->help 방해하다 floods of great number of 다수의, 쇄도하는 impose force, pressure, enforce 강요하다 habitat home, dwelling, living quarter 거주지 ingenious inventive, creative, innovative, clever, original 독창적인 humiliate degrade, disgrace, shame 모욕하다 insignificant trivial, slight, trifling, negligible <-> important 사소한 intensify strengthen, deepen <-> abate 강화하다 keen sharp, bright, intelligent <-> impassive 예리한 intentional deliberate, designed, planned, purposeful shelter, harbor, house 거처(피난처)를 제공하다 고의적인 lodge <-> accidental quarter, house 숙박하다 kin relative 친척 power strong effect, strength 영향력, 힘 measure gauge, calculate, estimate 측정하다 prominent conspicuous, remarkable, noticeable 탁월한 minute tiny, diminutive ; detailed, precise <-> general 미세한 ; 정밀한 provided if, on condition that 만약 ~이라면 notwithstanding despite, in spite of ~에도 불구하고 put together combine, connect 결합시키다 profound deep, abysmal 심오한 meditate, think, consider, ponder 숙고하다 reflect protect shield, defend, guard, harbor <-> attack 보호하다 demonstrate, display, show 반영하다, 나타내다 rebellious defiant, insubordinate, mutinous <-> resigned 반항적인 relinquish give up, surrender, abandon, resign 포기하다, 버리다 receive obtain, accept, acquire, get 받다, 얻다 representative typical, characteristic, exemplary <-> atypical 전형적인 relevance germaneness, pertinence <-> irrelevance 적절, 타당성 scan examine, scrutinize, investigate 조사하다 reliance dependence 의존 sever cut, separate, divide, part, cleave 절단하다 represent depict, portray, express ; stand for 묘사하다, 표현하다 ; 대표하다 shortly soon, presently, before long 곧 require demand, entail, call for, enjoin 요구하다 slumber sleep 잠자다 resemble be similar to, take after, be like 닮다 succession series, sequence 연속 resolve determine, decide 결정하다 summit peak, acme, zenith, apex, pinnacle 정상 find a solution for, solve <-> unsettle 해결하다 token symbol, mark, sign 상징, 표시 retard delay <-> accelerate 지체시키다 transmit communicate, send, convey <-> receive 전달하다 roster list, register, rota 명부 tremble shake, shiver, shudder, quiver, quake 떨다 slander defame, scandalize, vilify <-> panegyrize 비방하다 useful profitable,advantageous,beneficial,serviceable 유용한 1. soothe : 달래다 2. initiation rite : 성년식 3. grotesque : 기괴한 4. lynx : 스라소니 5. bear : ~을 참다 vestige remnant, trace, shadow 흔적 6. extension : 연장 7. divine : 신성한 8. fraud : 사기꾼 9. chief : 추장 10. conflict : 투쟁, 다툼 1. discrepancy :불일치,모순 2. tremendous :거대한,황폐한 3. intuitive :직관적인 4. unthaw : 녹다

13 === Chapter 25 === Chapter 26 aim attempt, aspire, point, intend 목표하다 antipathy dislike, disgust, hatred <-> attachment 반감 goal, objective, target 목적 applicable capable of being applied, appropriate 적용 가능한, 적절한 allocate designate, earmark ; distribute, allot <-> collect 책정하다 ; 배분하다 blot out cover, hide, screen, veil <-> expose 가리다 attribute explained by ~에서 기인한, ~로 설명되는 bold brave, daring, courageous, valiant<->cowardly 대담한 authenticate verify, substantiate, prove 입증하다, 증명하다 boom flourish, thrive, prosper 번성하다 confuse disturb, disconcert, confound <-> clarify 혼란 시키다 distinctive, special, peculiar <-> general 독특한 characteristic debate discussion, argument, controversy, dispute 논쟁 feature, element, trait, quality 특성 detractor critic <-> advocate 험담하는 사람 clear lucid, apparent 명쾌한 disguise conceal, hide, camouflage, cloak <-> unmask 속이다, 감추다 coarse rough, crude, vulgar <-> courteous 거친, 천한 dissent differ, disagree <-> assent 의견을 달리하다 concentrate focus <-> dissipate ; center, cluster 집중하다 ; 모으다 distinguish differentiate, separate, discriminate <-> confound 구별하다 contemplate consider, ponder, brood, dwell on 심사 숙고하다 draw attract, haul, pull, tug, drag 끌다 cripple maim, disable, ruin, injure, impair 손상시키다 drawback disadvantage, defect, shortcoming, fault 결점 demanding difficult, exacting <-> effortless 힘든, 큰 노력을 요하는 dye pigment, stain 염료, 물감 deviate diverge, wander, stray 벗어나다 emit give off, exhale, release, shed, radiate 발산하다 discover ascertain, determine, find out <-> assume 확인하다, 찾아내다 expose exhibit, subject, reveal <-> cover 드러내다 discrete distinct <-> blended 구별되는 flawless perfect, impeccable, faultless <-> imperfect 흠없는 encompass include, embrace, contain <-> exclude 포함하다 frustrate disappoint, thwart 좌절시키다 entertain divert, amuse, please 즐겁게 하다 full complete, whole, perfect <-> incomplete 완전한 fluctuate change, vacillate, sway <-> remain 변동하다 thorough, minute, detailed 상세한 halt stop, cease, stand still 멈추다 indicate suggest, imply, signal 넌지시 비추다 incessantly constantly, continuously <-> intermittently 끊임없이 initially at first, originally, primarily, in the beginning 처음에 leading dominant, chief, foremost, primary 우세한, 주된 innovative original, inventive, creative, ingenious 기발한, 혁신적인 malcontent dissatisfied, discontented 불만이 있는 landslide rockfall, landslip 산사태 modify change, alter, adapt, vary 변경하다 malady disease, ailment, illness 병 mutation change, alteration, modification <-> fixity 변이, 변화 minimize order decrease, reduce, discount <-> increase direction, mandate, command 줄이다 명령 obelisk rather than obelus, stone pillar instead of 방첨탑, 오벨리스크 ~대신에 underestimate peace <-> confusion 과소 평가하다 질서, 조화 pastime receptacle entertainment, diversion, recreation container, vessel, holder, pot 기분전환 그릇, 용기 prohibit forbid, proscribe <-> permit 금지하다 refute disprove, confute, rebut <-> demonstrate 반박하다 reduce diminish, decrease, curtail, lessen <-> increase 감소시키다 rely depend 의지하다 reveal show, unveil, uncover, expose, divulge 드러내다 remote secluded, distant, removed <-> adjacent 외딴, 멀리 떨어진 shed light on clarify, edcidate <-> obfuscate ~을 명백히 하다. rotten decayed, foul, corrupt 썩은 sink descend, drop to the bottom, submerse <-> rise 가라앉다 shoddy inferior, poor, base 조약한, (질이) 떨어지는 size dimensions, proportions, volume, magnitude 규모 shred tear apart, cut, tatter (갈기갈기) 찢다 slope declivity, inclination, slant <-> flat 경사 simply only, just, merely 단지 subside abate, die down 진정되다 duration, period, length 기간 span take place occur, happen, befall 발생하다 extend across, cover, cross ~에 걸치다, 이르다 though however, nevertheless, still, yet 그러나 stun amaze, astound, daze, astonish, stupefy 놀라게 하다 although ~이지만, 비록 ~일지라도 tranquil peaceful, calm, placid, restful 평온한, 차분한 underground secret, clandestine, covert 비밀의 1. independent : 무소속자 2. revision : 개정 3. domestic : 국내의 4. manacle : 수갑, 족쇄 1. semifinal : 준결승 2. enlist : 얻다, 협력을 요청하다 3. tidal : 조수의 4. architecture : 건축 5. smog-induced : 스모그가 야기하는 6. racial : 인종의 7. gist : 요점, 취지 5. segregation : 인종 차별 6. coherent : 일관된 7. audience : 청중 8. permissible : 허용되는 9. summarize : ~을 요약하다 10. tragic : 비극의 11. novel : 장편소설, 진기한, 새로운

14 === Chapter 27 === Chapter 28 ailing sick, ill, unwell <-> hale 병든 aptly appropriately 적절히 avoid eschew, shun, prevent, evade, escape <-> face ~을 피하다 attract appeal, draw, charm, allure <-> repel (마음을) 끌다 best-suited most appropriate <-> unsuitable 가장 적절한 beverage drink 음료수 bridle harness, halter 굴레 blunt dull, obtuse <-> sharp 무딘 classify categorize, arrange, assort <-> disorder 분류하다 bustling busy, active, energetic <-> stagnant 붐비는 collectively together, unitedly <-> singly 공동으로 control manage, dominate, govern, rule 지배하다 comparable similar, like, analogous, uniform <-> disparate 유사한 controversy dispute, debate, disagreement, argument 논쟁 cultivator farmer, grower 경작자 depressed downcast, melancholy, gloomy <-> animated 우울한 designated specified, assigned, appointed <-> unspecified 지정된 dichotomy division 양분, 이분 detrimental harmful, damaging, prejudicial <-> beneficial 해로운, 불리한 disruption interruption 중단 differentiate distinguish 구별하다 enthusiasm eagerness, zeal, passion, fervor, ardor <->apathy 열정 display show, exhibit <-> hide 보여주다 episode event, incident, occurrence, happening 하나의 시간 emissary messenger, carrier, agent 사절 evoke draw, elicit, educe 일깨우다, 자아내다 enact pass, adopt, make into law, legislate <-> repeal 제정하다 exotic unusual, strange, weird, odd 기묘한, 못 보던 evenly equally, uniformly 고르게, 일관되게 flair talent, aptitude, knack 재주, 재능 expedience advantage, convenience <-> inexpedience 편의 foresight forethought, hindsight 선견지명 genuinely actually, truly, really 정말로 formidable dreadful, threatening, fearful, frightful<->comforting 무서운 immeadiately straight away, shortly, instantly, right away 즉시, 당장 frugal economical, thrifty <-> wasteful 절약하는 important significant, critical, consequential, remarkable 중요한 fuel encourage, stimulate 지지하다, 자극하다 inconceivable unimaginable, unthinkable 상상도 못할 game wild animals (hunted for food or sport) 사냥감 in progress unfinished, ongoing 진행중인 hand in hand together 협력하여, 동반하여 it followed that it was logical that ~ 그 결과로서 ~이 되었다 intermittent sporadic, periodic, occasional 간헐적인 keep in touch communicate <-> be out of contact 연락을 유지하다 intersect cross, intercross 교차하다, 가로지르다 massacre slaughter, annihilation, murder 대량학살 make sense be logical <-> nonsense 이치에 맞다 mean signify,imply,express ; contemptible,despicable,ignoble 의미하다 ; 비열한 movement drive, crusade (정치, 사회적)운동 mute quiet, silent, dumb, speechless <-> articulate 무언의 pass through penetrate 꿰뚫다 participate share, partake 함께하다 precise accurate, definite, strict, correct, exact <-> loose 정확한 pit set into opposition ; hole, cavity ~와 대항시키다 ; 구멍 publish declare, announce, proclaim 발표하다 raise boost, lift, elevate, hoist <-> lower 올리다 readily easily, effortlessly; willingly, without reluctance 쉽게, 기꺼이 rare scarce, unusual, infrequent, extraordinary, exceptional 드문 record document, evidence 기록 respectively particularly, individually 각각 relieve reduce, ease, alleviate, assuage <->aggravate 완화시키다 seemingly apparently 보기에 settle down calm down, pacify 진정시키다 sporadically occasionally, at intervals, infrequently 때때로, 간헐적으로 shun elude, avoid, evade, escape <-> accept, adopt 피하다 stringent strict, austere, tight <-> lenient 엄한 spectacular splendid, impressive, sensational 멋진, 장엄한 superficial external, outward <-> in-depth 표면적인 steady stable, solid, firm, fixed <-> unsteady 안정된 timid shy <-> audacious 소심한 store reserve, keep, save 따로 떼어두다, 비축하다 transport carry, convey, transfer, bear 운송하다 stupid fatuous, dull, silly, senseless <-> smart 어리석은 unavoidable inevitable, inescapable, ineluctable 불가피한 success achievement, accomplishment, triumph 성공, 달성 uniform consistent, event, invariable, unchangeable 일관성 있는 tame domesticated, mild, docile, domestic <-> wild 길들여진, 순한 unsubstantial unreal, dreamlike, ethereal <-> concrete 비현실적인 wattle stick 가는 막대기 veracious honest, truthful, accurate <-> dishonest 진실한 wrath anger, fury, resentment, indignation<->tolerance 분노 1. clay:점토 2. generic :상표등록이 안된 3. pressure :강요하다 4. confiscation :몰수 5. resign:사임하다 1. fossil : 화석의, 화석으로 된 2. leakage : 누출, 누설 3. pillage : 약탈하다 4. rebut : 반론하다 6. rubbish : 쓰레기 7. illegal : 불법의 8. rear : 교육하다 9. cater : 영합하다 10. fossil : 화석의 5. reciprocate : 왕복운동하다, 서로 주고받다 6. septic : 부패성의 7. underpin : 버티다, 지지하다

15 === Chapter 29 === Chapter 30 acid biting, acrid <-> agreeable 신랄한 accumulate collect, compile, build up, pile up, amass 모으다 amass accumulate, collect, gather <-> distribute 모으다 antithesis opposite, contrary, converse 정반대 breakthrough advance, progress <-> loggerhead 약진, 큰 발전 astute clever, shrewd, canny, sharp 기민한 cause trigger, result in, bring about, produce, elicit 야기시키다, 초래하다 be up to rest with ~에 달려 있다 certain specific, definite <-> indefinite 일정한 being creature 생물 component element, ingredient, constituent 성분 bring out cause, produce, make happen 초래하다 conditional dependent, contingent <-> unrestricted 조건부의, ~여하에 달린 cache hidden place 은닉처 confront face, affront, encounter, meet <-> avoid 직면하다 celebratory congratulatory, honoring 축하할만한 consequence ramification, result, effect, aftermath, outcome 결과 careful, minute, rigorous <-> inattentive 면밀한 close crack break, snap, slit, split 쪼개다, 깨뜨리다 restrict, shut <-> open up 차단하다 crude rough, raw, unrefined <-> refined 천연 그대로의, 가공하지 않은 cognitive mental, thinking, perceiving 정신적인, 인식의 drought a prolonged lack of moisture, aridity 가뭄 destroy ruin, demolish, smash, maim, spoil<->establish 파괴하다, 망치다 effort attempt, endeavor, exertion, striving <-> ease 노력 diminutive small 작은 emerge appear, loom, spring up,come out<->disappear 나타나다 endangered jeopardized, imperiled 멸종위기에 처한, 위험에 처한 endurance durability, lastingness ; stamina, patience 내구력 formative shaping, developmental 형성되는, 발달의 entitle empower, qualify, authorize 권리(자격)를 주다 founder fail 실패하다 exacerbate intensify, aggravate <-> mitigate 더욱 심하게 하다 glide slide, slip 미끄러지다 explain account for,elucidate,explicate,clarify <-> confuse 설명하다 dominate, rule, reign 지배하다 govern finish complete, terminate, end, conclude 끝내다 regulate, monitor, control <-> neglect 통제하다 hollow empty 텅 빈 indigenous native, inherited, inborn 토착의 lash tie, bind 묶다, 매다 integrate unify, synthesize, consolidate<->disintegrete 통합하다 leisurely relaxed, easy, unhurried, slow 느긋한 interval space, distance, period (시간, 거리의) 간격 manageable controllable, affordable <-> uncontrollable 관리할 수 있는, 감당할 수 있는 largely generally, mostly <-> hardly 대개 note eminence, repute, celebrity <-> disrepute 명성 magnificent gorgeous, beautiful, splendid <-> modest 굉장히 멋진 periphery edge, border, fringe, margin, verge <-> center 주변부 overshadow dim, outshine, eclipse <-> illuminate 가리다, 어둡게 하다 practical pragmatic, effective, practicable, useful specialized, specific, special, individual, 실용적인 particular <-> academic especial <-> general 특별한 rapture ecstasy, joy, delight, bliss, exultation 황홀경, 기쁨 ramification consequence, effect, result 결과 reassure encourage, comfort 안심시키다 rather somewhat, fairly 약간, 다소 relatively comparatively, by comparison 비교적으로 realm area, sphere, domain, field, province 범위, 영역 rudimentary basic, primitive, undeveloped, elementary 기초적인, 기초적인 rivalry competition, contention, contest 경쟁 sentiment emotion, feeling 감정 silent speechless, dumb, mute, taciturn <-> talkative 말이 없는 shed discard, molt 탈피하다 healthy, whole, well <-> impaired 건강한 sound radiate (빛 등을) 비추다 stable, solid, solvent <-> instable 견실한, 지불 능력이 있는 skirmish encounter, conflict, combat, battle, collision 작은 전투 sparkle spark, glitter, twinkle 빛나다 spread extend, stretch, reach 퍼지다, ~에 이르다 stifle smother, suffocate, choke, strangle 숨막히게 하다 staunch strong, firm, faithful, stalwart, loyal 확고한, 충실한 superb outstanding, excellent, magnificent 뛰어난, 훌륭한 stress emphasis, accent ; emphasize 강조 ; 강조하다 swell enlarge, grow larger, expand, increase (크기,수량 등이)증가하다 stunted hindered (성장이) 멎은 tender soft, delicate, mild <-> rough ; money, payment 부드러운 ; 변상금 trespass invade, encroach, infringe, intrude 침해하다 velocity speed, rapidity, celerity, pace 속도, 신속함 upright erect,vertical,perpendicular,plumb<->crooked,horizontal 수직의 wild uncultivated, untamed, undomesticated 야생의 conscientious, righteous, virtuous 정직한, 덕망 있는 wild unruly, uncontrollable, frantic, violent <-> relaxed 난폭한 vengeance avenging, revenge 복수 1. pursuit : 추구 2. diagnosis : 진단 3. drench : 흠뻑 적시게 하다 4. enchant : 마음을 사로잡다

16 === Chapter 31 === Chapter 32 accompany escort, attend, companion <-> leave 동반하다 appreciably significantly, noticeably, considerably <-> inapprecia 상당히 adverse negative, not favorable, opposed <-> favorable 적대적인 assess evaluate, estimate, judge, appraise 평가하다 appeal entreaty, request, petition 탄원, 청원 banish expel, exile, deport, oust <-> admit 추방하다 attraction, charm, fascination 매력 choice option, alternative 선택권, 대안 arouse stimulate, awaken, provoke, incite <-> calm 자극하다, 유발하다 comparatively relatively <-> precisely 비교적, 꽤 boundary dividing line, border, limit 경계(선) consume expend, exhaust, use up <-> produce 소비(소모)하다 bury cover, hide, conceal, veil <-> disclose 가리다 exclude expel, leave out <-> admit 배제하다 collective accumulated, assembled 축적된 excavate dig out, unearth, disinter, quarry <-> cover 발굴하다 confine limit, cramp, restrict 가두다, 제한하다 exert apply, exercise, wield (힘, 노력 등을) 발휘하다 cumbersome burdensome, awkward, bulky, clumsy 성가신, 다루기 힘든 extraordinary exceptional, remarkable, unusual, uncommon 비범한 dispensable unnecessary, needless, nonessential 없어도 되는 forage search, rummage, hunt 찾아다니다 distribution dispersion, apportionment, allocation, allotment 분배 fragile easily broken, breakable ; delicate, weak 깨지기 쉬운 ; 연약한 eat consume, devour, ingest, take in 먹다 have nothing to entirely wholly, totally, completely, utterly 완전히 do with be not related to ~와 관계가 없다 equal equivalent, tantamount <-> disparate 동등한 interpret construe,explain,explicate,elucidate<->miscontrue 설명하다, 해석하다 evaluate judge, assess, gauge, appraise 평가하다 expend, waste, squander <-> scant 낭비하다 lavish false erroneous, wrong, incorrect <-> veracious 잘못된 deluxe, luxurious, splendid <-> humble 사치스런 focal point central area, focus 중심(지) lucrative gainful, profitable, advantageous, fruitful 이익이 되는 gallant brave, valiant, daring, valorous <-> coward 용감한 mainly generally, largely, chiefly, primarily 주로 hence consequently, therefore, on that account 그러므로 manifest obvious, evident, apparent, plain <-> implicit 명백한 integral essential, crucial <-> unessential 필수적인 manifest demonstrate evidence, reveal, show 증명하다 lay down establish, ordain 정하다,세우다 material physical, bodily, corporeal, tangible <-> ethereal 물질적인 launch begin, initiate, commence 착수하다 meticulously carefully <-> indiscreetly 주의 깊게 magnify amplify, intensify, enlarge, increase <-> belittle 확대하다 nervous on edge, excitable, uneasy <-> calm 신경질적인 match equal, peer, mate 필적하다 unyielding, stubborn, determined, headstrong obstinate more or less fairly, moderately, roughly <-> conclusively 어느 정도, 다소 <-> complaisant, pliant 완고한 nature tendency, characteristic, attribute, character 특징, 성향 overstate exaggerate, play up <-> understate 과장하다 operative effective, efficient, effectual <-> ineffective 효과적인 pact compact, contract, bond 협정 pragmatic practical <-> unrealistic 실용적인 perform carry out, execute, accomplish, achieve 수행하다 proliferate multiply, increase in number <-> decrease 증식하다 perishable spoilable, likely to decay, likely to spoil 썩기 쉬운 proven established, verified 증명된 pound beat, thrash, batter, strike 마구 치다 provoke incite, irritate, vex, enrage <-> relax 자극하다, 화나게 하다 prolific productive, fertile, fruitful <-> unfruitful, sterile 결실이 많은, 다작의 register sign up, enroll 등록하다, 기록하다 proof evidence, testimony 증거 list, catalogue 목록 serene calm, peaceful, tranquil, undisturbed <-> agitated 조용한, 평화로운 respectable estimable, honorable, reputable <-> disreputable 존경할만한 spawn create, give rise to, produce, generate 야기하다 rig equip, furnish 장비를 갖추다 substitute exchange, replace ; alternative 대체하다, 대안 sterile barren, unproductive, fruitless <-> fertile, fecund 불모의 surpass exceed, outrun, excel, beat 능가하다 sufficient enough, adequate, ample <-> deficient 충분한 survival existence 생존 transparent clear, obvious, lucid, limpid <-> opaque 명백한 ubiquitous omnipresent, existing everywhere<->nonexistent 어디에나 존재하는 uneasy apprehensive, unstable, disturbed, ill at ease 불안한 undergo experience, suffer (어려운 일을) 겪다 1. volunteer : 자진하여 ~하다 2. gymnast : 체조선수 3. ragtime : 재즈 연주 형식의 하나 weed out remove, eliminate <-> propagate 제거하다 4. syncopation : 당김음 5. eminently : 매우, 대단히 6. drought : 가뭄, 한밭 7. curator : 관리자, 감독 worn-out exhausted 다 써버린 8. prosecute : 기소하다 9. landfill : 쓰레기(매립지) 10. article : 기사 11. demean : 수치를 주다 1. suite : 한벌, (호텔의)스위트룸, 한벌의 가구, 수행원 2. boisterous : 떠들썩한 (=vociferous)

17 === Chapter 33 === Chapter 34 adhere stick, cleave, cling <-> disjoin ~에 달라붙다, 고수하다 accretion accumulation 축적(물) assertion strong statement, declaration 주장, 단언 agriculture farming 농업 barren sterile, lifeless, infertile, unproductive <-> fertile 불모의 attach stick, fasten, affix <-> detach 붙이다 budding emerging, nascent, not yet fully developed 신진의 counter oppose, retort 대항하다, 반박하다 central essential, principal, main, chief 주요한 dimly faintly <-> distinctly 희미하게 comprehensible understandable, knowable, apprehensible 알기 쉬운 distract divert, sidetrack <-> focus 산만하게 하다 concern interest, regard, care, attention 관심 drain remove water, draw off, empty 배수하다 configuration arrangement, conformation 배치, 배열 emergent emerging, nascent <-> declining 떠오르는, 신흥의 deserved due, earned <-> undue 당연히 받아야 할 enlarge amplify, extend, augment, magnify <-> compress 확대시키다 detect find, discover, recognize, sense, spot 발견하다, 인지하다 excessive extreme, undue, exorbitant, extravagant <-> meager 지나친 diffuse spread, distribute <-> concentrate 퍼뜨리다 exploit feat, accomplishment ; use 위업 ; 이용하다 exaggerate enlarge, embroider, overstate, hyperbolize 과장하다 extract derive, draw, extort 이끌어 내다 fetter hamper, shackle, manacle, restrain 구속하다, 제한하다 fierce furious, vicious, aggressive, ferocious <-> mild 사나운 float stay on the top <-> sink 뜨다 fiery passionate, fervent, impetuous <-> frigid 불같은 frequent regular, common, customary, recurrent <-> occasional 빈번한 fluctuation variance, variation 변동 gush spurt, spout 분출하다 glee exultation, merriment, hilarity, mirth <-> gloom 환희 hindrance deterrent, obstacle, barrier, impediment <-> boost 방해, 장애(물) gradually little by little, slowly, steadily, progressively 점차적으로 maneuver scheme, plot, design 계획, 책략 languid listless, faint, feeble, weak <-> vivacious 기운 없는 maneuver move 움직이다 location site, position, place 위치 mar spoil, mangle, ruin, damage <-> adorn 망쳐놓다 lengthen prolong, extend, stretch, protract <-> abbreviate 연장하다 mighty powerful, potent, strong, forceful 강력한 mandatory required, compulsory, obligatory, requisite 필수의 opaque impenetrate, cloudy, filmy 불투명한 narrate recount, describe, relate, tell 이야기하다 obscure, unclear, vague 불명료한 noxious harmful, noisome 유해한 originate be grown, spring, emanate, initiate <-> end 일어나다, 생기다 once when 일단 ~ 하면 step, gait 걸음(걸이) pierce puncture, perforate, penetrate 관통하다 pace speed, bat, velocity ; walk, step 속력 ; 걷다 absolute, explicit, certain <-> irresolute 뚜렷한, 명백한 positive perceptibly noticeably, appreciably, sensibly <-> intangibly 알아차릴 정도로 affirmative, helpful <-> negative 긍정적인 promising likely, encouraging, hopeful <-> unpromising 유망한 pretend feign, affect, assume ~인 체하다 punctuality promptness, promptitude <-> tardiness 시간 엄수 spectrum, extent, scope, compass 범위 range rotate turn, spin, wheel, swivel 회전하다 vary, go, run, fluctuate 변화하다 scatter disperse, widely spread, dissipate, spread out 흩뿌리다 rudiment basic, element, essential 기초, 기본 sedentary stationary <-> moving 움직이지 않는 signify denote, express, indicate, mean 표명하다, 나타내다 site place, location, position 위치 simultaneously concurrently, at the same time <-> separately 동시에 soak drench, saturate, steep, wet 적시다 symmetrical proportionally balanced, commensurable 균형이 잡힌 stake stick, post 말뚝, 막대 testify provide evidence, prove 증명하다, 입증하다 subsist survive, endure, exist <-> perish 존속하다 vast immense, huge, enormous, large <-> narrow 거대한 supremacy predominance, primacy, sovereignty 우월, 우위 visionary fanciful, imaginary, illusory <-> realistic 환상의 trigger activate, cause, generate, start, initiate, stimulate 일으키다 vogue mode, fashion, style 유행, 성행 tumultuous chaotic,anarchic, wild, riotous, boisterous 무질서한, 떠들썩한 weariness fatigue 피로 veritable genuine, authentic, believable 실제의 1. planetesimal : 미소행성체 2. warrior : 전사 3. tropical fish : 열대어 4. reasoning : 추론 waste squander, dissipate, lavish <-> save 낭비하다 5. attorney : 변호사(=barrister) 6. nod : 끄덕임 7. scar : 상흔 8. sedative : 누그러뜨리는, 진정제 weaken enfeeble, undermine, impair, diminish <-> strengthen 약화시키다 9. captor : 포획자 ; 수상[당첨]자 10. lawn : 잔디(밭) 11. meet : 충족시키다, 대결하다 1. raft : 뗏목 2. tanker : 급유기 3. stoicism : 금욕주의 4. obesity : 비만 5. aqueduct : 수로 12. meek : 온순한, 굴종적인 13. lawsuit : 소송 14. combustion : 연소

18 === Chapter 35 === Chapter 36 accelerate speed up, expedite, hasten, quicken <-> decelerate 촉진시키다 anger provoke, aggravate, enrage <-> pacify 화나게 하다 adjust fit, adapt, suit <-> disarrange 맞추다, 조절하다 auxiliary subsidiary, subordinate, additional <-> leading 보조적인 a great deal of a lot of 다량의 bizarre odd, erratic, strange, exotic, irregular <-> ordinary 기괴한 alleviate relieve, ease, lessen, abate <-> argument 완화하다 broaden enlarge, expand <-> narrow 확장하다 aromatic fragrant <-> acrid 향기로운 monitor, examine, inspect 조사하다 check celebrated renowned, famous, well-known, distinguished 유명한 stop <-> expedite 막다 characterize distinguish 특징 지우다 cite mention, refer to, specify 언급하다 certainly surely, assuredly <-> uncertainly 확실히 consensus agreement, unanimity <-> discord 합의 compliment commendation, honor, tribute <-> insult 칭찬, 경의 cope with deal with ~에 잘 대처하다 decrease diminish, minimize, dwindle, abate <-> increase 줄이다 subside, abate, recede, retire 쇠퇴하다, 약해지다 ebb definite decisive, unambiguous, unequivocal, fixed <-> equivocal 명확한 reflux <-> flow 간만, 썰물 dictate require, prescribe, determine (조건, 방침)등을 지시하다 elementary rudimentary, basic, fundamental, primary <-> advanc기초적인 distinction difference, divergence <-> analogy 차이 style, vogue, mode, fad 유행 embed fix, fasten, root 고정시키다, 새겨 넣다 fashion shape, create, make, fabricate 만들다 escape flee, evade, avoid <-> abide 피하다 fit, adjust, suit, adapt 맞추다 flight, freedom 도피 finance pay for 자금을 조달하다 essentially basically, primarily, originally, by nature 본래, 본질적으로 force strength, power, might, energy <-> impotence 힘 forge drive, advance ~로 나아가다 legendary mythological, fabulous, mythical <-> historical 전설적인 create, make, fabricate, fashion 만들다 markedly significantly, noticeably, substantially 현저하게 identity similitude, uniformity 동일성 obedient submissive, docile <-> disobedient 순종적인 illuminate clarify, elucidate ; light up, brighten <-> darken 명확히 하다 ; 밝게 하다 obvious apparent, conspicuous, clear, manifest <-> obscure 명백한 in a short space overy quickly 단시간에, 빨리 output production <-> input 결과물 inconstant volatile, unstable, fickle, variable <-> resolute 변하기 쉬운 overwhelmingly primarily, predominantly 압도적으로 initial original, first, beginning, inceptive <-> final 처음의 pension subsidy, allowance 연금 lay off fire, discharge, dismiss <-> employ (일시적으로) 해고하다 pioneer first develop, initiate, originate, start 개척하다 theme, subject, topic 주제 potent powerful, mighty, influential <-> impotent 강력한 motif design, device, pattern 문양 examine, explore, investigate, dissect 정밀 조사하다 probe patience endurance, fortitude, perseverance, tolerance 인내 exploration, inquiry, quest 조사 perilous dangerous, hazardous, risky, precarious 위험한 quaint bizarre, odd, weird, extraordinary, eccentric 기이한 personnel staff, employees, work force 직원 reap harvest, gather ; obtain 수확하다 ; 획득하다 ready organized, prepared, arranged, set 준비된 spectrum range, extent, scope 범위 refuse reject, decline, deny 거절하다 stammer stutter, hesitate, falter 말을 더듬다 garbage, waste, rubbish, trash 쓰레기 stock reserve, inventory, hoard, store 비축(물) revival restoration, renewal, resurgence, rebirth 재생, 부활 stretch, tighten 잡아당기다 strain sorrow distress, anguish, grief, sadness, woe <-> joy 슬픔 tension 팽팽함, 긴장 spend expend, squander, waste, consume <-> save 소비하다 stroke hit, striking, blow, beat 일격 spot see, detect, find, locate, recognize 발견하다 sturdy strong, robust, stalwart, muscular, stout <-> decrepit 튼튼한 steadfast unwavering, resolute, firm, resolved, decided <-> vacillat 확고한 tactic(s) strategy, maneuver 전술, 책략 treachery treason, disloyalty <-> dependability 반역 tapered narrow, tapering 좁아진 ultimate final, supreme, utmost 궁극적인 upsurge increase, rise <-> decline 급증 with respect to in reference to ~에 대하여 wallow flounder, welter 뒹굴다 1. tariff act : 관세법 2. crushing : 엄청난 3. herb : 허브 4. persecution : 박해 5. torches : 횃불 whereas while, on the contrary ~에 반하여 6. quilt : 퀼트(누벼서 만든 것) 7. blackout : 정전 8. masterful : 훌륭한 9. inconsistency : 불일치, 모순 widespread prevalent, broadly accepted, sweeping <-> uncommo널리 퍼진, 광범위한

19 === Chapter 37 === Chapter 38 accomplish put through, work out, achieve, execute 성취하다 abhor loathe, hate, detest <-> admire 혐오하다 accordingly for that reason, consequently 따라서 ambition goal, desire 야망 alarm fright, terror, dismay, fear, horror <-> composure 공포, 놀람 bulk great quantity ; main part 거대함(대량) ; 대부분 upset, surprise, startle 놀라게 하다 charitable broad-minded, tolerant, benign, generous <-> stingy 관대한, 자비로운 apparatus device, equipment 기구 conclusively decisively, definitely, absolutely <-> questionably 결정적으로, 확실히 backbone foundation ; spine 중추 ; 척추 confer bestow, give, grant <-> refuse 수여하다 bode foretell, presage 징조가 되다 deny negate, gainsay, contradict <-> confirm 부인하다 cargo load, freight, burden, shipment 화물 reflect, mirror ; resonate, resound 반영하다 ; 반향하다 echo composition make-up, formation, organization 구성(물), 조직 repeat, reiterate, parrot, copy 반복하다 conduit pipe, channel 도관, 선 eerie strange, mysterious, weird, unearthly 기묘한 consider contemplate, muse ; deem <-> ignore 깊이 생각하다 ; 간주하다 emulate imitate, copy, follow, mimic 모방하다 encroach invade, intrude, trespass <-> keep off 침입하다 forestall prevent, hinder <-> expedite 미리 막다, 미리 손쓰다 ensue follow, succeed <-> antecede 뒤따라 일어나다 generally largely, chiefly, mainly, mostly 대부분, 주로 equip furnish, provide (필요한 것을) 갖추어 주다 glance glimpse, a brief look, a cursory look <-> focus 흘끗 봄 establish organize,constitute,set up, institute,found <-> abrogate 설립하다 implement tool, appliance, device 도구 exorbitant expensive, excessive, extravagant, immoderate 과도한 in terms of with regard to, with respect to ~에 관하여 explicit clear, obvious, unambiguous, definite <-> ambiguous 명백한 inveigh against rail, object, criticize strongly <-> agree with 통렬히 비판하다 frantic frenzied, insane, mad 미친(광란의) look gaze, glance, watch, view 보다 hectic full of excitement, feverish, fervid <-> tranquil 매우 흥분한 monetary pecuniary, financial, capital 재정(금전)상의 inaugurate begin, commence, install <-> complete 개시하다 motion movement, move, gesture <-> inertia 움직임, 동작 incise carve, cut, engrave 새기다 obtain gain, earn, achieve, acquire 얻다 jubilant exulting, joyful <-> mournful 환희에 찬 outspoken frank, open, candid <-> reserved 솔직한 mode form, fashion, method, style 양식, 형태 pant gasp ; trouser 숨을 헐떡이다 ; 바지 ominous foreboding, threatening, doomful <-> auspicious 불길한 precipitation acceleration, haste, impetuosity 촉진, 성급함 own acknowledge, admit, allow <-> disallow 인정하다 promote advance, further, encourage <-> check 촉진하다 praiseworthy admirable, commendable, laudable, praisable 칭찬할 만한 purified cleansed,refined,clarified,distilled<->sullied,tarnished 정화된 progressive advanced, liberal <-> reactionary 진보적인 recreational as a hobby 오락의, 휴양의 provide supply, afford, furnish 제공하다 recruit obtain, enlist 얻다 provision supply, food 식량 seize grip, take, clasp, grasp, grab <-> loose 움켜잡다 puzzle over wonder about 쩔쩔매다,이러저리 생각하다 system, frame, organization 구조 structure refresh freshen, enliven, reanimate <-> jade 활기를 주다, 새롭게 하다 arrange in definite pattern 조직화하다 sip drink, sup, sample 홀짝홀짝 마시다 surreal having a strange dream-like quality 초현실적인 solicitation invitation, entreaty, request 권유, 간청 synthesis unit, union, combination, mixture 통합체, 통합 solicitude concern, anxiety, care, worry 근심, 염려 textile cloth, fabric 직물 stray wander, deviate, straggle, swerve 벗어나다, 이탈하다 thereby by that means, as a result of that 그것에 의하여 troublesome onerous,difficult,annoying,burdensome <-> innocuous 힘든(성가신) transcend go beyond 초월하다 unqualified complete, absolute, utter, thorough <-> circumscribed 절대적인 twig branch, stick, offshoot, sprig 가지 weak infirm, fragile, frail, delicate, feeble <-> strong 약한 virtue goodness, uprightness, morality <-> vice 미덕 witness observe, watch, notice ; testimony, evidence 목격하다 ; 증거 vulnerable easily damaged, susceptible, weak (영향을) 받기 쉬운 1. cut short : 간단하게 하다 2. sales figure : 판매숫자, 판매량 3. executive : 행정의 completely, fully, in every respect, thoroughly wholly 4. decorative : 장식의 5. coincide with : ~와 동시에 일어나다 6. amend : 수정하다 <-> partially 완전히 7. shoe-cleaning : 신발을 닦아주는 8. honorary degree : 명예 학위 9. rocking : 흔들리는 1. offend : ~을 불쾌하게 하다 2. Great Depression : 대공황 3. herd : 무리, 떼 10. drag : 끌다 11. influenza : 유행성 감기 12. aground : 좌초하여 ; 곤궁하여[한] 4. acronym : 두문자어(머리글자로 이루어진 말) 5. atomic : 원자의

20 === Chapter 39 === Chapter 40 abrupt sharp, sudden, hasty, hurried <-> dilatory 급한, 갑작스러운 substance added in small amounts to another 첨가제 additive adequate sufficient, satisfactory <-> inadequate 충분한 cumulative 부가적인 advocate urge, support <-> impugn 주장하다, 지지하다 arrogant haughty, insolent, overbearing <-> humble 오만한 proponent, supporter, upholder <-> opponent 지지자 assemble gather (together), bring together, collect 모으다 appendix supplement, adjunct 부록, 부가물 asymmetric unequal, lopsided, ill-proportioned 균형을 잃은 appropriate suitable, proper, fit <-> inappropriate 적절한 attire clothing 의상 assumption supposition 가정 greedy, avaricious, covetous 탐욕스러운 avid bestow give, grant, confer, award 주다, 수여하다 eager, enthusiastic 열심인, 열렬한 boldly bravely, daringly, courageously 용감하게 basic essential 기본 choicest best 엄선된, 가장 좋은 bound limit, precinct, boundary, border 경계 classic typical, exemplary, model, standard 전형적인, 대표적인 cluster group, gather, assemble <-> disperse 모이다 constitute make up, form, compose 구성하다 complex group of buildings 복합건물군 deposit lay, place ; save, store 두다 ; 비축하다 contrary opposite <-> concordant ; conversely 반대의, 반대되는; 반대로 dogma belief, credo, creed 신조, 신념 customary typical,habitual,traditional,accustomed<->occasional 관례적인, 습관적인 employ use, utilize, exploit 이용하다 dangle hang 매달리다 endorse support, back, approve, advocate <-> disapprove 보증하다, 지지하다 devour eat, gulp, guzzle 게걸스레 먹다 sign, subscribe 배서(서명)하다 encapsulate state briefly, condense, summarize 요약하다, 집약하다 exponential explosive, incremental 급격한 faction side, coalition, group, ring, party 파벌 foremost most respected, preeminent, supreme 으뜸가는 fragment piece, particle, part, portion <-> whole 조각, 부분 fragrance scent <-> malodor 향기 ignite set on fire, inflame, fire, kindle 불을 붙이다 furthermore moreover, in addition 더욱이 impound contain, confine, hold 가두다 genetic hereditary, inborn, inheritable <-> acquired 유전(학)적인 innocuous harmless <-> pernicious 해가 없는 imposing impressive, grand, magnificent 강한 인상을 주는, 웅장한 bond, tie, connection 유대, 결합 link luxurious sumptuous, rich, posh <-> ascetic 사치스러운 connect, relate, associate 관련 짓다 matter substance, material, stuff ; issue 물질 ; 논점 moan groan 신음하다 nurture raise, rear, nurse <-> disregard 양육하다 murmur grumble, mumble, mutter 투덜거리다, 중얼거리다 offset balance, counterbalance, counteract 상쇄하다 persistent continuous,constant,incessant,perpetual <->fleeting 지속하는 partially incompletely, fractionally <-> completely 부분적으로 prospect possibility, chance, outlook 가망성, 전망 presumable probable, likely, possible <-> unlikely 있음직한 random without planning, unpredictable, unsystematic 마구잡이의 principle original method, precept, standard 원칙, 규범 realize be aware of, conceive, understand, grasp 알다, 이해하다 purveyor supplier 공급업자 robust strong, vigorous, stalwart, sturdy <-> weak 튼튼한, 강한 replace supersede, supplant, substitute 대체하다 satisfy please, meet, gratify, satiate, suffice <-> pique 만족시키다 routine ordinary, normal, habitual <-> unusual 보통의, 일상적인 siege blockade, besieging 포위(공격) scold reprove, reproach, reprimand, rebuke <-> praise 꾸짖다 simple unsophisticated,naive,unaffected,artless <-> worldly 순진한 sequence string, series, succession ; order 연속 ; 순서 stamina endurance, perseverance, vitality 지구력, 체력 startle astonish, surprise, frighten, astound 깜짝 놀라게 하다 basic item, necessary commodity 중요 상품 staple subdued reduced <-> stimulated 가라앉은, 약해진 basic, principal 기본적인, 주요한 typical common, ordinary, usual, normal <-> uncharacteristic 일반적인 terminate stop, finish, end, conclude <-> initiate 끝나다 unshakable firm, steadfast, fixed, unwavering <-> changeable 흔들리지 않는, 확고한 treasure value, prize, cherish 소중히 하다 yield cede, surrender, submit, give in <-> appropriate 내주다, 굴복하다 unequal unfair, asymmetric, uneven, unbalanced 불공평한, 균형을 잃은 yield produce, generate, cause 산출하다, 야기하다 1. break into : ~로 나누어지다 2. retail : 소매업 3. tremendous : 거대한, 엄청난 1. high-frequency : 고주파수 2. transmission : 전파 3. decipher : 해독하다 4. full-bodied : 힘찬, 내용이 충실한 ; (술)감칠맛이 나는 ; (사람) 뚱뚱한(=stout) ; 중요한, 뜻있는 4. earthworm : 지렁이 5. organic : 유기체의 6. larceny : 절도 7. craven : 겁많은, 비열한 5. suspect : 용의자 6. cavity : 움푹 패인 곳, <치과> 충치 7. gild : 금[금박]을 입히다