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1 성대결절환자의성문상부움직임및성대진동양상에관한연구 나희 a 김성태 b 심현섭 c, a 한림대학교의과대학강동성심병원이비인후과음성언어검사실, b 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원이비인후과학교실, c 이화여자대학교언어병리학과 교신저자심현섭이화여자대학교언어병리학과교수서울특별시서대문구대현동 simhs@ewha.ac.kr tel.: 배경및목적 : 본연구에서는화상회선경술 (videostoroboscopy) 을통해양측성성대결절환자들이보이는전반적인성문상부움직임및성대진동양상특성에대해살펴보고, 이러한특성이음성의중증도에따라차이가있는지살펴보고자하였다. 방법 : 양측성성대결절환자 48 명에게화상회선경술을시행하여성문상부움직임및성대의진동양상을 4 점척도로평가하였고, 음향학적평가를실시하여주파수변동율, 진폭변동율, 소음대배음비값을구하였다. 또한, GRBAS 척도를사용한지각적인평가를실시하여경도집단과중등도집단으로나누어특성을비교하였다. 결과 : 대부분의피험자들이성문상부에서약한정도의전후압축이있는것으로나타났고, 성문폐쇄도불완전한폐쇄양상을보였으며, 점막파동도정상보다작은움직임을보이는것으로나타났다. 경도및중등도집단간의유의미한차이는음향학측정항목인주파수변동율에서만나타났다. 논의및결론 : 본연구결과를통해대부분의성대결절환자들이음성산출시약한정도의전후압축을보여음성산출시근긴장이동반됨을확인할수있었으며, 치료계획을할때후두의근긴장감소를포함한포괄적치료접근을해야하는임상적시사점을제시한다. 또한, 주파수변동율이성대결절의중증도와관련이있으며성대결절의치료효과를객관적으로판별하는데중요한음향학적측정치로서사용될수있음을시사한다. 언어청각장애연구, 2010;15; 핵심어 : 성대결절, 성문상부움직임, 성대진동, 근긴장발성장애 Ⅰ. 서론 최근음성에대한관심이증가하면서목소리불편을호소하며관련전문의를찾는사람들이늘어나고있으며, 음성질환중성대결절 (vocal cord nodules) 과성대용종 (vocal polyp) 이높은비율을차지한다. 음성장애에서흔하게나타나는질환중하나인성대결절은양성점막질환으로막성성대 (membranous vocal cord) 의중간부분에대부분양측성으로생기며, 아동과성인여성에게빈번하게발생한다고보고되고있다 (Herrington-Hall et al., 1988; Nagata et al., 1983). 성대결절이정상적인음성산출에미치는영향에대해서는생리학적측면에서의성대진동특성과청지각적특성, 음향학적특성을중심으로연구되어왔다. 예를들면, 성대결절은발성시성대가완전하게폐쇄되지못하고모래시계모양의틈이생겨성문을통과하는공기기류량을증가시키고, 결절부위를중심으로진폭과점막파동을감소시킨다. 반면, 대부분의경우대칭적이고규칙적으로진동하는움직임을보이게된다 (Roy et al., 2000; Wallis et al., 2004). 청지각적인측면에서는숨소리 (breathy voice) 와쥐어짜는음성 (strained voice) (Holmberg et al., 2002) * 이논문은제 1 저자의석사학위논문 (2010) 을요약한것임. 게재신청일 : 2010 년 7 월 19 일 최종수정일 : 2010 년 8 월 25 일 게재확정일 : 2010 년 9 월 1 일 c 2010 한국언어청각임상학회 444

2 나희 김성태 심현섭 / 성대결절환자의성문상부움직임및성대진동양상에관한연구 특성을주로보인다 (Holmberg et al., 2001). 치료전후음질에대해서도비교한결과, 치료전에는숨소리와쥐어짜는소리, 거친소리를주특성으로보였으나, 치료후에는이러한항목들의중증도정도가유의미하게감소함을보고하였다. 음향학적특성에서는치료후음향학적측정항목인주파수변동율 (jitter percent) 과진폭변동율 (shimmer percent) 에서유의미한감소가나타남을보고하였다 ( 김성태 정옥란, 2004). 성대결절이생기는주요한원인으로는음성메커니즘의만성적인오용및남용때문이며, 이러한음성의오 남용은음성산출시후두의성문 (glottis) 과성문상부 (supraglottis) 에과도한근긴장을유발할수있다 (Colton & Casper, 1996). 이러한성문및성문상부의근긴장과관련해서 Koufman (1995) 은사실상원인에상관없이모든음성장애환자들에게서근긴장을관찰할수있다고보고하고있다. 또한, Colton & Casper (1996) 와 Rulnick & Heuer (1993) 도음성남용및오용, 근긴장성발성장애는성대결절, 성대용종, 성대낭종과같은양성성대질환의발생과도관련이있을것이라고제시하고있다. 성대결절이음성의오 남용으로발생하며, 이러한음성의오 남용이성문및성문상부의근긴장을유발한다는사실에비추어보았을때, 성대결절환자들도이러한근긴장소견을보일수있음을추측할수있다. 하지만이와관련해서성대결절환자들이보이는성문상부의근긴장에대한연구는부족한실정이다. 여기서성문상부란, 후두의가장윗부분으로실제발성이이루어지는진성대바로위에서부터후두부를열고닫는뚜껑역할을하는후두개끝부분까지를말한다. 성문부는진성대를포함한 5 7mm 아랫부분을말하는것이고, 성문하부는성문부의최하단에서기관이시작하는부위까지를가리킨다. 성문상부움직임이라는용어에대해서 Stager et al. (2000) 은성문상부움직임이란진성대바로윗부분구조의움직임을말하는것이며, 성문상부움직임을전후압축 (Anterior-to-posterior supraglottic activity, A-P compression) 과가성대압축 (Medial supra-glottic activity, FVF compression) 두가지로유형으로나눌수있음을보고하였다. 선행연구들의보고에따르면전통적으로성문상부움직임은진성대가완전하게닫히지못할때나타나는보상행동이거나 (Belafki et al., 2002; D Antonio et al., 1995; Smith et al., 1995) 혹은성대의과도한근긴장사용과관련이있다고간주되어왔다 (Koufman & Blalock, 1991; Morrison & Rammage, 1993). 이러한성문상부움직임은음성산출에영향을주게되며, 치료를계획하는데있어서반드시고려되어야하는요소이다. 따라서성대결절환자들이어떠한성문상부움직임을보이는지에대한연구가필요하다. 또한, 성대결절로진단이내려져도청지각적인측면에서보이는음성의중증도는다를수있다. 하지만선행연구들에서는음성의중증도에따른특성을비교한연구는부족한실정이고, 주로어떠한음성특성을보이는지에대해서만보고하고있다 ( 김성태 정옥란, 2004; Holmberg et al., 2001; 2002). 성대결절환자는음성의청지각적평가인 GRBAS 척도 (Fex, 1992) 에서음성의전반적인장애정도를나타내는 G점수가 1점 (mild) 혹은 2점 (moderate) 이대부분이다. 가장심한정도를나타내는 3점의경우는성대결절대상자는거의없거나있다고하더라도다른질환들과동반된경우가대부분이다 (Yu et al., 2001). 따라서본연구에서는음성산출시성대결절환자들이보이는성문상부움직임과성대진동양상특성에대해전반적으로살펴보고자하였고, 음성의중증도를 GRBAS 척도 에서음성의전반적인애성정도를나타내는 G점수에따라경도집단 (G1) 과중등도집단 (G2) 으로분류하여중증도에따른성문상부움직임과성대진동양상, 음향학적특성들을비교하였다. Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 연구대상대상은양측성성대결절로진단받은 48명의성인여성이다. 대부분편측성으로발생하는성대용종은남성에게서많이나타나는반면, 주로양측성으로나타나는성대결절은여성에게서빈번하게발생한다는 (Johns, 2003) 보고에따라최대한동등한조건에서실험을진행시키기위해양측성성대결절을가진성인여성을선정하였다. 또한, 성대결절의크기가 1mm 이상이고, 음성장애지속기간이 3개월이상인경우, 성대에기타부종이있거나인후두역류증 (laryngopharyngeal reflux: LPR), 호흡기질환, 청력의문제, 기타신경학적 신체적인문제를동반하지않는경우 445

3 언어청각장애연구 2010;15; 를대상자로선정하였다. 그리고대상자들을음성의중증도에따라경도집단 (G1) 과중등도집단 (G2) 으로나누어연구를진행하였다. 은항목의점수를음성의전반적인중증도 (Grade: G, 이하 G) 에적용하였다. 그리고 G1을경도집단, G2점을중등도집단으로분류하였다. 2. 연구절차가. 자료수집 2009년 4월~10월까지서울아산병원이비인후과에내원하여양측성성대결절로진단받은여성환자들을대상으로청지각적검사와음성검사, 회상회선경술검사를실시한결과를수집하였고, 모든검사는방음시설이되어있는동일한조용한장소에서실시되었다. 청지각적인검사는마이크 (SHURE SM48) 를입의측면에서 10cm 떨어지게위치한후, 대상자들의자연스러운발화를녹음하기위해본검사실에서음성검사시사용하는 산책 문단 ( 정옥란, 1994) 중첫 2문장을임의로선정하여편안한음도와강도로읽도록하고, 이를 CSL(computerized speech lab, 4300, Kay Elemetrics corp., Lincoln Park, NJ, USA) 중 Visi-Pitch 프로그램을통해녹음하였다. 음향학적검사도마이크를동일하게위치시키고임상현장에서일반적으로쓰이는 / 아 / 모음연장발성을편안한강도와음도로 3번반복하도록한뒤, 가장안정적인구간 2초를분석하였고, CSL에있는 MDVP (multi-dimensional voice program, Kay Elemetrics corp., Lincoln Park, NJ, USA) 를사용하였다. 화상회선경술 (videostroboscopy, RLS 9100, Kay Elemetrics Corp., Lincoln Park, NJ, USA) 검사는편안한강도와음도수준에서 / 이 / 모음을발성하도록하였고, 이때의모든영상은 s-vhs 비디오녹화기 (Panasonic AG 7355, Panasonic Matsushita Electronic Industrial Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) 에녹화하였다. / 이 / 모음으로검사하는이유는발성할때후두입구가후두개와혀뿌리 (tongue base) 의수축으로부터열리게하여후두를잘보이게하기때문이다 (Yan, Damrose & Bless, 2007). 나. 청지각적평가녹음한문장자료를반복해서들으면서 GRBAS 척도 (Fex, 1992) 를통해성대결절환자의음성장애정도를평가하였다. 각음성특징들에대해정상인경우를 0, 약한정도를 1, 중간정도를 2, 심한정도를 3 점으로평가하고, 최종적으로가장높은점수를얻 다. 음향학적검사 수집한모음연장발성자료를 CSL의 MDVP를통해주파수변동율, 진폭변동율, 소음대배음비수치를구하여정상역치와비교하였다. 라. 화상회선경술검사 녹화된영상을반복해서보면서발성시후두양상에대해총 7개의항목을평가하였다. 성문상부움직임과관련된항목인가성대압축과전후압축, 성대진동양상과관련된양측성대의대칭성과규칙성, 성문폐쇄, 진폭, 점막파동항목에대해서 4점척도로평가하였다 (< 표 -1>)( 박영학 최지영, 2008; Awan & Morrow, 2007; Ford, 1999; Hirano & Bless, 1993; Stemple et al., 1995). < 표 - 1> 화상회선경술평가항목 평가항목 평정결과 가성대압축 없음 (0), 약함 (1), 중간 (2), 심함 (3) 전후압축 없음 (0), 약함 (1), 중간 (2), 심함 (3) 대칭성 규칙성 완전 (0), 약간불완전 (1), 중간불완전 (2), 심한불완전 (3) 완전 (0), 약간불완전 (1), 중간불완전 (2), 심한불완전 (3) 완전 (0), 약간불완전 (1), 중간불완전 (2), 성문폐쇄심한불완전 (3) 진폭큼 (0), 정상 (1), 작음 (2), 없음 (3) 점막파동큼 (0), 정상 (1), 작음 (2), 없음 (3) 성문상부움직임항목에서가성대압축은발성시가성대의움직임여부를보는항목으로성대진동시, 양쪽가성대가성대쪽으로내전하지않은경우를 없음, 성대폭의 50% 이하로내전한경우는 약함, 5 0~75% 내전한경우를 중간, 75% 이상내전해서성대를거의가린경우를 심함 으로평가하였다. 전후압축도성대진동시피열연골이후두덮개끝쪽으로잡아당겨지지않고성대돌기 (vocal process) 부분이보이면서발성되는경우를 없음, 피열연골이후두덮개끝쪽으로잡아당겨져성대길이의 50% 이하를덮 446

4 나희 김성태 심현섭 / 성대결절환자의성문상부움직임및성대진동양상에관한연구 은경우를 약함, 50~75% 덮은경우를 중간, 75% 이상덮어성대를거의가린경우를 심함 으로평가하였다 (< 그림 -1>, < 그림 -2>). 없음 (0) 약함 (1) 불규칙한경우와규칙적인경우의비율이불규칙적인경우가 50% 이하인경우를약간불완전으로, 불규칙적인경우가 50% 이상인경우를중간불완전으로평가하였다. 성문폐쇄는발성시, 완전폐쇄된경우를 완전, 앞쪽혹은뒤쪽틈이생기는경우를 약간불완전, 모래시계모양으로앞뒤틈이생기는경우를 중간불완전, 폐쇄가되지않는경우를 심한불완전 으로평가하였다. 성대진폭과점막파동은양쪽성대를각각평가하였는데, 성대폭의약 1/2 정도의진폭과파동을보이는경우를 정상, 1/2 이상이면 큼, 1/2 이하면 작음, 파동이없으면 없음 으로평가하였다. 마. 자료의통계적처리 중간 (2) 심함 (3) < 그림 - 1> 가성대압축평가기준 성문상부움직임과성대진동양상, 음향학적특성에대해살펴보기위해기술통계를실시하였고, 음성의중증도 ( 경도, 중등도 ) 에따른성문상부움직임과성대진동양상에차이를보이는지알아보기위해 SPSS 12.0 for windows 프로그램의비모수통계방법인 Mann-whitney U-test를실시하였고, 음성의중증도에따라음향학적특성이차이를보이는지알아보기위하여 SPSS 12.0 for windows 프로그램의독립표본 t-검증을실시하였다. 없음 (0) 약함 (1) 중간 (2) 심함 (3) < 그림 - 2> 전후압축평가기준성대진동양상항목에서대칭성은양측성대진동양상이 50% 이하로비대칭적인경우를 약간불완전, 50~75% 비대칭적인경우를 중간불완전, 75% 이상비대칭적인경우를 심한불완전 으로평가하였다. 규칙성은양측성대진동이규칙적인경우를 완전, 가끔불규칙적인경우를 약간불완전, 대부분불규칙적인경우를 중간불완전, 항상불규칙적인경우를 심한불완전 으로평가하였다. 여기서 약간불완전 과 중간불완전 의판단기준은편안한강도와음도에서 / 이 / 발성을할때, 50% 를기준으로해서성대진동이 바. 신뢰도대상자의 20% 의자료를무작위로선택하여청지각적평가와화상회선경술검사에대한평가자간신뢰도를구하였다. 청지각적평가에대해임상경력이 3년이상인음성언어치료사와의신뢰도를구한결과, 93.3% 로나타났다. 화상회선경술검사에대해 10년이상의경력을가진음성언어치료사와두경부이비인후과전문의와의검사자간신뢰도를구한결과, 95.6% 로나타났다. Ⅲ. 연구결과 1. 음성중증도에따른성문상부움직임특성가. 경도와중등도집단간성문상부움직임차이비교성문상부움직임항목들이집단간에유의미한차이를보이는지알아보기위해비모수통계검증방법인 447

5 언어청각장애연구 2010;15; Mann-whitney U-test 를실시하였다. 이를 < 표 - 2> 에제시하였다. < 표 - 2> 집단간성문상부움직임항목에대한 Mannwhitney U-test 항목 집단 경도집단 (n = 24) 중등도집단 (n = 24) 평균순위 평균 ( 표준편차 ) 평균순위 평균 ( 표준편차 ) 가성대압축 (0.51) (0.44).539 전후압축 (0.61) (0.75).329 집단간성문상부움직임양상에차이가있는지알아본결과, 모든항목에서통계적으로유의미한차이는없는것으로나타났다. 나. 성문상부움직임의특성 전반적인성문상부움직임특성을살펴보기위해화상회선경술을통해발성시성문상부움직임양상을평가하였다. < 그림 -3> 은전반적인성문상부움직임의평정결과별출현율 (%) 이다. 가성대압축에서대부분의피험자들이가성대압축을보이지않았고 (79%), 약함은 19%, 중간은 1명에게서만나타났다. 심한경우는나타나지않았다. 전후압축에서는약함이 52% 로가장빈번하게나타났고, 나타나지않는경우가 31%, 중간정도가 17%, 심함은나타나지않았다. < 그림 - 3> 성문상부움직임항목의평정결과별출현비율 (%) p 2. 음성의중증도에따른성대진동양상특성 나. 경도와중등도집단간성대진동양상의차이비교 성대진동양상항목들이집단간에유의미한차이를보이는지알아보기위해비모수통계검증방법인 Mann-whitney U-test를실시하였다. 이를 < 표 - 3> 에제시하였다. < 표 - 3> 집단간성대진동양상측정항목에대한 Mann-whitney U-test 집단 경도집단 (n = 24) 중등도집단 (n = 24) 평균 평균 평균 평균 p 항목 순위 ( 표준편차 ) 순위 ( 표준편차 ) 대칭성 (0.50) (0.50).779 규칙성 (0.65) (0.96).874 성문폐쇄 (0.68) (0.78).310 진폭 ( 오른쪽 ) (0.34) (0.38).272 진폭 ( 왼쪽 ) (0.38) (0.34).686 파동 ( 오른쪽 ) (0.28) (0.28) 파동 ( 왼쪽 ) (0.34) (0.20).301 집단간성대진동양상에차이가있는지알아본결과, 모든항목에서통계적으로유의미한차이는없는것으로나타났다. 나. 성대진동양상특성 < 그림 4-1> 이제시하는바와같이, 전반적인성대진동양상에대해평가한결과, 피험자들의 60% 가완전한대칭성을보였고, 19% 가약간불완전한대칭성을보였으며, 중간과심한정도의불완전한대칭성은보이지않았다. 규칙성의경우, 대상자의 50% 가정상적인성대규칙성을나타내었고, 가끔불규칙한경우 (38%), 대부분불규칙한경우 (8%), 항상불규칙한경우 (4%) 의순서로나타났다. 성문폐쇄는 48% 의대상자들이결절을중심으로앞, 뒤에틈이생겨성문폐쇄가적절하게이루어지지않는경우가가장빈번하게나타났으며, 그밖에결절을중심으로앞쪽혹은뒤쪽만틈이있는경우 (38%), 정상적인성문폐쇄를보이는경우 (15%) 의순서로나타났다. 한편 < 그림 4-2> 가제시하는바와같이, 성대의진폭은양측성대모두에서성대폭의 1/2 이하로작게진폭을보이는 448

6 나희 김성태 심현섭 / 성대결절환자의성문상부움직임및성대진동양상에관한연구 경우가 85% 로가장빈번하였고, 나머지 15% 의대상자들은정상적인진폭을보이는것으로나타나양쪽성대가같은진폭정도를보이는것으로나타났다. 진폭이크거나없는경우는없었다. 성대의점막파동은성대폭의 1/2 이하로작게파동치는경우가오른쪽성대의경우는 92%, 왼쪽은 90% 로가장빈번하게나타났으며, 오른쪽왼쪽각각 8%, 10% 만이정상적인점막파동을보이는것으로나타나양쪽성대가거의같은점막파동정도를보이는것으로나타났다. < 표 - 4> 집단간음향학적측정항목에대한 t- 검정 집단 경도집단 중등도집단 (n = 24) (n = 24) t 항목 평균 ( 표준편차 ) 평균 ( 표준편차 ) 주파수변동율 1.49 (0.83) 2.09 (1.08) * 진폭변동율 3.45 (1.31) 3.95 (1.45) 소음대배음비 0.12 (0.02) 0.12 (0.03).048 * p <.05 경도와중등도집단간에음향학적측정항목의평균이유의미한차이가있는지분석해본결과, 주파수변동율 (t = -2.19, p <.05) 에서만유의미한차이가있는것으로나타났다. Ⅳ. 논의및결론 < 그림 4-1> 성대진동양상항목의평정결과별출현비율 (%): 대칭성, 규칙성, 성문폐쇄 < 그림 4-2> 성대진동양상항목의평정결과별출현비율 (%): 진폭, 점막파동 3. 음성의중증도에따른음향학적특성차이비교집단간음향학적측정치중주파수변동율, 진폭변동율, 소음대배음비항목의평균치가유의미한차이를나타내는지알아보기위해독립표본 t-검정을실시하였고, 결과는 < 표 -4> 와같다. 본연구는성대결절환자들에게서나타나는성문상부움직임및성대진동양상특성을알아보기위해화상회선경술을통해서발성시가성대압축, 전후압축, 대칭성, 규칙성, 성문폐쇄, 점막파동, 진폭특성에대해살펴보았고, 이항목들이경도및중등도의음성중증도에따라차이를보이는지에대해서알아보고자하였다. 더불어음성의중증도에따라음향학적특성에차이가있는지도함께살펴보았다. 첫째로, 경도집단과중등도집단간성문상부움직임이차이를보이는가에대해서알아본결과, 성문상부움직임인가성대압축과전후압축은집단간통계적으로유의미한차이를보이지않는것으로나타났다. 대부분의대상자들이가성대압축이나타나지않았고, 또한, 가성대압축이출현했다하더라도그출현빈도가경도, 중등도집단간에큰차이를보이지않았다. 전후압축도마찬가지로출현빈도가두집단간에차이를보이지않고유사하게나타났다. 이를통해음성의중증도가경도에서중등도로변하더라도실제적인성문상부움직임의변화는크지않음을알수있었다. 다시말해, 경도집단과중등도집단이청지각적인측면에서는음질의차이를보이지만이러한차이가성문상부움직임에는반영되지않음을알수있었다. 성대결절환자들이보이는성문상부움직임의전반적인특성에대해서도살펴보았는데, 성문상부움직임에서가성대압축은대부분의성대결절환자들 449

7 언어청각장애연구 2010;15; 에게서나타나지않은반면, 전후압축은대상자들의 2/3 이상에게서나타났다. 성문상부움직임은성대가불완전하게폐쇄되거나과도한근긴장을동반할때나타나는보상행동으로간주될수있다고보고되었다 (Smith et al., 1995). 이를통해성대결절환자들도약한정도이지만발성시보상행동을빈번하게보임을알수있었다. 가성대압축의경우, 선행연구들에서모음만연장발성한경우보다성문파열음등의음소가포함된말소리를산출했을때더빈번하게나타나조음적인측면과더관련이있는것으로보고하였다 (Stager et al., 2000; 2001). 본연구의실험과제역시모음연장발성이었기때문에이것이가성대압축상태에영향을미치지않았던것으로추측할수있다. 하지만이는화상회선경술검사장비특성상모음이외의발화산출에어려움이있었기때문에모음연장발성으로인해가성대압축이나타나지않았다고확대해석하기에는무리가있는것으로보인다. 전후압축움직임은발성이시작할때움직여서말하는동안그상태가유지되다가발성이끝나면다시제자리로돌아가는정적활동을가장잘반영하는움직임이다. 이러한정적활동인전후압축움직임이음성산출시과도한근긴장의출현과관련이있다는선행연구 (Stager et al., 2003) 의보고를통해성대결절환자도음성산출시성문상부의근긴장을보임을확인할수있었다. 또한, Stager et al. (2001) 의연구에서도정상군보다성대결절그룹에서전후압축이유의미하게높은빈도로나타남을보고해전후압축움직임이음성장애의진단도구로도사용될수있음을보고하였다. 이러한결과는성대결절환자를치료할때후두의근긴장감소에대한부분도고려되어야함을말해주는것이다. 둘째로, 경도및중등도집단간성대진동양상에대해알아본결과, 통계적으로유의미한차이는나타나지않았다. 각항목의평균이경도와중등도집단모두에서비슷한값을보였는데, 이를통해경도와중등도는청지각적인측면에서분명한차이를나타내지만, 실제적인성대진동움직임변화에는차이를보이지않음을알수있었다. 실제로성대진동양상항목별로살펴봤을때, 본연구의대상자들은성대의규칙성과대칭성이어느정도보존이되었고, 진폭과점막파동의경우도 작음 에서만 81~92% 의압도적인출현율을보고해성대진동에있어서비슷한양상을보임을알수있었다. 그리고경도와중등도집단의각 항목별출현율을비교해보아도그차이가매우경미한수준이었다. 이러한결과를통해경도와중등도집단의음질차이가청지각적인측면에서는인식이되더라도성대진동양상에는반영이되지않음을알수있었다. Scalassara et al. (2009) 은인간의음성은성도의공명, 성문하압과성문상부의압력, 성대조직의생물학적특성그리고성대진동등다양한기전의결합작용에의해산출된다고보고하였다. 이를통해성대진동양상이나위에언급한성문상부움직임뿐만이아니라다양한요소들이음성산출에관여해음질의차이를만든다는것을다시확인할수있었다. 나아가성대결절환자들이보이는성대진동양상의전반적인특성에대해살펴보았는데, 대칭성과규칙성항목은대부분의경우대칭적이고규칙적인움직임을보였고, 성문폐쇄는불완전하여모래시계모양혹은앞쪽이나뒤쪽에틈이생기는경우가빈번하게나타났으며, 성대의진폭과점막파동도대부분의경우작은것으로나타났다. 이를통해양측성성대결절은양쪽성대의비슷한위치에비교적작은크기로생기기때문에성대진동의대칭성이나규칙성에는큰영향을주지않았던것으로생각된다. 반면, 결절로인해그주변의진폭과점막파동은작게나타난것을확인할수있었다. 성대결절과같은양성성대질환중성대용종과성대낭종의경우, 주로편측성으로생기고크기자체도결절보다크고또다양하다. 선행연구의보고에따르면, 이음성질환그룹들과양측성성대결절그룹의성대진동양상을비교한결과, 성대용종과낭종그룹이결절그룹에비해더불규칙하고비대칭적인움직임을보이는것으로나타났다 (Rosen, Lombard & Murry, 2000). Colton et al. (1995) 의연구에서도성대결절환자의성대진동양상과관련해서대칭성과규칙성모두정상적인움직임을보고하였고, 성문폐쇄는뒤쪽혹은모래시계모양의성문틈이생기는경우가대부분인것으로보고하였으며, 성대진폭및점막파동도감소됨을보고하였다. 이러한선행연구와비교해보았을때본연구의성대결절대상자들도이와비슷한성대진동양상을보임을알수있었다. 마지막으로음향학적특성은경도집단과중등도집단간에주파수변동율항목에서만유의미한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 이를통해경도와중등도집단을구분하는데주파수변동율이중요한영향을미치는변수임을입증하였다. Bonilha & Deliyski (2008) 450

8 나희 김성태 심현섭 / 성대결절환자의성문상부움직임및성대진동양상에관한연구 의연구는음향학적항목중주파수변동율과진폭변동율이성대진동의불규칙적인움직임과관련이있다고보고하였다 (Franca & Simpson, 2005). 특히주파수변동율의경우진동주기의불규칙성과관련이있다고하였다. 본연구에서경도집단과중등도집단은성대진동의규칙성항목에서비슷한평균치를보이긴하였으나, 중등도집단에서만 심한불완전 (3) 평정결과가나타났다. 이러한성대의진동양상특성이집단간주파수변동율의유의미한차이를나타내지않았나추측할수있다. 반면, 진폭변동율의경우성대진동에서진폭의규칙성과관련지을수있음이보고되었다 (Franca & Simpson, 2005). 대상자들은경도, 중등도집단모두에서작지만양측성대의진폭이다르지않고대부분규칙적인진폭을보이며진동했기때문에진폭변동율에서는유의미한차이가나타나지않았던것으로추측할수있다. Bhuta et al. (2004) 은거친음성 (rough voice) 은음향학적항목중소음성관련항목인소음대배음비항목과상관이있다고보고하였다. 본연구의대상자들은거친음성산출과관련이있는성대의규칙성에서 (Wendler, 1992) 완전한규칙성을보이는경우가가장빈번하였고, 그다음으로약한정도의불규칙을보이는경우가대부분이었다. 때문에소음대배음비항목이영향을받지않았던것으로추측할수있다. 본연구는양측성성대결절환자가보이는성문상부움직임및성대진동양상의전반적인특성에대해알아보고, 음성의중증도중경도와중등도에따라성문상부움직임, 성대진동양상, 음향학적특성들이어떤차이를보이는지밝히는데목적을두었다. 본연구결과의시사점을살펴보면, 첫째음성산출시성대결절환자들은성문상부에서대부분약한정도의전후압축움직임이관찰되었다. 따라서음성치료를계획할때발성시후두의근긴장감소를포함하는좀더포괄적인치료적접근이요구된다. 둘째주파수변동율이성대결절의중증도와관련이있는것으로밝혀져이러한연구결과는성대결절의치료효과를객관적으로판별하는데중요한음향학적측정치로서사용될수있음을시사한다. 참고문헌 김성태 정옥란 (2004). 다중음성치료기법 (SK-MVTT) 이성대결절환자의음성개선에미치는효과 : 액센트 기법과의비교연구. 음성과학, 11(4), 박영학 최지영 (2008). 후두스트로보스코피. 대한음성언어의학회지, 19(2), 정옥란 (1994). 대구실어증진단검사. 대구 : 한국언어치료학회. Awan, S. N., & Morrow, D. L. (2007). Videostroboscopic characteristic of young adult female smokers vs. nonsmokers. Journal of Voice, 21(2), Bhuta, T., Patrick, L., & Garnett, J. D. (2004). Perceptual evaluation of voice quality and its correlation with acoustic measurements. Journal of Voice, 18(3), Belafsky, P. C., Postma, G. N., Reulba, T. R., Holland, B. W., & Koufman, J. A. (2002). Muscle tension dysphonia as a sign of underlying glottal insufficiency. Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 127, Bonilha, H. S., & Deliyski, D. D. (2008). Period and glottal width irregularities in vocally normal speakers. Journal of Voice, 22(6), Colton, R. H., Woo, P., Brewer, D. W., Griffin, B., & Casper, J. (1995). Stroboscopic signs associated with benign lesions of the vocal folds. Journal of Voice, 9(3), Colton, R. H., & Casper, J. K. (1996). Understanding voice problem: A physiological perspective for diagnosis and treatment. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. D Antonio L. L., Wigley, T. L., & Zimmerman, G. J. (1995). Quantitative measures of laryngeal function following teflon injection or thyroplasty type I. Laryngoscope, 105, Fex, S., (1992). Perceptual evaluation. Journal of Voice, 6(2), Franca, M., & Simpson, K. (2005). Hydration effects on professional voice. Proceedings of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) annual convention. San Diego, CA. Ford, C. N. (1999). Assessing dysphonia: The role of videostorboscopy. Laryngosocpy, 109(8), Herrington-Hall, B. L., Lee, L., Stemple, J. C., Neimi, K. R., & NcHone, M. M. (1988). Description of laryngeal pathology by age, sex, and occupation in a treatment seeking sample. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 53, Hirano, M., & Bless, D. (1993). Videostroboscopic examination of the larynx. San Diego, CA: Singular publishing group. Holmberg, E. B., Hillman, R. E., Hammarberg, B., & Doyle, P. (2001). Efficacy of a behaviorally based voice therapy protocol for vocal nodules. Journal of Voice, 15(3), Holmberg, E. B., Doyle, P., Perkell, J. S., Hammarberg, B., 451

9 언어청각장애연구 2010;15; & Hillman, R. E. (2002). Aerodynamic and acoustic voice measurement of patient with vocal nodules: Variation in baselines and changes across voice therapy. Journal of Voice, 17(3), Johns, M. M. (2003). Update on the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of vocal fold nodules, polyps and cysts. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 11(6), Kay Elemetrics Corp. (1993). Operations manual Multi- Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP) Model Lincoln Park, New York: Author. Koufman, J. A., & Blalock, P. D. (1991). Functional voice disorders. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 4, Koufman, J. A. (1995). Evaluation of laryngeal biomechanics by fiberoptic laryngoscopy. In J. S. Rubin, R. T. Sataloff & G. S. Korovin (Eds.), Diagnosis and treatment of voice disorders (3rd ed.) (pp ). New York: Igaku-Shoin. Morrison, M. D., & Rammage, L. A. (1993). Muscle misuse voice disorders: Description and classification. Acta Oto-Laryngologica (Stockholm), 113, Nagata, K., Kurita, S., Yasumoto, S., Maeda, T., Kawasaki, H., & Hiroan, M. (1983). Vocal fold polyps and nodules: A 10 years review of 1156 patient. Auris Nasus Larynx, 10, S27-S35. Roy, N., Bless, D. M., & Heisy, D. (2000). Personality and voice disorder: A multitrait-multidisorders analysis. Journal of Voice, 14(4), Scalassara, P. R., Dajer, M. E., Maciel, C. D., Guido, R. C., & Pereira, J. C. (2009). Relative entropy measures applied to healthy and pathological voice characterization. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 207, Rosen, C. A., Lomard, L. E., & Murry, T. (2000). Acoustic, aerodynamic, and videostroboscopic features of bilateral vocal fold lesions. The Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, 109(9), Rulnick, R. K., & Heuer, R. J. (1993). Voice therapy. In W. J. Gould, R. T. Sataloff, & J. R. Spiegel (Eds.). Voice surgery. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby. Smith, M., Ramig, L., Dromey, C., Perez, K., & Samandari, R. (1995). Intensive voice treatment in Parkinson Disease: Laryngostroboscopic findings. Journal of Voice, 9(4), Stager, S. V., Rebecca, N., Susan, M., Joan, R. R., & Bielamowicz, S. A. (2003). Incidence of supraglottic activity in males and females: A preliminary report. Journal of Voice, 17(3), Stager, S. V., Bielamowicz, S. A., Regnell, J. R., Gupa, A., & Barkmeier, J. M.(2000). Supraglottic activity: Evidence of vocal hyperfunction of laryngeal articulation? Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 43(1), Stager, S. V., Bielamowicz, S., Gupa, A., Marullo, S., Regnell, J. R., & Barkmeier, J. (2001). Quantification of static and dynamic supraglottic activity. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 44, Wendler, J. (1992). Stroboscopy. Journal of Voice, 6(2), Wallis, L., Jackson-Menaldi, C., Holland, W., & Giraldo, A. (2004). Vocal fold nodule vs. vocal fold polyp: Answer from surgical pathologist and voice pathologist point of view. Journal of Voice, 18(1), Yu, P., Ouaknine, M., Revis J., & Giovanni, A. (2001). Objective voice analysis for dysphonic patients: A multiparametric protocol including acoustic and aerodynamic measurements. Journal of Voice, 15(4), Stemple, J. C., Glaze, L. E., & Gerdeman, B. K. (1995). Clinical voice pathology: Theory and management (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Groups, Inc. Yan, Y., Damrose, E., & Bless, D. M. (2007). Functional analysis of voice analysis using simultaneous highspeed imaging and acoustic recordings. Journal of Voice, 21(5),

10 나희 김성태 심현섭 / 성대결절환자의성문상부움직임및성대진동양상에관한연구 < 부록 - 1> 산책문단 산 책 높은산에올라가맑은공기를마시며소리를지르면가슴이활짝열리는듯하다. 바닷가에나가조개를주으며넓게펼쳐있는바다를바라보면내마음역시넓어지는것같다. 가로수길게뻗어있는곧은길을따라걸어가면서마치쭉쭉뻗어있는나무들처럼, 그리고반듯하게놓여있는길처럼바른마음으로자연을벗하며살아야겠다는생각을한다. 아이들이뛰어노는놀이터에가면우는아이, 웃는아이, 그네타는아이, 도망다니는아이, 술래잡기하는아이, 미끄럼타는아이, 다친아이, 소리지르는아이, 땅에주저앉은아이, 발을동동구르는아이, 신발이벗겨진아이, 랄랄랄랄노래부르는아이, 천차만별이다. 문득아파트놀이터가너무비좁다는생각을했다. 시장에가면많은구경거리가있다. 신발장사아저씨, 채소파는아주머니, 즐비하게늘어선옷집, 구석구석에차려진간이식당, 오디오나비디오를취급하는업소, 빽빽하게물건이들어서있는커다란가구점, 노상에차려놓은여러악세사리점. 복잡한시장길옆으로수많은차들이쌩쌩지나다니며온갖난폭운전을일삼기때문에아슬아슬한심정을통가눌길이없을때도있다. 453

11 Korean Journal of Communication Disorders 2010;15; ABSTRACT Supraglottic Activity and Vocal Cord Vibration in Patients with Vocal Fold Nodules Hee Na a Seong-Tae Kim b Hyun-Sub Sim c, a Department of Otolaryngology, Gangdong S Medical Center, University of Hallym College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea b Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea c Department of Communication Disorders, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea Correspondence to Prof. Hyun-Sub Sim, PhD, Department of Communication Disorders, Ewha Womans University, 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea simhs@ewha.ac.kr tel.: Background & Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to examine supraglottic activity, vocal cord vibration and acoustic parameter characteristics of vocal cord nodules and to determine how the supraglottic activity, vocal cord vibration and acoustic parameters features in vocal fold nodules differ according to perceptual voice severity. Methods: A total of 48 patients with vocal fold nodules participated in the present study. Videostroboscopy, MDVP and GRBAS scale analyses were performed on all patients. In the videostroboscopy test, seven measurements were assessed using a four-point scale: (1) false vocal folds compression (FVF compression), (2) anterior to posterior compression (A-P compression), (3) glottal closure, (4) amplitude, (5) mucosal wave, (6) symmetry, and(7) regularity. Additionally, in the MDVP test, three parameters were measured: (1) jitter, (2) shimmer, and (3) NHR. Perceptual voice severity was evaluated with the use of the GRBAS scale. Results: A majority of the subjects had weak A-P compression however, the FVF compression was almost normal. The glottal closure showed anterior or posterior chink or hour-glass configuration chink. A majority of the subjects had a small amplitude mucosal wave, and the symmetry and regularity were normal level. Second, no parameters of the supraglottic activity or vocal cord vibration showed significant differences depending on perceptual voice severity. On the other hand, only the jitter parameter of the acoustic analysis showed asignificant difference with regard to perceptual voice severity. Among the parameters being examined, the jitter and shimmer parameters deviated from the normal values. Discussion & Conclusion: The results from the present study indicated that patients with vocal fold nodules had slightly excessive levels of muscle tension during voice production. Therefore, the authors recommend including muscle tension reduction when treating patients with vocal fold nodules. (Korean Journal of Communication Disorders 2010;15; ) Key Words: vocal fold nodules, supraglottic activity, vocal cord vibration, acoustic parameter characteristics, muscle tension dysphonia REFERENCES Awan, S. N., & Morrow, D. L. (2007). Videostroboscopic characteristic of young adult female smokers vs. nonsmokers. Journal of Voice, 21(2), Belafsky, P. C., Postma, G. N., Reulba, T. R., Holland, B. W., & Koufman, J. A. (2002). Muscle tension dysphonia as a sign of underlying glottal insufficiency. Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 127, Bhuta, T., Patrick, L., & Garnett, J. D. (2004). Perceptual evaluation of voice quality and its correlation with acoustic measurements. Journal of Voice, 18(3), Bonilha, H. S., & Deliyski, D. D. (2008). Period and glottal width irregularities in vocally normal speakers. * This paper was summarized from the master thesis of the first author (2010). Received, July 19, 2010 Final revision received, August 25, 2010 Accepted, September 1, c 2010 The Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology 454

12 Na, Kim & Sim / Supraglottic Activity and Vocal Cord Vibration in Patients with Vocal Fold Nodules Journal of Voice, 22(6), Colton, R. H., & Casper, J. K. (1996). Understanding voice problem: A physiological perspective for diagnosis and treatment. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. Colton, R. H., Woo, P., Brewer, D. W., Griffin, B., & Casper, J. (1995). Stroboscopic signs associated with benign lesions of the vocal folds. Journal of Voice, 9(3), D Antonio L. L., Wigley, T. L., & Zimmerman, G. J. (1995). Quantitative measures of laryngeal function following teflon injection or thyroplasty type I. Laryngoscope, 105, Fex, S., (1992). Perceptual evaluation. Journal of Voice, 6(2), Ford, C. N. (1999). Assessing dysphonia: The role of videostorboscopy. Laryngosocpy, 109(8), Franca, M., & Simpson, K. (2005). Hydration effects on professional voice. Proceedings of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) annual convention. San Diego, CA. Herrington-Hall, B. L., Lee, L., Stemple, J. C., Neimi, K. R., & NcHone, M. M. (1988). Description of laryngeal pathology by age, sex, and occupation in a treatment seeking sample. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 53, Hirano, M., & Bless, D. (1993). Videostroboscopic examination of the larynx. San Diego, CA: Singular publishing group. Holmberg, E. B., Doyle, P., Perkell, J. S., Hammarberg, B., & Hillman, R. E. (2002). Aerodynamic and acoustic voice measurement of patient with vocal nodules: Variation in baselines and changes across voice therapy. Journal of Voice, 17(3), Holmberg, E. B., Hillman, R. E., Hammarberg, B., & Doyle, P. (2001). Efficacy of a behaviorally based voice therapy protocol for vocal nodules. Journal of Voice, 15(3), Jeong, O. R. (1994). Daegu Diagnostic Aphasia Examination. Daegu: Korean Speech-Language & Hearing Association. Johns, M. M. (2003). Update on the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of vocal fold nodules, polyps and cysts. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 11(6), Kay Elemetrics Corp. (1993). Operations manual Multi- Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP) Model Lincoln Park, New York: Author. Kim, S. T., & Jeong, O. R. (2004). The effects of SK-MVTT on voice improvement in vocal nodules patients: Comparison with accent method. Korean Journal of Speech Sciences, 11(4), Koufman, J. A. (1995). Evaluation of laryngeal biomechanics by fiberoptic laryngoscopy. In J. S. Rubin, R. T. Sataloff & G. S. Korovin (Eds.), Diagnosis and treatment of voice disorders (3rd ed.) (pp ). New York: Igaku-Shoin. Koufman, J. A., & Blalock, P. D. (1991). Functional voice disorders. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 4, Morrison, M. D., & Rammage, L. A. (1993). Muscle misuse voice disorders: Description and classification. Acta Oto-Laryngologica (Stockholm), 113, Nagata, K., Kurita, S., Yasumoto, S., Maeda, T., Kawasaki, H., & Hiroan, M. (1983). Vocal fold polyps and nodules: A 10 years review of 1156 patient. Auris Nasus Larynx, 10, S27-S35. Park, Y. H., & Choi, J. Y. (2008). Laryngeal stroboscopy. The Journal of the Korean Society of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, 19(2), Rosen, C. A., Lomard, L. E., & Murry, T. (2000). Acoustic, aerodynamic, and videostroboscopic features of bilateral vocal fold lesions. The Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, 109(9), Roy, N., Bless, D. M., & Heisy, D. (2000). Personality and voice disorder: A multitrait-multidisorders analysis. Journal of Voice, 14(4), Rulnick, R. K., & Heuer, R. J. (1993). Voice therapy. In W. J. Gould, R. T. Sataloff, & J. R. Spiegel (Eds.). Voice surgery. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby. Scalassara, P. R., Dajer, M. E., Maciel, C. D., Guido, R. C., & Pereira, J. C. (2009). Relative entropy measures applied to healthy and pathological voice characterization. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 207, Smith, M., Ramig, L., Dromey, C., Perez, K., & Samandari, R. (1995). Intensive voice treatment in Parkinson Disease: Laryngostroboscopic findings. Journal of Voice, 9(4), Stager, S. V., Bielamowicz, S. A., Regnell, J. R., Gupa, A., & Barkmeier, J. M.(2000). Supraglottic activity: Evidence of vocal hyperfunction of laryngeal articulation? Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 43(1), Stager, S. V., Bielamowicz, S., Gupa, A., Marullo, S., Regnell, J. R., & Barkmeier, J. (2001). Quantification of static and dynamic supraglottic activity. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 44, Stager, S. V., Rebecca, N., Susan, M., Joan, R. R., & Bielamowicz, S. A. (2003). Incidence of supraglottic activity in males and females: A preliminary report. Journal of Voice, 17(3), Stemple, J. C., Glaze, L. E., & Gerdeman, B. K. (1995). Clinical voice pathology: Theory and management (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Groups, Inc. 455

13 Korean Journal of Communication Disorders 2010;15; Wallis, L., Jackson-Menaldi, C., Holland, W., & Giraldo, A. (2004). Vocal fold nodule vs. vocal fold polyp: Answer from surgical pathologist and voice pathologist point of view. Journal of Voice, 18(1), Wendler, J. (1992). Stroboscopy. Journal of Voice, 6(2), Yan, Y., Damrose, E., & Bless, D. M. (2007). Functional analysis of voice analysis using simultaneous highspeed imaging and acoustic recordings. Journal of Voice, 21(5), Yu, P., Ouaknine, M., Revis J., & Giovanni, A. (2001). Objective voice analysis for dysphonic patients: A multiparametric protocol including acoustic and aerodynamic measurements. Journal of Voice, 15(4),

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