IMF,, (Washington Consensus) 1),,,, (compensation) (rescue) (Weyland, 1998),, 1) World Bank(1995), Williamson(1993, 1999, 2002), Dollar & Kraay(2000,

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "IMF,, (Washington Consensus) 1),,,, (compensation) (rescue) (Weyland, 1998),, 1) World Bank(1995), Williamson(1993, 1999, 2002), Dollar & Kraay(2000,"

동석 문
6 years ago
Views:

1 19) ( )** I * 2002 ( 072- BM2085 ) ** Don-Moon Cho(Catholic University of Korea), Neolibeal Economic Reform and Workers' Living Condition: Bankrupt Washington Consensus and the Transfer of Legitimacy Effect

2 IMF,, (Washington Consensus) 1),,,, (compensation) (rescue) (Weyland, 1998),, 1) World Bank(1995), Williamson(1993, 1999, 2002), Dollar & Kraay(2000, 2001, 2002), Stiglitz(2000), Galbraith(2002), Portes & Hoffman(2003), Stallings & Peres(2000), Robinson(2002)

3 ,,,,,, -, (purified) 1990, %, 2 53%, 58% 71%, 81% 1300

4 %, % 2, CUT(Central Única dos Traqbalhadores) 2)?, , 2002,?, 3) 2), (2003) 3) 2 1, 2

5 ,, (Sarney) % GDP (+) (-) 1986 (Cruzado) (heterodox) (stagflation) 4), < 1> % %, GDP %, 1990 (Collor)- (Franco) 131% 4) 1985 Ribeiro (2003), Baer & Paiva(1998), Baer(2001: )

6 % * : ; 2001 GDP * : Baer(2001: ), Amann & Baer(2002: 955), FGV(2001: II), FUNDAP(2002: 54), Stallings & Peres(2000: )

7 ,, GDP (-), (Cardoso) (Plano Real) IMF (Washington Consensus),, 5) ) Ribeiro (2003), CUT(2000), DESEP/CUT(2000: 6-7; 2002a: 8-12), Baumann(2002), Amann & Baer(2002), Baer(2001: ), Baer & Paiva(1998), Stallings & Peres(2000: , )

8 , 80, URV(unidade real de valor),, URV (cruzeiro) URV, URV (2750 ) ,,, % %, 1980,,,,

9 , (US dollar) 1996,,,,,,,,,,,,, %, GDP 1855% 1318%, 0878% 1376% 15-20% < 1> 1000% %, % %,,,,,,

10 , (net portpolio investment) , (net direct foreign investment) GDP, % 422% GDP, % (TNCs),,,,

11 %, , 1994 GDP 05% %, % % %,,,, IMF,, %

12 1964 CGT (pelego) 1978 ABC, 245% ABC, (novo sindicalismo) 6), (PT) 6), (1993), Alves(1985), Barros(1999: 29-45), Rodrigues(1997, 1999)

13 CGT CUT CGT CUT CGT CUT CGT CUT PT CGT CUT CGT CUT CGT,, CUT, CGT CUT 1985, CUT CGT 7) CUT % %, % (Krein, 2002: 53) 7) CUT , CGT(Central Geral dos Trabalhadores) CGT (Confederação Geral dos Trabalhodores) (Magri) (Joaquim) 9 CGT(Central) CGT CUT, CGT(Confederação) (Medeiros) FS(Força Sindical) CUT CUT (, 1993; Barros, 1999: 29-45)

14 CUT,, ) 1943 (CLT Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho), 1988,,,, 1988, 1, 3 8), 1988 Barros(1999: 17-27), O'Connell(1999), Lopes (2003), Menezes-Filho & others(2002), Gacek(1995)

15 , 60%, 15%, 5% 20%,, ( 72 ),, (dissidio), (Barelli) DIEESE, CUT, CGT CUT, CGT 9) Barros(1999: 48-53) Manzano(2002: 24-26)

16 , FIESP,,,, 10), ILO ), 2-5 (suspenção do contrato) 2,,,,, (cooperativas de trabalho), 25 10) Krein (2002: 10-26), CUT(2001), Freitas(2001: 3-9) 11) ILO 158,,, (Mercosur) (Freitas 2001: 13-14; CUT 2001)

17 , (banco de horas), 12), % % % % 446%,, 80, 1990,,, 12) Krein(2002: 18-26; 2003), CUT(2002: 37-38), CNM/CUT & DIEESE(2001), Manzano(2002: 49-50), Galvão (2003)

18 (open unemployment) < 1> % 1 505%, 2 632% 7% (hidden unemployment), (total unemployment) % % (CUT 2000: 6-8; CUT-EN 2002: 2-3; DESEP/CUT 2002b: 2-3) % %, (discouraged unem- ployment) 13), (RFFSA) 4, /4, ABC % 235% 13) CUT(2000: 6-13), SMABC/DIEESE (2000: 2-9), Manzano(2002: 6-10), Amann & Baer(2002: )

19 CUT(DESEP/ CUT 2002b) % %,,, 14),, (Ramalho, 1999: ) (CUT 2000: 11-13; Machado & Machado, 1998: ) /4 21% 22% 2202% 2482%, 5451% 5699%, 14) Portes & Hoffman(2003), (informal proletariat) 90

20 , %, %, %,, CUT SMABC ABC , 44-45, FS Parana, 15) 15), DIEESE(2001a: 68), Manzano(2002: 27-69), Buechler(2001), CUT(2000: 6-8), OIT(1999: )

21 , ) % 85% 17), ) DIEESE(2001a: ), 20% % 36% 10% 482% 468% 16) ,,, 1061, 1039, 991, (Stallings & Peres 2000: ), 17) DIEESE(2001b: 86-90), Baer(2001: ), Stallings & Peres(2000: , ), CUT(2000: 16-19) 18) Neri & Camargo(2002: 307-8) (Gini) (Theil) , CEPAL(Baumann, 2002: 25-26), Amann & Baer(2002: ) 90 Stallings & Peres(2000: )

22 , 19),, UNDP (human development index) (Amann & Baer, 2002: ),,, 19) (DIEESE, 2001a: 88), 25% %, 25% %

23 ,,,,,, IMF ,,,,

24 ,,,,, 90, 1998,,

25 ,,,,, The dominant Washington Consensus capitalizing the positive effects of neoliberal economic policies comes under attack by a set of empirical studies, and the conventional theories highlighting the opposition of workers and the general public against the neoliberal economic policies

26 To clear such theoretical confusions regarding neoliberal economic policies, this study aims to clarify the effects of neoliberal policies in terms of macro-economic indicators and change in living conditions, and then to identify major factors determining attitudes for or against the neoliberal policies While a series of preceding civilian governments failed in curbing run-away inflation, the Cardoso government succeeded in putting chronic inflation under control Except for that, Cardoso s neoliberal economic policies ended up with great economic failure along with such macro-economic indicators as the low rate of economic growth, worsening trade deficit, expanding financial deficit among others With regard to the living conditions, social failure was quite obvious given the hike in unemployment rate owing to the privatization of public enterprises and employment shrinkage in the manufacturing sector, the rising proportion of non-regular workers due to the relative expansion of service sector against manufacturing sector, the flexibilization of working hours and ever-worsening working conditions, stagnating or decreasing level of real income which fell short of catching up the increasing level of productivity, and the polarization of population with aggravating income inequality After all, the Washington Consensus turned out to be nothing but an ideology aimed to propagate neoliberalism without empirical ground Brazilian workers resisted consistently neoliberal economic policies, but the general public sent wholehearted support to Cardoso s neoliberal policies Workers' resistance was well grounded on the obvious principle and policy outcome of neoliberal policies, but public support for neoliberal policies was not founded on their experience and following evaluation of neoliberal policies but derived from their appreciation of Cardoso s economic stabilization policies which made a success in suppressing inflation In other words, the legitimacy was transferred from

27 Cardoso s preceding economic stabilization policies to his subsequent neoliberal economic policies That's why the public did not hesitate to withdraw the legitimacy once given to the neoliberal policies as they experienced the real effects of those policies and witnessed their failure whichendedupwitheconomicdisaster Key Words: Brazil, Neoliberalism, Worker, Labor Condition, Washington Consensus /,,,, : :

28 Alves, Maria Helena Moreira(1985), State and Opposition in Military Brazil, Austin: University of Texas Press Amann, Edmund & Werner Baer(2002), Neoliberalism and its consequences in Brazil, Journal of Latin American Studies, No 34, pp Baer, Werner(2001), The Brazilian Economy: Growth and Development, 5th ed, London: Praeger Baer, Werner & Claudio Paiva(1998), Brazil s drifting economy: Stagnation and inflation during , in Philip D Oxhorn & Graciela Ducatenzeiler(eds), What Kind of Democracy? What Kind of Market?: Latin America in the Age of Neoliberalism, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, pp Barros, Maurício Rands(1999), Labour Relations and the New Unionism in Contemporary Brazil, NY: St Martin s Baumann, Renato(2002), Brazil in the 1990s: An Economy in Transition, Oxford: Palgrave Buechler, Simone(2001), The people are left to watch the ships go in and out: five voices speaking out on the unemployment crisis and capital flows in São Paulo, Brazil, 2001 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Washington DC, September 6-8, 2001 CNM/CUT & DIEESE(2001), Perfil das Plantas Automobilísticas, Trajetoria de 1995 a 2001 Projeto Construção de um Sistema Nacional de Nogociaçoes Coletivas do Setor Automobilístico do Brasil Relatório da 2a etapa da pesquisa CNM, DIEESE, AFL-CIO, São Paulo: CNM/CUT & DIEESE, Novembro CUT(2000), The Economic and Social Reality of Brazilian Workers, São

29 Paulo: CUT, August (2001), Precarização e leis do brabalho nos anos FHC, São Paulo: CUT, Janeiro (2002), Debate & Reflexões: As Transformações no Mundo do Trabalho e as Tendências das Negociações Coletivas, No 10, Dezembro, São Paulo: CUT, NPS, FES CUT-EN[Executiva Nacional](2002), Carta Aberta da CUT ao Congresso Nacional(versão para discussão), Executiva Nacional da CUT, 20 de fevereiro DESEP/CUT(2000), Política Econômica e Gastos Sociais, , São Paulo: DESEP/CUT (2002a), A flexivilização trabalhista tende a aumentar o desemprego e a informlidade, São Paulo: DESEP/CUT (2002b), Os Gastos Sociais no Governo FHC, São Paulo: DESEP/CUT DIEESE(2001a), A Situação do Trabalho no Brasil, São Paulo: DIEESE (2001b), As Negociações Coletivas no Brasil, São Paulo: DIEESE Dollar, David & Aart Kraay(2000), Growth is good for the poor, working paper, World Bank, pp 1-51 (2001), Trade, growth, and poverty, working paper, World Bank, pp 1-46 (2002), Spreading the wealth, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb FGV(Fundação Getulio Vargas)(2001), Conjuntura Estatística, Conjuntura Econômica, Vol 55, No 5 Freitas, Carlos Eduardo(2001), Alterações na regulamentação das relações de trabalho no governo Fernando Henrique, in CUT (2001), Precarização e leis do brabalho nos anos FHC, São Paulo: CUT, Janeiro

30 FUNDAP(Fundação do Desenvolvimento Administrativo)(2002), Indicadores DIESP, Vol 11, No 92 Gacek, Stanley A(1995), Brazil's labor movement, in Kevin Danaher & Michael Shellenberger(eds)(1995), Fighting for the Soul of Brazil, NY: Monthly Review, pp Galbraith, James K(2002), Is inequality decreasing?: By the numbers, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug Galvão de França, Caio (2003), CUT organization, /2-04 Krein, José Dari(2002), Analise do impacto e da efetividade das principais alterações legais no padrão de relações de trabalho no setor metalúrgico, entre , Seminário regional sudeste, DIEESE/CESIT/CNPq, São Paulo, de março de 2002, pp Krein, José Dari (2003), Universidade de Campinas, Lopes, Fernando (2003), CNM/CUT, /2-05/2-06 Machado, Ana Flávia & Danielle Carusi Machado(1998), Análise de dois setores no mercado de trabalho: efeitos do Plano Real, RevistadeEconomiaPolítica, Vol 18, No 4, pp Manzano, Sofia Padua(2002), As modificações na dinâmica das negociações coletivas do subsetor automotivo na década de 1990, Seminário Regional Sudeste, DIEESE/CESIT/CNPq, São Paulo, de março Menezes-Filho, Naercio, Helio Zylberstajin, Jose Paulo Chahad & Elaine Pazello(2002), Unions and the economic performance of Brazilian establishments, Inter-American Development Bank, Working Paper, No 464 Neri, Marcelo & José Márcio Camargo(2002), Distributive effects of Brazilian structural reforms, in Renato Baumann(ed), Brazil in

31 the 1990s: An Economy in Transition, Oxford: Palgrave O'Connell, Lesley(1999), Collective Bargaining Systems in 6 Latin American Countries: Degrees of Autonomy and Decentralization-Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru & Urguay, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank OIT(Organização Internacional do Trabalho)(1999), Brasil: Abertura e ajuste do mercado de trabalho no Brasil-Políticas para conciliar os desafios de emprego e competitividade, Brasilia: Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego Portes, Alejandro & Kelly Hoffman(2003), Latin American class structures: Their composition and change during the neoliberal era, Latin American Research Review, Vol 38, No 1, pp Ramalho, José Ricardo(1999), Trade unions in Brazil in a context of economic adjustment, in Martin Upchurch(ed), The State and 'Globalization': Comparative Studies of Labour and Capital in National Economies, London: Mansell, pp Ribeiro, Fernando (2003), CUT-DESEP, /2-03 Robinson, Ian(2002), Book reviews: Polarizing Mexico; Growth, Employment and Equity, Relations Industrielles, Vol 57, No 3, pp Rodrigues, Iram Jácome(1997), Sindicalismo e Política: A Trajetória da CUT, São Paulo: Edições Sociais Rodrigues, Iram Jácome(ed)(1999), O Novo Sindicalismo: Vinte Anos Depois, São Paulo: Editora Vozes SMABC/DIEESE(2000), Indicadores da Indústria Automobilística Brasileira, São Paulo: SMABC, Março Stallings, Barbara & Wilson Peres(2000), Growth, Employment and Equity: The impact of the economic reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean, UN, ECLAC

IDP www idp or kr IDP 정책연구 한국경제의구조적문제와개혁방향 민주정책연구원 The Institute for Democracy and Policies

IDP www idp or kr IDP 정책연구 한국경제의구조적문제와개혁방향 민주정책연구원 The Institute for Democracy and Policies IDP 정책연구 2011-13 www.idp.or.kr IDP 정책연구 2011-13 한국경제의 구조적 문제와 개혁방향 The Institute for Democracy and Policies 서울시 영등포구 영등포동 6가 133번지 민주정책연구원 Tel : 02.2630.0114 Fax : 02.2630.0194 민주정책연구원 민주정책연구원 IDP 정책연구