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1 識 Production and perception errors in English vowels 麗 立 2 立 理 701 路 1 (06) Ext leemay@mail.ncku.edu.tw 理 說 11 類 索 來 不 年 39 ( 女 ) 行 錄 Peterson and Barney (1952) /hvd/ /h/ /d/ 不 11 had 錄 料 識 行 率 錄 識 識 率 了 1) 力 率 2) / / 料 都 50% 率 3) / / / / 率 兩 4) 來 說 料 了 Bosch, Costa, & Sebastian-Galles, (2000) 類 類 Weinreich (1968) This study investigates the relationship between production and perception errors of 11 English vowels in Taiwan university students (19 males and 20 females). Production and perceptual discrimination of vowels in /h-v-d/ syllables (based on Peterson & Barney, 1952) were recorded and analyzed. The accuracy of perceptual judgment was calculated. The major findings are: 1) In both production and perception, there are much more errors in lax vowels than those of tense vowels; 2) Vowel / /, in both production and perception data, occupies around 50% of all the errors. 3) In both perception and production data, vowels / /and / / show high percentages of total errors. The major error patterns are the substitution or confusion of this vowel pair; 4) In both perception and production, front vowels perform better than back vowels. The findings reflect the idea of the influence from speakers native language (Bosch, Costa, & Sebastian-Galles, 2000). Moreover, the learners tend to blend similar vowels in L2 and L1, as mentioned in Weinreich s study (1968) that learners attend to similarities rather than differences between two sound systems. Keywords: vowel perception, vowel production, language interference 1

2 理 論 力 識 不 離 (Jusczyk, 1997; Iverson & Kuhl, 1995) 更 索 力 利 利 來 Blumstein and Stevens (1979) 識 來 更 不 參 說 度 說 都 Blumstein and Stevens 不 索 Jusczyk (1992) Nittrouer (1996) 索 年 數 連 都 了 不 例 例 不 略 例 不 識 (Bailey & Harrgard, 1973; Fox, 1982; Johnson, Ladefoged, & Lindau, 1993 ) 都 1957 年 Lado (Contrastive Analysis Hypotheses) 異 識 來 說 (Flege, 1992a; Best, 1995) 都 說 Flege and Best (1995) 類 不 類 來 不 類 來 Flege and Munro (1994) 更 利 異 Bark-scaled F1-F0/F2-F1 plane Flege and Munro 兩 Flege and Best 例 [ ] [ ] (Yamada, Strange, Magnuson, Pruitt, & Clark, 1994; Fledge, Takagi, & Mann, 1995) 例 不 都 不 度 利 度 例 年 Munro, Flege and Mackay(1996) 來 來 ( 利 ) 例 例 年 度 2

3 例 不 Major (1987) 例 [ ] 例 Flege (1992b) 蘭 例 [ ] 例 來 令 都 19 女 20 年 年 年 來 說 都 論 裡 料 立 行 錄 力 AKG C300B Tascam DA-40 錄 DAT 錄 錄 不 錄 不 錄 來 句 句 力 錄 錄 DAT 錄 行 力 料 參 Peterson and Barney (1952) 11 /h/ /d/ 11 /,,,,,,,,,, / /h+v+d/ V heed, hid, hayed, head, had, hud, who d, hood, hoed, hawed, hod 11 Say again 句 錄 1 料 錄 料 Kay CSL 4400 率 1 錄 料 / / 1. Say heed again. / / 7. Say who d again. / / 2. Say hid again. / / 8. Say hood again. / / 3. Say hayed again. / / 9. Say hoed again. / / 4. Say head again. / / 10. Say hawed again. / / 5. Say had again. / / 11. Say hod again. / / 6. Say hud again. 3

4 參 論 率 力 率 2 2 率 力 識 1/ / 10.26% 12.50% 2/ / 17.95% 17.50% 3/ / 30.77% 47.50% 4 4/ / 30.77% 12.50% 5/ / 33.33% 57.50% 1 6/ / 48.72% % 3 7/ / 41.03% % 8/ / 43.59% % 3 9/ / 53.85% % 5 10/ / 48.72% % 2 11/ / 64.10% % 力 率 列 1) 力 率 2) / / 料 都 50% 率 3) / / / / 率 兩 4) 來 說 料 料 率 率 31% 率 69% 力 率 32% 68% 2 率 都 率 5/ / 50% 女 60% 69% 3 / / 16% 4/ / 率 4/ / 97% 3 / / / / 率 15% 不 來 率 11 / / 率 率 64% 9 / / 32% 7 / / 了 16% 11 hod 數 不 10 / / 率 8 / / 數 量 63% 不 9 / / 落 來 10 / / 力 率 都 50% 4

5 % 9 14% % 8 21% F1 F2 數 F1 F2 11 F1 數 不 F2 了 F1 F2 數 3 數 女 女 F1(Hz) F2(Hz) F1(Hz) F2(Hz) F1(Hz) F2(Hz) F1(Hz) F2(Hz) 8 / / / / / / 易 81% % 8 7 力 不 6% % 8 7 力 都 來 39% 率 61% 率 力 29% 率 71% 率 論 力 都 易 易 Flege and Best(1995) 不 類 來 參 Bailey, P. J. & Haggard, M. P. (1973). Perception and production: some correlations on voicing of an initial stop. Language and Speech. 16, Best, C. T. (1995). A direct realist view of cross-language speech perception. In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in Cross-Language Research. Baltimore: York Press. Blumstein, S. E. & Stevens, K. N. (1979). Acoustic invariance in speech production: evidence from measurements of the spectral characteristics of stop consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 66, Bosch, L., Costa, A. & Sebastian-Galles, N. (2000). First and second language vowel perception in early biliguals. European Journal of cognitive psychology, 12(2),

6 Flege, J. (1992a). Talker and listener effects on degree of perceived foreign accent. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 91 (1), Flege, J. (1992b). The intelligibility of English vowels spoken by British and Dutch talkers. In R. Kent (Ed.), Intelligibility in Speech Disorders: Theory, Measurement, and Management. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Flege, J. & Munro, M. (1994). Auditory and categorical effects on cross-language vowel perception. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 95 (6), Flege, J., Takagi, N. & Mann, V. (1996). Lexical familiarity and English-language experience affect Japanese adults perception of / / and / /. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 99, Fox, A. (1982). Sound-Symbolism in Semitic. Cahiers de l'institut de Linguistique de Louvain, 8 (1-2), Iverson, P. & Kuhl, P. K. (1995). Mapping the perceptual magnet effect for speech using signal detection theory and multidimensional scaling. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97 (1), Johnson, K., Ladefoged, P., & Lindau, M. (1993). Individual differences in vowel production. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 94 (2 pt. 1), Jusczyk, P. W. (1997). The Discovery of Spoken Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Jusczyk, P.W. (1992). Developing phonological categories from the speech signal. In C. A. Ferguson, L. Menn, & C. Stoel-Gammon (Eds.), Phonological Development: Models, Research, Implications. Timonium, MD: York. Lado, R. (1957). Linguistics Across Cultures. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press. Major, R. C. (1987). The Natural Phonology of Second Language Acquisition. In A. James & J. Leather (Eds.), Sound Patterns in Second Language Acquisition. Dordrecht: Foris. Munro, M., Flege, J. & MacKay, I. (1996). The effects of age of second-language learning on the production of English vowels, Applied Psycholinguistics, 17, Nittrouer, S. (1996). The Relation between speech perception and phonemic awareness: evidence from low-ses children and children with Chronic OM. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 39 (5), Peterson, G. E. & Barney, H. L. (1952). Control methods used in a study of the vowels. Journal of the acoustical society of America. 24, Weinreich, U. (1968). Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. The Hague: Mouton. Yamada, R., Strange, W., Magnuson, J., Pruitt, J. & Clark, W. III. (1994). The intelligibility of Japanese speakers production of American English /r/, /l/, and /w/, as evaluated by native speakers of American English. International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 94,