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5 5 209 1. 209 2. 214 3. 224 4. 230 5. 235 6 236 1. 236 2. 243 3. 255 4. 258 5. 260 3 264 1 264 2 268 1. 268 2. 270 3. 271 4. 272 3 273 1. 273 2. 275 4 276 1. 276 2. : 279

6 5 280 1. 281 2. 283 3. 284 286

7 1 1 54 1 2 67 1 3 82 2 1 89 2 2 97 2 3 98 2 4 100 2 5 116 2 6 120 2 7 121 2 8 123 2 9 125 2 10 2008 127 2 11 135 2 12 2012 136 2 13 137 2 14 146 2 15 148 2 16 2009 DSL 151 2 17 2009 DSL TPS 151 2 18 163 2 19 GDP 178

8 2 20 180 2 21 Online : 2008 2013 181 2 22 194 2 23 195 2 24 2010 UV 196 2 25 202 2 26 213 2 27 TV 221 2 28 230 2 29 231 2 30 234 2 31 238 2 32 244 2 33 245 2 34 254 2 35 256 2 36 257 3 1 265 3 2 5 269 3 3 270 3 4 274 3 5, 278

9 1 1 53 1 2 55 1 3 (2010 2014 ) 55 1 4 56 1 5 58 1 6 58 1 7 59 1 8 TV 61 1 9 TV 61 1 10 63 1 11 64 1 12 (2005 2014 ) 65 1 13 66 1 14 1981 2003 75 2 1 87 2 2 87 2 3 91 2 4 92 2 5 93 2 6 / 100 2 7 109 2 8 114

10 2 9 120 2 10 128 2 11 TV 128 2 12 130 2 13 132 2 14 141 2 15 143 2 16 145 2 17 147 2 18 148 2 19 150 2 20 Multiplex 153 2 21 2005 2008 156 2 22 158 2 23 159 2 24 2002 2009 159 2 25 173 2 26 179 2 27 190 2 28 TV Everywhere Eco-System 193 2 29 210 2 30 211 2 31 ( ) 214 2 32 215 2 33 216 2 34 217

11 2 35 2009 218 2 36 219 2 37 2009 224 2 38 TV 225 2 39 227 2 40 228 2 41 232 2 42 233 2 43 249 2 44 258 3 1 269 3 2 274

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58. 1 5 : PWC(2010) 1 6 ( : ) : PWC(2010)

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66. 2010 EMEA EMEA.. EMEA 1/10. EMEA. 2014. 2005 2014 6.4%. 4.1%, 3.7%, EMEA 2.7% EMEA. 1 13 ( : ) : PWC(2010)

1 67 1 2 ( : %) EMEA 2005 3.7 2.9 4.6 4.5 3.6 2006 3.6 2.9 5.7 8.8 3.9 2007 4.7 4.6 7.6 9.2 5.4 2008 0.3 1.7 5.6 7.2 2.2 2009 3.1 0.7 3.8 2.1 0.5 2010 0.7 0.5 5.0 2.4 1.7 2011 3.1 2.2 6.0 4.6 3.5 2012 4.5 3.3 6.7 6.3 4.6 2013 4.9 4.1 7.1 6.9 5.2 2014 5.5 4.0 7.4 7.5 5.5 3.7 2.8 6.4 5.5 4.1 : PWC(2010) 3...,,,,,,. 3 4.,.,,

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제 2 장 미디어 컨버전스 선진국과 한국의 비교연구 87 그림 2 1] 영국 컨버전스의 주요 계기와 전개 과정 [ 자료: Ofcom(2007) p.19를 참조하여 전면 재구성 2) 주요 이해관계자 그림 2 2] 영국 컨버전스 미디어 지형의 주요 이해관계자 [ 영국 미디어 지형의 변화와 컨버전스 경향의 확대는 당연히 기술적 발전에 의해

88,..,. 1980,. BBC, (PSB: Public Service Broadcasting)..,,.,,.. 1 1996. 1996,.,

2 89. 2 2003. 2003, (PSB).. 2005., (, ), PSB. 2 1 1 1996 DTT Mux BSkyB 2002 DTT ITV Digital, Freeview 2 2003 / Ofcom 2008 2012 LLU 3 2010 / / /,, 3 2010.

90 (Digital Britain) 2009, 2010 4 (Digital Economy Act 2010). 2010 Ofcom,, PSB,... 1980, 1990, 2000,,.,,, 4.,,,,,. News Corp., Virgin, BT, Orange, BBC. News Corp.., BSkyB., IP/ISP. Virgin. BT

2 91 2 3 Orange. BT,, B2B, B2G. Orange MNO MVNO, IP/ISP,., BBC.,.. 2..,, TV,

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94. 2010 50%, (20%),,, (17%) (Ofcom, 2010).,.,. BBC iplayer,. BBC iplayer, P2P ( ) (HD SD ),,., BBC iplayer IPTV Project Canvas, Arqiva, BT TalkTalk. Project Canvas YouView 2011...

2 95, (VoD: Video on Demand) (non-linear). VoD 2006 6,600 2007 30 50%. 2007 2009 27 28, 2009 5% 1 2,400 VoD (Ofcom, 2010a). VoD 80% VoD 1,600, VoD VoD. Ofcom (2009) 150 VoD ( 90 ). VoD PVR. 2004 290 2009 9,400 40 (Ofcom, 2010a). (subscription) PPV(pay-per-view) BBC. PPV. 2004 2009 VoD (Ofcom, 2010a)., 2007 10

96 1.. 2007 8,300, 7,600, 2,300., 8 (Ofcom, 2008).,. 2004 75% (Ofcom, 2007; 2010a), 2003.., 2007 10%.,. 2005 5,690 2,570 25%. 2009 2 3,680, 1 8,960 90% (Ofcom, 2010a)..,,.

2 97.,,,,,. 2 2 2) 2003 2005 2006 2008 2010 Carton Granada ITV Plc. : 3 ntl Telewest : 3 BSkyB ISP Easynet : BSkyB Broadband, ntl: Telewest Virgin Mobile Virgin Media, 4 NGW Arqiva : Orange T-Mobile : Vodafone O2, Everything Everywhere, Wi-Fi : Ofcom(2009; 2010a) 3... 2) Carlton Grananda,, ITV., ntl Telewest.

98,.. 2 3 (1 ) 1999 2003 2003 2008 TV 25.6 26.1 26.1 26.3 41.2 ( ) 43.5 ( ) 22.05 ( ) 20.1 ( ) 82 81 105 91 9 27 42 77 19 (Dial-up) 94 (Dial-up) 3 ( ) : Ofcom(2004; 2009b),, 63 175, 2005. 2005 4.76% 2009 4.42%. 2008, (Ofcom, 2010a). 2009 50%.,,,, (CD, MP3).

2 99..,,..,,. (Ofcom, 2010a).. 2009 15 45 7 5 (Ofcom, 2010a).,.. ( 3:2 2:1 ).. (solus) (simultaneous). 2009 65%, 35%.,,

100 2 6 / ( : ) : Ofcom(2010a) 83%, 73%, 71%,, 66% (Ofcom, 2010a). 2 4 945 / 425 / ( ) 528 / 80% / 20% 40% 17% 5% 15% 6% 3% 7% 7% : 2009, 16 : Ofcom(2010a)

2 101.,. 90%...,,, PVR(Personal Video Recording). 10% (Ofcom, 2010a).. 4.. 2003 Ofcom. 2003, 2010. 1) 2003 Ofcom 2003 1997. 1998 7, 2000 12

102. 2002 5, 2002 12. 2003 8. 2003 Ofcom.,,. 2003 /.,. 1,, 2, 3. 2003,.. Ofcom : Ofcom OFT( )

2 103 (Content Board) (Consumer Panel) Ofcom 2003 Ofcom ITC(BBC ), BSC( ), Oftel( ), RA(BBC ), RCA( ) ( ). Ofcom ( ) ( ). Ofcom ( BIS). Ofcom 2003. 2003,,,,,,,, Ofcom. Ofcom. (lighter touch),.

104 (evidence-based). 2) 2010 2010 4. Ofcom : Ofcom.,,. : ISP, ISP. ISP. ISP, Ofcom. : Ofcom.,. 4: 2003 4. PSB:,, Ofcom. :. Ofcom 7. :,,,,,,,

2 105.. :, 5., e.,.,... ISP.., Ofcom,. Ofcom.,.,

106.. 1), (market-led approach)., Ofcom PSB( ) PSM( ).,,,., Ofcom 2009 9 VoD (Ofcom, 2010b). (European Audio Visual Media Service Directive) 2009 12 19. Ofcom (Ofcom, 2010b) TV VoD,. Ofcom VoD ATVOD(The Association for Television On Demand), VoD ASA(The Advertising Standards Authority). VoD Ofcom (Broadcasting Code),

2 107. 2)... (Sorrel Foundation). (Talent Pathway)...,. 2012. 2010,.,. PSB ITV,, PSB 4. BBC.

108 5... 1980,..,,.,.,.,, HD, IPTV, 3DTV..,,.,.,.

2 109. ( ),.,.,,. 2 7,,, / /,, PSB / /, /, /, Walled Garden,,,,, / =, / +, /,,, /,,,,,,,,,,

110.. 1), 2), 3) ( ) (, ), 4), 5).,..,,, (stakeholders)., (consultation process).,.,,.,..

2 111,,.,...,,,., (digital transition).,.,,..,..,.,,, 3G,,, DVR, HDTV, IPTV, 3DTV.

112,.,., (HDTV, VoD ).,.., (industrial activism). 10.. 3,,., BBC Freeview, Freesat, iplayer, Project Canvas, BBC Online,..,,,.

2 113,. 2 1.. 1) (convergence) 1992 OECD. OECD :?,, (OECD, 1992, p.13).,,. OECD 1997 (Commission européenne),, (Livre Vert). 90. 2, 70 80..

114 (Rallet, 1995)....,. 2 8 Nora&Minc 미니텔보고서제출 OECD 보고서 < 통신과방송 : 컨버전스인가충돌인가?> 발표 < 통신규제법 > 대폭개정 EU 전자커뮤니케이션과연관된서비스의인프라에대한새로운규제프레임 보고서발표 (12 월 ) 프랑스최초의 IPTV(Free) 등장 (08 09 년 ) 다니엘지아지보고서발표공영방송개혁법안통과위기의신문지원정책마련 Minitel 서비스시작 유럽위원회 통신, 미디어, 정보기술분야의컨버전스와규제에있어서의함의 녹서발표 EU 빠께텔레콤 (Paquet Telecoms) 6 개지침발표 컨버전스관련법안통과 - < 디지털경제에서의신뢰에관한법 > - < 전자커뮤니케이션과시청각커뮤니케이션서비스관련법 > : Ofcom(2007) p.19 IPTV 서비스본격화 2).,. (CSA).

2 115., (Regourd, 1998). (CSA, 1998). (Union européenne de Radio- Télévision) (UER, 2008)...,..... 1990. (1990) 1996 7. 1998 1

116 1, 1997 1 (DGPT) (ART). 2005 5 (ARCEP). 2004 6 (Loi n 2004-575 du 21 juin 2004 pour la confiance dans l économie numérique, LCEN). 7 (Loi n 2004-669 du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux communications électroniques et aux services de communication audiovisuelle, LCE). 2004. 2 5 1 : 1977 1990 2 : 1992 2003 1977: Nora & Minc 1980 Minitel 1992: OECD :? 1996: 1997:,, ( Internet ) Minitel (1980) Minitel, CSA ( ARCEP) (ANFR) OECD,,

2 117 2 : 1992 2003 3 : 2004 1999: EU 2002: EU (Paquet Telecoms) 6 2003 12 : IPTV(Free) 2004:, 2004 : IPTV 2004 2006:, 2008 2009:,, Free TPS (IPTV ) ( ) IPTV (Canal France) (Numéricable) ( ),,. 2003 12 Free

118 IPTV. Free TV(IPTV). (CSA) (ART) IPTV. IPTV 8. IPTV 3). 90 OECD 2004 IPTV. 2004. (opérateur), (éditeur de services de radio et de télévision), (distributeur de services) 2004 4).., ( ). (distributeur de services) ( ) 3),,.. 4),

2 119. (CSA) (CSA). ( ) (,, ADSL,, ) 75,000 150,000 (CSA) 5). 2.. 2000.... 22 2.5.. 5),,. (CSA).

120 2 6 ( : ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009p, 4,665 4,713 4,713 4,763 4,660 + 6,875 7,468 8,636 9,290 9,897 3,823 4,016 4,183 4,020 3,361 total 10,698 11,484 12,819 13,310 13,258 + + ( ) 34,663 34,133 34,320 35,225 34,934 + 6,287 7,451 8,825 9,853 10,490 754 1,018 1,395 1,611 1,711 total 7,041 8,469 10,220 11,464 12,201 : PWC(2010). Global entertainment and media outlook 2010 2014 ARCEP(2010). Observatoire annuel du marché des communications électroniques en France 2000. 55% 2007 37%. TV 80 2000 30%. 2009 2 9 ( : %) : Advertising expenditure forecasts(zenith Optimedia, 2009)

2 121 14%. 2008 149 2009, TV 43 8,200, 23 1,500, 22 4,900, 21 3,400, 14 6,300, 9 7,800, 8,900.. 1) VOD TV. M6 2008 3 M6 Replay. 2 7 M6 Replay, Arte+7, TF1 CANALSAT A LA DEMANDE. 200 ORANGE France Télévisions VOD ORANGE VOD IPTV,, Canal+ Canalplay,, 7000 : La Télévisons payante en 2010(CSA, 2010b).

122 500 700. Canal+ Canal+ 2008 3 20 200, 10 15%. Arte 80 10. France Televisions VOD Orange TV. TF1 TV VOD Wat. 2) : TV 2007 TV TV. TV. TV DVB-H TV DVB-SH. 2008 CSA 16 3 13. Orange France 3G 3G+ TV. Orange VOD. VOD Orange TV. SFR, TV, 1,400. SFR SFR. 2000 (voice).

2 123 2007 2,620 ( 5,198 ). 34%. 3) IPTV IPTV. ARCEP 2010 IPTV 580 TV 21.7%. 2 8 TV 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 16.1% 22.5% 31.7% 35.8% 43.1% 48.3% ( ) 14.3% 14.6% 14.6% 15.1% (3.6%) 14.7% 15.5% (5%) IPTV 7.7% 10.6% 13.2% 14.4% 17.2% 18.6% 2010 56.5% (15.1 ) 16.1% (4.8%) 21.7% (5.8 ) 5.4% 5.8% 6% 6.1% 6.9% 7.5% 8.4% : CSA(2010). Observatoire de l équipement des foyers pour la réception de TV numérique. 1er semestre 2010-5ème vague d étude.,. France Télécom Orange IPTV IPTV. Orange, 2008 8 9.

124. ( ) IPTV. IPTV. IPTV. TPS TV. IPTV Free. PP MPP.. Free, Neuf Télécom, Maligne TV, 6) Alice ( ) TPS..,. Next Radio TV 6) France Télécom. France Télécom IPTV Maligne TV. Wanadoo, Orange. 2006 France Télécom Orange France, TV, ( ).

2 125, TV. Canalsat. 2 9 France Télévisions Groupe TF1 Métropole Télévision Groupe Canal+ AB Groupe France2, France3, France4, France5, France Ô, Gulli TF1, LCI, Eurosport, TMC, TPS M6, W9, Paris Premiere, TPS Canal+, Canal+Sport, TPS Star, i Tele, Canal+ Cinema, Planete NT1, TMC 6 6 7 22 12 TV Canalsatellite (9.9%) Canalsatellite (5.1%) Canalsatellite (65%) ABsat (100%) Bis TV (100%), France 2 Cinéma, France 3 Cinéma, MFP, France Télévisions distribution TF1 films production, TF1 international + filiales, TF1 production + filiales, TF1 vidéo M6 films, C.productions, Métropole productions, W9 production, TCM DA, SND Studiocanal * AB droits audiovisuels, AB productions, Via productions FT interactive F1 entreprises, Une musique, e-tf1, Métro France(34.3%) M6 Interactions, M6 Web, M6 Editions, M6 Evenements, Home shopping services + filiales, Girondins de Bordeaux Canal+active Panorama, Abnet.com

126 Lagardère Active Broadcast Groupe Bolloré Groupe NRJ Groupe Nextradio TV Gulli, J, Virgin Direct8 NRJ BFM TV : CSA(2009). Rapport 2008. 6 1 TV Canalsatellite (20%), Europe audiovisuel * BC films, Bolloré production Spot Machine, NRJ Publishing, NRJ Music Lagardère Active Broadband, LagaHachette Filipacchi Presse + filiales Streampower, SFP, Eure Média, Télévision, Gaument(10%), Direct Soir, Matin plus Towercast, NRJ, Nostalgie, Chérie FM, Rire & chansons, NRJ mobile, NRJ ID, NRJ Events, e-nrj RMC info, BFM, la Tribune, Groupe Tests Lagardère TV,.... Free IPTV Canalsatellite TPS IPTV. 3..

2 127. 2008 5 3 2,690 (15, 85%). 2007 2,130 1 600. 2 10 2008 2,060 1,770 1,500 630 : www.journaldunet.com. 65% 3 ( ). 2,060. TV. 56% 3 1,770. 1,500. 630. 1,680. 2009 3G. TV. TV 2009 14% (CSA, 2010a, p.19).

128 2 10 (2007. 5 2008. 5 ) : www.journaldunet.com 2007 5 2008 5 28% TV.. 2008 5 37% 2007 5 27%. TV. 2 11 TV (2008 ) : www.journaldunet.com

2 129. 23%.,,,. TV... IP ( ).. 1) ) GfK 2008 12 2 17. TV 50, 50 ( 2 12 ). 2008 GfK (Mediametrie) ADSL 10%. 28.9%, (ADSL TV) TPS. 57.8%. ) (Arcep),

130 2008 1,867 4,000. 2007 8.3%. 2004 530 2008 100. 15 2,300 54%, 46%. 35 52% (www.arcep.fr). (Mediametrie) Media in Life 2009 1 2 13. 2008 41% 2009 50%.. 4.1 (2008 3.1 ). ), 2007 11 (Harris Interactive), 59% (DailyMotion) (YouTube). 15 24 2 12 : www.journaldunet.com

2 131. 56%, 55%, 50%, 35. 2) ) :....., 2008. (Etats Généraux de la Presse Ecrite, 2009).,.,.,.,,.. 15 24..,,,,,,

132, (Dialego, 2009, p.28). ) : 36%. 2007 2008 5%. TV.. 2 13 ( ) 접근시기의선택성 TV 프로그램다시보기정보접근 / 독접서비스항상접속과잉공급으로헤메임새로운서비스의발견모든장소에서사건을접하기위해다른방식으로는접할수없는 나는컨버전스상품에대해잘앎복잡함 36% 32% 26% 21% 21% 20% 19% 19% 13% 11% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 : www.journaldunet.com 90%. (Esomar Research) 90%..

2 133 4... 2003 12 31..,. 2004 6 3 (Loi n 2004 669 relative aux communications électroniques et aux services de communication audiovisuelle).. 5 13 (la loi pour la confiance dans l économie numérique).,,. 1) 1986 (LLC) (Télécommunication),,,,,,,, (LLC, 2 ). (Communication audiovisuelle) 1986 (LLC),,,, (LLC, 2 ). ( )

134 ( ) (Jongen, 2001). ( ). 7) (IPTV, Mobile ). ( ). (public).... 2) (ART) 2005 5 (ARCEP). (CSA) (ARCEP). (ARCEP) 7) (CPT) (Code des postes et des communications électroniques, CPCE).

2 135 ( ) (CSA).. ARCEP,,. 2 11 (CSA):,, (ARCEP):, ( ) ( 2012 ).,,,. 2008 (Eric Besson) 2012(France Numérique 2012)..,,

136, 2012. 2 12. 2 12 2012,, / : Besson. E.(2008). France numérique 2012.,,, 5....,,.

2 137. 2 13 /,,, TPS, ADSL, IPTV (, ) (2004 ) ( ) ( ) (CSA) (ARCEP),..,, 2000... EU,

138.,, ( ).,,. OECD,,,,,,,,... 2012. ( )..,

2 139... 8).,,.,...,.,. 8) (Commission pour la nouvelle télévision publique).

140 3 1...,,.. 1982,. 1980.. 1984 (Pilot Project), 1985 1987. ( ), 2008 (ZAK). 2010 5, 4 2013. 30. (Staatsvertrag für Rundfunk und Telemedien) 1987 (Rundfunkstaatsvertrag) 2008 12 13. 1997 3

2 141, 2008 12 3, 2009 13.. 73.,,,,,,,,,, (,, ),,,,,,,.,... HDTV, DAB, DVB.. 2 14. 2 14. 1976.

142. 1981 3, 1982. 9) 1984. 1985, 1987 11 ( ).. 2 (Grundversorgung).., ( ). ( ) ( ),. 9) (Bundesverfassungsgericht).,,,.,,.

2 143.. 1 1984 1996 1. 2 1997 2006. 3 2007.,,.,,,. 2. 2 15

144 2 (Telekommunikationsgesetz), (Mediendienste-Staatsvertrag), (Teledienstegesetz) 1996 1997,.,,. (Deutsche Post) (Deutsche Telekom), (Deutsche Postbank), 1996 1998. 2001 TV. 2006, 16., 2007 (Teledienstegesetz) (Telemediengesetz).. 20 (Nuernberger Zeitung) (Wolfgang Riepl), (Riepl, 1972, p.5).

2 145 2 16 (Faulstich) (Faulstich, 2002, p.158), (Weichert & Kramp) (E-paper) (streaming data) (Weichert & Kramp, 2009, pp.4 6).,.,,.,,., PDF, E-paper E-book (App).,. (VOD)

146 (NVOD) TV. TV TV Hybrid-TV(HBB TV). (Videotext),, DVB-T( ), DVB-K( ), DVB-S( ), DVB-H ( ). DAB DMB 2006 2008. 2.. 2001.. DSL UMTS, W-LAN,., 2 14. 2 14 ( : ) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 TV 147 145 144 154 162 168 167 166 164 11.7 12.2 13.0 12.9 13.1 100 94 89 90 90 91 92 91 85 605 620 639 668 673 663 639 623 603 : ALM, 2009, 85 ; 2010, 58 59, 187 ; Bundesnetzagentur, 2009, 25 ; KEF, 2010, 162 190 ; Pasqauy, 2004, 22 ; 2007, 5 ; 2009, 7, 2010, 7. Seufert, 2007; ZAW, 2010.

2 147 2 17 ( : ),,,. 600 (Deutsche Telekom),.,,. 2001. 2005 170, 2009. 2003 10 2008 15 (ALM, 2010, pp.185 190). 12 13,.,.

148 2000. 2 15 ( : ) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 60 53.1 47.7 48.3 48.2 48.8 49.3 47.3 39.8 TV 44.7 39.6 38.1 38.6 39.3 41.1 41.1 40.3 36.4 6.8 6 5.8 6.2 6.6 6.8 7.4 7.2 6.8 32.6 33.3 33 34 34 33.2 33.5 32.9 30.8 20.9 19.3 18.6 18.4 17.9 18.6 18.2 16.9 14.1 17.4 17 17.5 18.4 19 19.4 19.7 20.1 19.7 1.9 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.3 5 6.9 7.5 7.6 32.5 30.8 29.6 29.2 30 30.6 31.5 31.4 31.4 216.8 201.4 192.8 195.8 198.3 203.5 207.6 203.6 183.7 : ALM, 2010, 187 ; Pasqauy, 2004, 18 ; 2006, 19 ; 2008, 19, 2010, 19, ZAW, 2010. 2 18 ( : ) 2009 183 7,000, 39 8,000 ( 21.3%), TV 36 4,000, 6 8,000 43 2,000 (23.1%). 2008, 2009

2 149. 3 1998. 1998 0.1% 3,000, 2009 7,600 4%...,...,,..,.,.,..,.,. 1998 10.4%, 2007 62.7%. 2003

150 2009 55%. DVB-T 100%, DVB-S 75%, 2009 2009 12 31 (ALM, 2010). DVB-C 1/3. 30.7% 74.1%, 100% DVB- C. 2 19 : ZAK, 2009, p.48 IP(Internet Protocol) IPTV. IPTV (Hansenet), (Arcor) IPTV 2009 1%., IPTV. IPTV QPS(Quadruple Play Service). QPS IPTV,

2 151 (Bundling Service). 2005 TPS QPS..,. (ANGA), 3 2,700, DSL 2,400 88.9%. 4,000, DSL 35.4% 88.5%. 2 16 2009 DSL ( : ) 2,700 4,000 DSL 2,400 3,540 : ANGA, 2010, p.7, TPS DSL 89%.. 2 17 2009 DSL TPS DSL 2,400 100.0 3,540 100.0 220 9.2 3,540 100.0 230 9.6 2,090 59.0 TV 1,980 82.5 40 1.1 : ANGA, 2010, p.7

152 2 17, DSL TV DSL,. DSL, TV. DSL,.,. (tiering). RTL DVB-T MPEG4 HDTV. 2009 TV 3,741 2,000, TV 1,685 45%, TV 1,733 2,000 46.4%. TV 8.6% 323 1,000. 2009 100%, 74.3%. 30.6%. (Multiplex, MUX). MUX 1 4 SD 2 HD, 1 HD 2 SD. 2010 2.,,, 11. 30. (MUX),.,

2 153. 2 20 Multiplex (2008. 12). 1999. 1999,.,.,. 2001 1,. 1960 1970,.....

154,... 2 (distribution platform).,.,.. 1997,. 1999, -.. MINDS(Mobile Information and News Data Services), SMS. (Blue Ocean).. (i-phone) (android), (kindle)..,..... (windowing)

2 155.,,, IPTV.,,,. TV, Pay-TV Web-TV, TV. 3...,.,,, (M&A)..,.,,., 2003 P7S1,.,.

156 2 21 2005 2008 : Bartholomaeus & cie, 2009, p.7.,,..,,.. 3...,,.

2 157,.... ARD( 1, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der oeffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) ZDF ( 2, Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen) 2008... 30,. 30, (Oehmichen & Schroeter, 2008, p.394; 2009, p.432). (digital natives) (Palfrey & Gasser, 2008, p.4). ARD ZDF 2008,.,,.

158 2 22 : 14 (2008: 1,802, 2009: 1,806 ) : Oehmichen & Schroeter, 2008, p.395; 2009, p.433. 2 22, 2008 40.1%, 2009 37.6%, 10.6% 13.1%. 1%. 1%. 2008 2009 14 65.8% 67.1%, 2 23. 50,. 4, 50.,.,,. 14 19,

2 159 (Oehmichen & Schroeter, 2009, p.433).. 2 23 : 14 (2008: 1,802, 2009: 1,806 ) : Oehmichen & Schroeter, 2009, p.434. 2 24 2002 2009 : ALM, 2010, p.181.

160 10 EU, 20 TV,. TV,. 4.. 1) 70., 16., (Pressegesetz).,,. 16 1874 5 7 1935 6 28. 16 (Grundrecht),., ( ),. 16. 30 70 ( ).

2 161 5 ( ). 30 ( ). 70,. 73,. (Rundfunkstaatsvertrag), (Landesmediengesetzen).,,. (Medienurteil), (Rundfunkurteil).. 41. 16...,,. ARD ZDF. (Beteiligungsmodell).. 16

162 (Zuschaueranteilsmodell)..,,, (Rundfunkrat), (Medienkommission). 1996 7 31 (Telekommunikationsgesetz:TKG) 2004 6 22.... 2004. (Telemediengesetz) 2007 3 1.. 1997,.. ( ). 2007, ( ).

2 163,.,,. 2003 4. (Jugendmedienstaatsvertrag) (,, )., (Telemedien). 2004,.. 2 18, ( ), ( ) ( )

164 2)..,.,.,,...,,, (Rundfunkrat), (Medienrat).,..,,,.. Kommission zur Ueberpruefung und Ermittlung des Finanzbedarfs: KEF). KEF 1975. KEF 1997 3 (Rundfunkfinanzierungsstaatsvertrag).

2 165.,.. (Landesmedienanstalten), 1980., (2%). (ALM: Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Landesmedienanstalten)., ALM DLM (Direktorenkonferenz). KEK. (Kommission zur Ermittlung der Konzentration im Medienbereich: KEK). 1997 1 1 25 16 TV. KEK TV. 30%,

166. KEK, 3.. KEK 4 (ZAK, Kommission fuer Zulassung und Aufsicht),,., ZAK. (GVK, Gremienvorsitzendenkonferenz) 16. (KJM, Kommission fuer Jugendmedienschutz). KJM,. (FSF, Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Fernsehen). FSF,,.,,. FSF KJM.. 1997 12 31, 1998 1 1., 2006 (Bundesnetzagentur),. (Die Bun-

2 167 desnet-zagentur für Elektrizität, Gas, Telekommunikation, Post und Eisenbahnen),, 2006 1 1. 4. 5.., 1990, 3.,...,....,,...

168,....,..,.,...,,. ( )....,.

2 169.,..,. 70..,.,.,...,.,,.,.,,.. 3,.

170,.,.,..,..,.,.,.,.,.,.,,,.....,.,..

2 171,.,., 3.,.,., ( ).,.,..,. 4 1..,,..

172. 1)..,. (, 2005). 1934 (Communication Act) 1996 (FCC: Federal Communications Commission) 10). ICC(, Interstate Commerce Commission) FRC(, Federal Radio Commission) ( ) ( ).,. 20. 2),,,,. 10) Communication Act Federal Communications Commission communication. communication,,. FCC, communication act

2 173 (state)., 1934. 1934 1996 (Telecommunication Act). (interstate),, TV (, 2010).. 1) (, 2002, pp.68 69). 2 25 :, (2010),, 1927 (Radio Act) 11). 1934 (Communi- 11), FRC(Federal Radio Commission:

174 cation Act). (FRC: Federal Radio Commission),, (Federal Communications Commission). FCC (ancillary jurisdiction) 12), (, 2004, p.101). 1934.,.. 1984 TV (Cable Communication Policy Act). 1950.,.,, FCC.., 1992 TV (Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act). TV, FCC. 1996 (Telecommunication ). 12). FCC.

2 175 Act). 1934..,. 2),. 13). 1950 1980. 1996 (1) 1 : 1980 (2) 2 : 1996 (3) 3 : 2005 3. 3. ) 1 : 1980. 1980. 1980. (,, 2008). AT&T, (natural monopoly). 1980 13) 80 1996 (,, 2008;,, 2008)

176.,,. 80 90. ) 2 : 1996 (NII:National Information Infrastructure). NII.. 1934 FCC. 3 1996 2...,, (LECs),,. FCC 2 (, 2005, p.7). FCC (Shaw, 1998, p. 39). ) 3 96 (, 2007)., 2005 96

2 177. 1996 2005 7 (John Ensign) (The Broadband Investment and Consumer Choice Act).,. 2005 12 (Jim Demint) (The Digital Age Communications Act, DACA) (ZDNet Korea, 2006. 3) DACA... 1996.. 2.. 1). 2 19, TV 14), 14), TV

178. 2 19 GDP ( : % / US $ millions) TV 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009(e) 2010(e) 2011(e) 2012(e) 2013(e) GDP 6.5 4.1 5.1 3.8 1.1 7.1 1.2 2.9 6.5 6.0 Sub Fee Ads 33.8 31.7 36.8 27.4 13.7 3.1 1.5 7.2 12.6 15.1 10,069 13,264 18,149 23,115 26,284 25,459 25,844 27,697 31,196 35,918 9.4 7.5 7.5 6.0 5.1 1.9 2.5 8.2 8.7 5.9 57,725 62,048 66,717 71,120 74,775 76,187 78,118 84,512 91,840 97,278 11.6 0.1 6.4 0.9 0.6 1.6 1.5 0.6 9.0 1.0 68,038 68,074 72,464 71,811 71,367 61,653 62,563 62,937 68,597 69,251 3.3 1.7 0.5 6.5 14.0 17.7 8.9 3.1 0.1 2.3 62,421 63,488 63,170 59,083 50,793 41,810 38,071 36,885 36,858 37,720 : PricewaterhouseCoopers(2009) 2009 3.1% +.. 2 26. 2011 TV., 20%..,. 2008 20,148 2011 22,477.

2 179 (PP) SO., SO. 2 26 ( : %) 40.00 Broadcast Television Cable Television 35.00 Radio Digital/Online 30.00 Newspapers Magazines (a) Directories (a) 25.00 Direct Mail Outdoor 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 : TVB. ads spending. News Corp MySpace, Hulu.com, Comcast Time Warner TV Everywhere. 2) 91%

180. Chetan Sharma Consulting 2009 2008 39% 24%. 2009 1/4 (ARPU: Average Rate per Unit Line) ARPU 9 1.17. 2 20 1995.12 2000. 12 2005. 12 2009. 12 33.8M 109.5M 207.9M 285.6M 13% 38% 69% 91% 8.4% 24.5% : CTIA(n.a). U.S Wireless Quick Fact. 2009 1/4 100.. ARPU.,.., IPTV..,

2 181.. 1) 2008 emarkter 8. 2013 2008,. 2008 587, 2013 4,600. 2 21 Online : 2008 2013 ( : US $ millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 10,691 12,285 13,880 15,552 17,686 19,530 4,629 4,933 5,448 6,182 7,175 7,958 587 850 1,250 1,850 3,000 4,600 (rich media) (classifieds) (lead generation) 1,888 2,030 2,252 2,560 2,960 3,360 3,139 2,956 2,936 2,944 2,960 2,982 1,605 1,645 1,682 1,792 1,998 2,268 (sponsorships) 590 514 542 576 629 672 472 488 513 576 629 672 23,600 25,700 28,500 32,000 37,000 42,000 : emarketer(2008. 11),,

182. 2) ) IPTV IPTV 15). 16) IPTV Verizon AT&T IPTV 1 2. Verizon 2009 2,861,000 1, AT&T 2,065,000 2. IPTV 2009 40, IPTV 46.1%. SNL Kagan 2013 30.8% 117., 17) IPTV. AT&T Verizon IPTV IPTV. IPTV 15) IPTV, IP. 16) 570 480 17) MVPD Comcast 23,599,000, Verizon AT&T Comcast 10%. MVPD IPTV 8 10

2 183 TV TV. ) TV Web TV.. Internetconnected. Web TV Major. Web TV Web TV. Wal-Mart Vudu, Amazon Un-box Web TV. Google Apple. Web TV.,.., UCC.,..,,,.,. (1) Hulu.com. 4 FOX NBC ABC

184 Web TV. 2007 10,... Hulu.com 2010 6 29. Hulu Plus 18) 9.99. Hulu, Hulu. VOD Epix. (2) TV Everywhere Project 2010 7 Comcast. 19) Comcast Fancast Xfinity TV. Comcast 12. Comcast 2010 4, 8 1.. (3) (Content Aggregation). Netflix, 18) Hulu Plus. Hulu Plus ipad iphone, HDTV SONY Playstation 3. MS Xbox 360 Hulu 19) TV Everywhere Project Time Warner Cable Time Warner TV Everywhere Project. (2010).

2 185 YouTube, Yahoo!Video, Boxee, Vudu.. Netflix. (4) 2010 Blu-ray Player(PS3 ) 2, TV 700 (Park Associates). TV 2008 8,050 2013 3 7,650 (isupply)... OS OS. TV. 20)... ) 21) 4.,, 20) (2010) 21) (2010. 6)

186, (Application Store). MediaFLO MobiTV 22) TV DTV Pearl Mobile DTV. Bitbop. (1) MediaFLO MediaFLO CBS Mobile CNBC 15. DMB. FLO TV. MediaFLO 10 (, 2009 6 1 (Morris, 2009). FLO iphone FLO TV. (2) MobiTV MobiTV 2003. AT&T, Verizion, Sprint, T-Mobile 9.99 MobiTV. % 900,., 2010 22) 2007 DVB-H TV Modeo TV.

2 187 4, Triveni Digital DTV. (3) OMVC Pearl Mobile TV 2009 10 ATSC(the Advanced Television Systems Committee) OMVC(Open Mobile Video Coalition) ATSC-M/H Mobile DTV TV. TV. OMVC, DTV. 2010 63 22 DTV., ATSC-M/H 290km.. (4) (Application). News Corp Fox Mobile TV Bitbop. TV FLO TV Qualcomm iphone. 900 MobiTV iphone. TV Sling Player Mobile OTT(over-the-top) Netflix ipad. Bitbop 9.99, wifi 3G. FOX NBC Universal, Discovery,

188 Hulu.. MediaFLO Pearl Mobile TV... iphone. WiFi... MobiTV Paul Scanlan TV. 90% (2% ) CP..., 23) 1) (M&A) 1980, 2. 2005 News Corp. MySpace Google Youtube. 23). Google Youtube,..

2 189. (high risk market). FOX Hulu.com. News Corp FOX Hulu.com. 2007 NBC, 2009 ABC. CBS TV.com, Youtube TV Everywhere. 2). AT&T Verizon IPTV.,, Cable SO Walt Disney MVNO(Mobile Virtual Network Operator). Google.. AT&T Verizon IPTV, Cable SO. Google, Google Voice... MediaFlo (Application)

190. 2 27 : Atlas ( ) 2005 News Corp. 5 8,000 SNS MySpace 24). News Corp.., News Corps MySpace. News Corps MySpace. SNS. 24) 2010 MySpace Facebook 1, SNS 1 Rebuilding

2 191.. MySpace. Comcast NBC Universal. 25).,. News Corp MySpace M&A. ( ),., FCC. gmail google voice. TV... 25)..

192. 2005 Youtube.., 2007 DoubleClick 3,100, 2006 Youtube 1,650. YouTube., Google Youtube. Google TV. 26), Hulu.com. Google TV Everywhere. ( ) Comcast Time Warner.. Time Warner Comcast. 26) (2010a), (2010b)

2 193 TV Everywhere HBO, Cinemax, Starz TV, 2009 7 Hulu CBS. TV Everywhere Comcast TV Everywhere. 2 28 TV Everywhere Eco-System : twitter@mikeberkley 3...,.

194. TV., TV TV. TV. TV 319 156.6, 91.2, 26.4. TV. 18 34 TV 232.8 192.6. TV. 13 17 TV 226.8 TV 1. 2 22 ( : ) TV 18 + 319.2 26.4 91.2 15.6 156.6 19.2 18 34 232.8 13.8 73.2 13.2 192.6 33.0 18 49 267.6 19.2 90.6 13.8 181.2 25.2 25 49 276.6 20.4 100.8 13.8 168.0 21.0 25 54 283.8 21.6 106.2 15.0 160.2 19.2 35 64 348.6 32.4 106.8 16.2 147.0 14.4 65 + 431.4 34.2 59.4 19.2 93.0 0.0 13 17 226.8 7.8 66.6 12.6 152.4 31.2 : TVB(2010)

2 195..,.,. 2000 2% 2010 17%( 4,300 )...,.. 2 23 Online Media 2006 2008 Search Engines 61% 59% Email Newsletters 40% 42% Cable TV News Sites 38% 31% Social Networking Sites 17% 26% Company Website 22% 26% Blogs 13% 24% Shopping Sites 17% 35% Videocasts 6% 11% Podcasts 5% 7% Company Emal Blasts 7% 9% Business News Sites 8% 8% RSS News Feeds 5% 7% Mobile Media 5% 6% : Ketchum Global Media Network and Global Research Network partnered with the University of Southern California Annenberg Strategic Public Relations Center on this study. 2006, 2010.

196. SNS. VideoCast 100%.. Google FIM(FOX Interactive Media) Hulu. Google UCC. 2 24 2010 UV UV( ) Average Videos per Viewer 182,918 185.6 Google Sites 144,550 101.2 Yahoo! Sites 46,031 7.3 Vevo 45,579 9.4 Facebook.com 45,492 5.4 Fox Interactive Media 44,266 7.4 Hulu 43,541 27.0 CBS Interactive 41,028 8.1 Microsoft Sites 39,416 16.3 Turner Network 35,307 9.4 Viacom Digital 34,572 10.0 : comscore Video Metrix.,.,

2 197... Hulu 2 3.,. 4... (FCC). (Department of Justice) (FTC).,, ( ). 1) FCC.,. FCC,,,. FCC 5. FCC., 2003 9 7 10 6, FCC,,,,

198. 27) FCC (DOJ). DOJ. 28) FTC(Federal Trade Commission) 1914 1 4. 4... 29),. FCC. NTIA(National Telecommunications and Information administration) 30). FCC 27). 1994 FCC 60 (Cable Service Bureau), 1998 240, 2002, (, 2007, p.257). 28) 96 (Antitrust Savings Clause),. 1996, 29). (dual jurisdiction system) 100 30) NTIA 1978 (White House's Office of Telecommunications Policy) (Commerce Department's Office of Telecommunications) 1

2 199 NTIA.,,, little FTC Act.,... 2) ) 1996 1934 1982 (MFJ: Modified Final Judgement), FCC. 1982, AT&T 1974 AT&T AT&T 1982. 96 1982 AT&T RBOC. 96,. AT&T (,, 2006)., 96,, TV 1980.

200 AT&T, AOL MSO M&A (,, 2006). ) TV M&A. M&A (DOJ) (FTC) 1.., 1945 1 (, 2001). 1984, 1992. 2010 1992.. ) / M&A, FCC. (competition), (diversity), (localism). FCC M&A (divestiture). 96 FCC 2.. TV 3, 7(AM)-7(FM)-7(TV)(1953), 12-12-12(1984), 30-12-12(1992). 31)

2 201 25%, 35% 39% (Rice, 2007, p.11). (DMA) 32). 33) FCC, ( ). FCC, FCC (,, 2006, pp.49 50)... 1996. 1996,. 1) 1996 1996., 31) (2009).. ( ).. :. 32) Designated Market Area: 200. 33) 25 DMA 30 TV,,,.

202 Title (common carrier), Title. (, 2008, p.54). 2 25 Title Title Title (voice) (voice) TV : (2008), p.54. TV TV,. IP TV,,..,, DSL (, 2007, p.44).,.,.,

2 203. 96 (, 2008, p.55). 2) 34) ) FCC Computer Inquiries FCC 1960.. (Cannon, 2003). FCC Computer Inquiries (basic service) (enhanced service),., (Whitt, 2004). Computer Inquiries 3 (proceedings) (, 2007, pp.44 45). Computer Inquiries FCC (enhanced service) Title,. FCC, (, 2007; Whitt, 2004). Computer Inquiries ( ), 34) Computer Inquries, VoIP, IPTV (2007) (2008), BPL, (2008).

204.,, (, 2008, pp.56 57). ) VoIP VoIP. VoIP VoIP IP, (FCC, 2004). VoIP, FCC (, 2007). VoIP VoIP. PUCs(Public Utility Commissions) FCC VoIP. VoIP 96. (, 2007, pp.49 50). ) IPTV.. IPTV, TV., IPTV.,,

2 205,,, (FCC, 2007). IPTV U-verse TV (AT&T 2006 6 IPTV ). AT&T U-verse TV IP TV. IPTV. 2006 6 (DPUC: Department of Public Utility Control) U-verse TV TV, TV. 2007 7 U-verse TV.. IPTV,. ) BPL IPTV FCC 2007, (BPL: Broadband via Power Line),.,,,,,. FCC BPL., BPL,,,,,,,

206. BPL (end user)., BPL, (information provision),,, (,, 2008, pp.172 173). FCC BPL. BPL 96 706. ) 35) FCC. FCC (Dial-up),. FCC. FCC (Comcast). 1996, FCC. FCC (2005), (2006), (2007). P2P. 2010 4, DC FCC FCC 35) (, ) 2010

2 207. ) (National Broadband Plan) 2008 3 (Farm Bill, Broadband Data Improvement Act, Recovery and Reinvestment Act). (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009) 72 FCC (National Broadband plan) (, 2010, p.8). D.C. FCC. FCC (NOI: Notice of Inquiry) (, 2010). 5..,., 96.. FCC TV.

208 FCC 90., 96. 84 (MFJ).,,,,.,.,,,..., computer inquiries, VoIP, IPTV, BPL,, FCC,..,,..,,..

2 209..,,. 5 1.. 1) 1990. 2001, ( ), TV 1 ( ), ( ), ( ) 4.,.,

210., e-japan 2. 2 29 1970. 1990,., TV, 2000.. TV, ( ). TV.

2 211 2 30 2)..,... NTT. NTT NTT. NTT.,, TV,,.

212. 1) 1 : 2003. 2000 IT..,.. 2002 IPTV. 2) 2 :. 2006 6. 3) 3 : 2011 7.,., 3DTV, UDTV.

2 213 2 26 1 : 2 : 3 : NHK (3D, UDTV),, 3. 1980 CS( ).. CATV CS.. 2005.. 2005 TV( ). ( ) ( )..

214 2.. 1) 36) 4 (,, ( ), ). 2 31 ( ) 1: 2: CATV 307 ( ) 3: NHK : (2010), ( ) 36),

2 215 (2010) 4 2008 3.6% 3 9,771. NHK 2 4,575 ( 5.3% ), 6,624 ( 3.3% ) 3,905 ( 4.5% ). CATV 4,667 1.7%. 2008 14 4,055 5.9%. ( PHS) 60%. 56.7% 33.4%. 2009 1 (ARPU: Average Revenue Per User) 5,112 ( 5.6% ) 2 32 ( : ) 1: : (2010),

216. ARPU 2,309 ( 4.7% ), ARPU 2,803 ( 12.6% ). 2 33 ( : %) : (2010), 7 6 2009 14% 5,525 37). SNS / (447, 184.7% ), (112, 80.6% ), (121, 57.1% ). 2009 9,681 ( 11% ).,,,. 2002. 2002 781 2009 3,436. 37) 2009 ( + ) 1 5,206 ( 12% )

2 217 2002 5,722 2009 9,408. 78.0% 2.7. 6 49.3%, 85.8% (2009 ). 2008 504 8,010. 6.7% (8,514, 3.1% ). 2 34 : (2008), ISP, 2008 5,149 ( 99.0%) 2 1,400 95.2% (, 2010). 2006 2 1,525 2, 1996 2 6,564 81% (

218, 2008, p.42), 2008 2 177 ( 86.8%) 2 3%. 8,878 ( 98.4%), 1 1,299 ( 95.5%). 3 5,716 ( 92.8%) 10. 1 2,448 ( 1 1,242 ), 1,307. 2008 (464, 130.7%) (395, 178.7%) (, 2010). 2) ( ) 2009 5 9,222. 2008 11.5% 2 35 2009 1: YoY: 2: SP : 4 3: STRABASE : (2010), 2009

2 219... 2 36 ( : ) : (2010), 4 6,739 ( 81.4%),, 3,034 ( 74.4%), 1,370 ( 88.4%), 1 7,139 ( 89.8%). ( ) 101.2%, 104.9%, 7,069 709.. 1) KDDI,,. au

220 au. Top & au 3%. KDDI MVNO, Ling au. 38) 2) ( ). DB. Electronic Book, PC, e-book. 2003 e-book. Impress R&D 7 2009 2008 e-book 464 4 10. 14,817 39) e-book 38) KDDI, (http://www.arg.co.kr, 2010) 39) 2008 ( / ): 14,817 ( 2010, ), : / 4,483 ( ), 2008 ( / ): 25, 252 (2009, )

2 221. 2008 e-book 2007 (355 ) 131%, 2006 e-book e-book (2008 402 ) e-book 86%. 3) ( ). TV On Demand. 2 27 TV TV VOD ISP : IT-Pro(2009. 7.); ATLAS ( ) J: COM (Jupiter Entertainment) MOVIE SPLASH, LISMO Video Store(KDDI) Nextensive(Neo) BIGLOBE(NEC BIGLOBE) eo (K-OPTI.com) OCN(NTT ) ShowTime( ). TV TV 2009 9 GayO 7%. TV TV On Demand GayO TV GayO,, EC. 40) 40)

222.. 4) 2004 12 ( ).. BM. NTT docomo, KDDI, 3 Wireless Japan 2010 SNS, AR( ), 3. NTT docomo TV,,, e-book. i-mode 2010 3 245. e-book SNS. KDDI LISMO! 41),, au Smart Sports. au one Market KDDI. 2010. GayO (, 2009 9 4 ) 41) KDDI LISMO,,

2 223 20 14 twinabi, 64 30,, TV Viewn.,. 42) TV TV.. NTT NHK. ( ),. TV 50%, 90%. NTT NHK., NTT 3, (NHK)., NTT. 42) 3, SNS, AR, 3 (ATLAS, 2010)

224. 3... MCR(Media Contact Report) 2003 67.0%, 2009 56.7%. 2 37 2009 : (2010), 2010,, 2009 21.9% 2008 2.2%.. 2008 2009 1 4 5 6.4% 5.5%, 1 2 3 7.8% 6.7%. TV 2008

2 225. 2008 TV. 2 38 TV : (2010), 2010,, 2009 TV 3 49. TV TV, TV. 43) TV, TV. TV TV. TV 50 5 53 TV. 10 20, 50 43) NHK 1970 TV. 10 TV. TV. 1995 TV, TV., TV. 70 TV 10 20 2.

226 TV 50. 6 74.8%. 20 97.3%, 30 95%, 40 94.2%., 60 69.7%. 40, 50. 70 13.5%. 20., (CIAJ) 2010. 20 23.6%, 30 20.0%, 10 16.4%, 40 14.5%, 20 12.7% 20 30. 60%. ( ) /Web,,, PC. 60.7%, 37.4%, 10.7%..... TV,,,, PC. 2009 TV

2 227 163.5. 2 PC 67.6 TV. TV PC 31.3. 26 4. 18.1, 17.6. 65%, PC 19.4%, 29.3%, 19.5%, 10.0%, TV 5%. PC,. 2 39 : (2009), 2009, 5 44) 2001 2006 44) 5.,.

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232,,, NTT. ( ), (,,, ),., ( ) ( )..,.,.. 2 41. 2000 IT.

제 2 장 미디어 컨버전스 선진국과 한국의 비교연구 233 를 이어 2001년에는 일본정부의 IT기본정책을 담은 e-japan 전략이 발표되고, 문화 예술분야의 진흥정책에 관한 근거법이라 할 수 있는 문화예술진흥기본법 이 제정 되면서 콘텐츠 분야의 제작, 상영, 지원 등 필요한 시책을 강구할 수 있는 진흥책의 도입이 가능해졌다. 일본 정부차원의 미디어 정책의 기본틀은 총리 산하의 IT전략본부가 입안하고 있 다. 2004년 6월 15일 IT전략본부는 일본IT전략의 중점계획을 담은 보고서 e-japan 중점계획2004 를 발표한 바 있다. e-japan중점계획2004 는 일본 IT정책의 기본적 인 틀을 제시했다는 점에서 큰 의미를 지닌다. u-japan전략은 e-japan전략의 후속 조 치다. u-japan전략은 2004년 12월 유비쿼터스사회를 실현하기 위한 정보통신정책으 로 유비쿼터스 네트워크 정비, 정보통신이용의 고도화, 정보통신이용환경의 정비 등을 추진했다. u-japan전략의 세부목표는 2010년까지 전국민이 이용 가능한 초고속 인터넷서비스 환경 구축, 80%의 국민이 정보통신이용에 있어 안도감을 갖도록 함과 동시에 정보통신이 생활에 있어 편리하다는 인식을 갖도록 이용환경을 개선할 예정 이다. 그림 2 42] 일본의 정보통신 국가 정책 추진 현황 [

234 2004,,.. 2001 11 2010 15 0.3 1.5.,,,,.,,,,,,,. 2 30,, 3,,, 4

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244 2 32 ( : ) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 26,219 25,255 24,968 26,850 27,785 25,291 21,312 35,481 35,448 35,425 37,036 38,815 38,006 32,562 (SO) 10,749 13,479 15,818 18,467 21,358 24,018 25,987 (PP) 23,022 25,883 31,264 36,687 39,843 41,987 47,828 DMB 215 887 1,197 1,193 1,334 DMB 23 86 171 110 1,496 2,550 3,472 3,939 3,873 3,869 3,503 70,748 77,360 86,194 97,039 105,172 109,244 111,324 ( ) 240,897 249,931 257,254 256,001 261,213 244,737 34,152 34,183 39,500 40,596 40,951 62,655 275,049 284,114 296,754 296,597 302,164 307,392 420,634 429,553 436,699 440,028 : 2008 KISDI(, ), ( ), 2009, 2010 5. 2007 25 6,001 2008 26 1,213 5,000. 2009 24 4734 2.. 2007 4 596 2008 4 951 445. 2009 6 2,655 2., e, e, e.,,.. 2002 2 200 2009 1 5,007 5,193. 25.7%.

2 245 TV. 2002 2 4,395 2009 1 6,709 7,686. 31.5%. TV. 2002 2,345 2009 7,794 5,449.. 2002 1,850 2009 1 2,430 1 580. 6.7., DMB, IPTV.. 2 33 4 ( : ) 2000 2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 TV 20,687 24,395 22,350 21,839 21,076 18,997 16,709 RADIO 2,504 2,780 2,653 2,799 2,807 2,769 2,769 23,190 27,175 25,003 24,638 23,883 21,766 19,478 21,214 20,200 17,436 17,013 17,801 16,581 15,007 1,634 1,807 4,256 4,591 4,841 4,804 4,388 22,848 22,007 21,692 21,604 22,642 21,385 19,395 4 46,038 49,182 46,695 46,242 46,524 43,151 38,873 7,227 8,720 9,238 7,737 6,793 6,395 6,248 4, 2,173 2,688 2,758 7,711 7,873 7,628 7,368 Cable TV 1,736 2,345 3,999 6,271 8,297 8,600 7,794 1,360 1,850 3,927 7,790 10,200 11,900 12,430 31 120 120 95 95 DMB 19 88 114 176 IPTV 53 114 3,096 4,195 7,957 14,650 18,706 20,762 20,609 58,534 64,784 66,647 76,339 79,897 77,971 72,560 : (2010)

246.. PP. 2009 PP 3 3,003 2008 14%. PP. 3, CJ, C&M. TV. 2) TV,. MSO..,. 2010,, 3 32.1%. 8 20.65% 50%. 104 14.16%..,,. (Gannett) (Axel Springer) 200 7....

2 247.. (PriceWaterhouseCoopers) (Wilkofsky Gruen Associates). KBS, MBC, SBS 16.49%. (PP). 5 PP 179 2008 9 2,352 (, ( )LG, SKB( ) 3 2,212 ). PP.,,,.,. (MPP). CJ... 100% 3D. CJ K. 3D.. 2012. 2010 6 1,600 300. (VOD) T,. TV (HD) PVR ( )

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252 BBC, Fox. 1 ( 1,850 ), ( 3,700 ). 9.99 ( 1 8,500 ).,,. (DBR) ( 2.99 ).. IPTV TV. KBS, MBC, SBS KT, SK, LG IPTV 600., DMB,..... 12...., 1).,

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2 255 3.. 2010 25.5, TV 78, 146, 53.7, 38.2. 2008 1.5, 64.. 38.7, 19.4, 2.2. 2008, 24, TV 116.7, 82, 73.1, 40.4. 2006 2008 1.1, 1.3, TV 30. / TV 18.2, 3.4.. 2006 8.7. IPTV DMB 5.3, 4.4... /,,,....

256 2 35 2006 2008 2010 25.1 24.0 25.5 TV 146.4 116.7 78 TV/ 56.9 73.1 53.7 90.7 82.0 146 37.0 40.4 38.2 6.2 4.9 8.9 DMB 4.4 IPTV 5.3 : 2006/2008, 2010,.. 2. TV.,. (BIGresearch),,,,,,.... 2008 KBS, MBC,,,, SBS..,,

2 257.. 2009 2,068, 4 8,761.. 1 7,585 2. ( ) 8 2,687 64.7%..,,, 2010 10 500.. KT, SK, LG. 4 KT 14, SK 13 400, LG 12.... 2 36 ( ) (%) 2,068 1.6 221 0.2(0.17),, 8,761 6.8 13,021 10.2 82,697 64.7 17,580 13.7 (DMB ) 217 0.2(0.16), 3,293 2.6 127,858 100 : (2009)

258., KBS,. 4.. OECD..,.,, ( ),, (MBC), (IPTV),,,.. 2 44 :, :, 1 ):

2 259 3..,,.,,.. 30%..., / / /, ( KOBACO ), KBS (1,000 5,000 KBS ), ( ), 2012.,.... 10%. 2012. 1 30% 40% 10%, 30%..,

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3 265.. (2010) 3 1 1996 1996 2005 2006 1982 1996 ( /, / ) 2005 New Corp. 2005 DACA 2007 2007 2009 2003 2003 2009 2009 1996 ( ) 1997 BBC 2000 2003 (, vs. PSB) 2009 2004 2010 2008 2004 2004 2008 2008 1997 EC 2003 2003 Free(IPTV) 2007 2004 (LCEN) 2004 (LCE) 2005 ARCEP 2007 2008 2008 2012 2009 2009 / 1996 1997 2007 1998 2008 13 ( ) 2006 2006 2000 IT 2001 2002 IPTV 2006 2006 2009 ( )

266 (2009), 2010 (2008) (2009)...,,, ( 3 1 ). 3,, 3 -. 1996, Computer Inquiries VOIP, IPTV, BPL... BSkyB, Virgin Media, BT., News Corp., BBC (PSB). BBC 2002 (DTT) ONDigital, BSkyB Freeview

3 267. EU 2002 Free IPTV 2004 2 (LCEN LCE). 2004 5 (LCEN) (communication au public en ligne) ( ). 6 (LCE) EU..,,.,...,. e-japan. i-mode.,

268... 2005 TV TBS. 2 1. 2005,.,. 2005 2009 3.9%., 2008 2009 0.3% (Ofcom, 2010). 2006 2009 5 15.0% 28.0%, 25.3% 1.7% ( 3 2 ). 5 2006 53.6% 2009 49.0%.. 2009 5 63.13% 46.5% (PWC, 2010)., 2009 5 66.0%, 14.15%, 10.21%, 9.63%. 2006, 1.93%, 1.16%, 3.37%..

3 269 3 2 5 ( :%, $) 5 117,361 84,660 547,451 79,844 829,316 2009 2006 15.04% 25.29% 1.72% 27.99% 0.65% 5 63.13% 54.66% 46.46% 49.04% 14.15% 10.21% 66.01% 9.63% 100.00% 5 102,021 113,325 557,024 62,384 834,754 2006 5 66.69% 62.05% 50.66% 53.57% 12.22% 13.58% 66.73% 7.47% 100.00% : IDATE(2010), PWC(2010) 5,,,, ( 3 1 ). 4. 2009 3 1 ( :%, $) : IDATE(2010), PWC(2010)

270 17.1%, 15.9%,, 13%., 12.5%, 11.6%. 2006 2009,,. 2. 2004 2009 1.9%,. 2004 2009 4.0%, 3.0%, 2.7%, 1.8%, 30.2%, (Ofcom, 2010).,,,,. 3 3 ( : %, $) / 2009 43.5 23.3 5.9 27.3 100.0 33,681 2005 49.2 30.6 8.6 11.6 100.0 36,672 2009 28.9 34.6 10.9 25.6 100.0 17,416 2005 34.3 42.1 15.6 7.9 100.0 15,916 2009 41.1 21.7 16.3 20.9 100.0 8,177 2005 46.2 23.1 21.7 9.1 100.0 8,277 2009 30.5 28.8 5.6 35.1 100.0 16,061 2005 35.9 42.3 8.2 13.6 100.0 15,698 2009 50.7 22.3 8.2 18.8 100.0 122,458 2005 46.7 35.2 9.1 8.9 100.0 140,428 : PWC(2010)

3 271 2005 2009,, ( 3 3 ).. 2009, 47.8%, 19.25%, 3%, 2013 11% (emarketer, 2008). 3. IPTV, TV( ), TV,,. IPTV 2009 12.8%, (3.8%), (2.7%) (PWC, 2010). 2010 580 ( 21.7%) 2009 480. 2013 IPTV 30.8% (PWC, 2009). TV (PPV:Pay-Per-View) (VOD:video-On-Demand). 5 72.9%, 62.0%. (4%), (2.7%),, (PWC, 2010). TV (ex, Hulu.com, Epix), (ex, Comcast), (ex, Netflix), TV (ex,, ). TV BBC iplayer 24% (22%), (19%), (10%), (9%) (Ofcom, 2010). BBC. TV,

272 (MID: Mobile Internet Devices) MobiTV, Pearl Mobile TV Media FLO. TV MediaFLO, Pearl Mobile TV, MobiTV Bithop (, 2010a, 2010b). TV MediaFLO., PC (MID: Mobile Internet Device) TV, N. 08 1 4 (11.8%) 13 6 (38.5%) (, 2010). PC 2010 1, 2010 35 2014 300 (, 2010). MID,. 4.,,,,. 2005 News Corp. MySpace Comcast NBC Universal. Youtube (2006) DoubleClick (2007), TV GyaO. Comcast Time Warner (TV Everywhere)

3 273. BSkyB ISP(Easynet), Canalsat IPTV, AT&T Verizon IPTV., (Adobe), (Sony), (Disney),. 3 1., TV.. 2009 7 5 ( 45%) (Ofcom, 2010). 5 (most missed) 1 TV. 3, 4. 2 (Ofcom, 2010).,,,,. 2010 17%(4,300 ) (PWC, 2009). 2008 65%, 56% TV ( ) (www.journaldunet.com. 2008).

274 TV 48 60% 24 38% ( 3 2 ). TV,,. 24% 43% 1. 3 2 : Ofcom(2010) 3 4 1 Google( ) Google( ) Google( ) Google( ) Yahoo!( ) 2 Yahoo!( ) MSN/Windows Live/Bing( 1) MSN/Windows Live/Bing( ) ebay(+1) Google( ) 3 Facebook(new) Facebook(+4) Facebook(new) Microsoft( 1) FC2(+5) 4 MSN/Windows Live/Bing( 1) Yahoo!( ) Microsoft( 1) MSN/Windows Live/Bing(+1) Rakuten( 1) 5 YouTube(+1) BBC( 2) Orange( 1) YouTube(+5) Microsoft(+1) 6 Microsoft( 2) ebay( 2) YouTube(new) Wikipedia( ) Wikipedia(+3) 7 AOL Media Network( 2) YouTube(+1) Yahoo!( 1) Amazon( ) goo(new)

3 275 8 Apple(+2) Microsoft( 3) Free( 3) T-Online( ) YouTube(new) 9 Ask Search Network(new) Amazon( ) PagesJaunes( 1) Facebook(new) @nifty (new) 10 Wikipedia( 1) Wikipedia(new) Wikipedia(new) RTL Network(new) Ameba new) : 2008. ( ), (+ ), ( ) : Ofcom, International Communications Market Report 2010(The Nielson Company, August 2010 ), ( 3 4 )..., 1. 2.,. PC-TV, PC, TV,. 35.3%(, 2006) 36.8%(, 2010),.. 2009 24% (Ofcom, 2010). TV,

276. VOD 36%, 27%, 20%, 6%, 5% (Ofcom, 2010). VOD. 4 1.,., ( 3 5 ). 11934, 1996., VOIP, IPTV, BPL., IPTV, FCC IPTV.. 602 (7).,,. IPTV,. 1996 2005 DACA(The Digital Age Communication Act),

3 277 2010 Comcast FCC (, 2007;, 2010). 2002 EU 2003 Ofcom. Ofcom ITC(BBC ), BSC( ), Oftel( ), RA(BBC ), RCA( ). ( ). Ofcom ( BIS). 2003,,. (CSA) (ARCEP),. (ARCEP), (CSA).,,,,. 2004 (LCEN, LCE),, 3., (state),,,. 70..

278 3 5,, vs. (1996) FCC(1996 ) (ex, VOIP, IPTV, BPL) (2003) OFCOM(2003) EU Directive(2002) 2 ( vs. ) (, ) (2004) (CSA) (ARCEP, 2005 ),, (1987 ), (2007 ) (2006 ), (1996 ),,, 4 (2001),,,., 1987 ( ) 2009 13. 1998

3 279.,.,,.,,,,. 2006 6. IPTV, NHK (,, ), ( ). 2000. 2010,,.,. 2. : ( 3 5 ). (PSB)., BBC BBC Online(1997), Freeview (2002), iplayer(2007), Freesat(2008), Project Canvas(2010). 2008

280, (, 2009)....,,,. ( ), ( ), NTT,,,,,. ( ). 5,.,.,. 2

3 281 ), ), ). 1. 2,.,., 3... :,, : : : :, 5 2008 CTT(Convergence Think Tank). CTT 2008 DCMS(Department for Culture, Media and Sport) BERR(Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform),. 2009, 2012. CTT,,,?,

282., FCC.,,,.,,,., 2010...,,.,,, (evidencebased)..,. Ofcom 2004 (Communications Market Report), 2006 ICMR (The Comsumer Experience, )..,...

3 283 2.,.,.,,.,,,. (2008) (, 2009). PSB (Public Service Broadcasting). PSB PSC(Public Service Content) PSP(Public Service Publisher)., PP. PSP. NHK.,.,,

284.. BBC.,. 2008 7 34. TV,,, (49%, 15%, 5%) (, 2008).,.. FTA.,. 3.,.,,. 90

3 285, PC-TV-. 2009, 2008 2012 (, 2009). 2010,,,,,,, (, 2009). 2012. IT. : IPTV IP, 100Mbps (4G) :, :,,, : 2.0,