1) 2).. 1-4.,,,, k?,,,. -, 4.... (norm alization ) (social inclusion ),..,. 1990.. 2000 145 100 3.1% 1, 1* *** 4.
( ). 3) 133 15 64, 56. 47.8% 71.6% 28.4%. 4.1% 7 ( 1). 4) < 1> 1 2 (2000) 47.8 71.6 28.4 60.9 95.9 4.1 (1998) 30.4 87.7 12.3 82.3 95.2 4.8 : 1.. 16-64. 2.. :,, 2000, 2001 U. S. Census Bureau, Housing Household and Economic Statistics Division,.,... 3 1995 106 39 2.5%3.09%. 20.6%(1995), 8.4%(1991), 18.0%(1993), 4.8%(1995).. (WHO) 10% 400 450 4. (, ).
..,,... -., (supply- side) (demand- side).,.. (1996),,. (1997, 2001). (impairment) (disability ). Stern(1989) (disability index ). Mullahy(1991) Baldwin (1994, 1995). (income transfer)
. Mulle(1996) Burkhauser(2001/ 2002),. Burkhauser(1998) 5). (productive welfare). Kruse(1998) Burkhauser(1998), Schur (2002). 6),, (discrimination). 7) Zadny(1979), Ehrenberg (1998), Zadny(1979), Ehrenberg(1998). (2000),, 2. (1996).. Baldwin(1994) 5, (transfer program) (rehabilitation). (lost earnings) (impairment).. 6, (Louis Harris and Associates, 2000; Schur, 2002). 7,.,, 1 2 2.
. (2001), (2001)..,, (human capital).,.,,....... (1996), (1997, 2001), (2000),. 8) (1997, 2001) (2000) 8 2000 2000. 5, 20001995 200, 220 44,000.,,. 2000 54,115 11,071,.
,. (1996) DB.... 1. ( ) 9). 2001 4,,. 4 /. 4 11,043 368 (3.3%) 2000 3.09%. < 2> < 5>.,.. 9 5000 11 (longitudinal survey)19981 4 (2001 ).
< 2> ( ) 45.9 22.1 38.0 47.8 8.0 7.4 7.9 28.4 42.3 20.5 35.1 34.2 :, 4, 2000 < 3> / %) (:,
11,043 [100.0] 368 [100.0] 10,675 [100.0] 5,313 (48.1) 5,730 (51.9) 142 (66.85) 97 (33.15) 5,067 (47.5) 5,608 (52.5) 15-19 1,080 ( 9.8) 8 ( 2.2) 1,072 (10.0) 20-29 30-39 40-49 2,199 (19.9) 2,297 (20.8) 2,203 (19.9) 35 ( 9.5) 49 (13.3) 85 (23.1) 2,164 (20.3) 2,248 (21.1) 2,118 (19.8) 50-59 1,452 (13.2) 74 (20.1) 1,378 (12.9) 60 1,812 (16.4) 117 (31.8) 1,659 (15.9) 873 ( 7.9) 71 (19.3) 802 ( 7.5) 1,487 (13.5) 96 (26.1) 1,391 (13.0) 2,099 (19.0) 77 (20.9) 2,022 (19.0) 3,480 (31.5) 81 (22.0) 3,399 (31.8) 971 ( 8.8) 10 ( 2.7) 961 ( 9.0) 712 ( 6.5) 1,415 (12.8) 6 ( 1.6) 27 ( 7.3) 706 ( 6.6) 1,415 (12.8) 3,065 (27.8) 63 (17.1) 3,002 (28.1) 6,949 (62.9) 248 (67.4) 6,701 (62.8) 1,029 ( 9.3) 57 (15.5) 972 ( 9.1) 6,822 (61.8) 4,221 (38.2) 147 (40.0) 221 (60.0) 6,675 (62.5) 4,000 (37.5) 1,0836 (98.1) 328 (89.1) 1,0508 (98.4) 207 ( 1.9) 40 (10.9) 167 ( 1.6) :, 4 < 4 > / (:, %) 368 (100.0) 10,671 (100.0) / 63 (17.1) 53 (14.4) 13 ( 3.5) 3,781 (35.4) 1,493 (14.0) 422 ( 4.0) 129 (35.0) 5,692 (53.4) 11 ( 3.0) 228 (62.0) 256 ( 2.4) 4,723 (44.2) 239 (65.0) 4,979 (46.6)
< 5> (:, %) 368(100.0) 129 (35.0) 239 (65.0) 257 (69.8) 28 ( 7.6) 92 (35.8) 7 (25.0) 165 (64.2) 21 (75.0) 31 ( 8.4) 16 (51.6) 15 (48.4) 27 ( 7.3) 6 (22.2) 21 (77.8) 25 ( 6.8) 8 (32.0) 17 (68.0) 134 (36.4) 41(30.6) 93 (69.4) 234 (63.6) 88(37.6) 146 (62.4) 1-2 3-6 7 75 (20.4) 146 (39.7) 6 ( 1.6) 12 ( 9.3) 69 (53.5) 4 ( 3.1) 63 (26.4) 77 (32.2) 2 ( 0.8) 141 (38.3) 44 (34.1) 97 (40.6) 56 (15.2) 26 (46.4) 30 (53.6) 312 (84.8) 103 (33.0) 209 (67.0) 31 (9.9) 11 (35.5) 20 (64.5) 69 (22.1) 33 (47.8) 36 (52.2) 212 (68.0) 59 (27.8) 153 (72.2) :. 2....,. - -.
..., (Probit).. y * i = 'X i + u i (1) y * i 0 1. y = { 1 if y * i >0 0 other w ise (2). P (y i = 1) = P ( u i >- 'X i ) = 1 - F ( - 'X i ) (3) F ( ) u i... D N (Gap). Gap = 1 - F ( - N ' X D i ) - [ 1 - F ( - D ' X D i ) ] (4) 4.,,,
,,,.,,, ( 6 ).., -....,.
< 6> LFP EMP EDU1 EDU2 EDU3 EDU4 AGE AGESQ FEMALE MARRIED FEMARR HEAD HINCOME TRANSFER TRA QUA JTEN CLASS1 CLASS2 CLASS3 CLASS4 CLASS5 SERIOUS AFTER18 ( = 1) ( = 1) 1 ( ) => 2 () 3 ( ) 4 ( ) (= 1) (= 1) FEMALE*MARRIED ( = 1) ( = 1) () ( = 1) ( =1) ( =1) 1 (= 1) 2 (= 1) 3 (= 1) 4 ( = 1) 5 (= 1) => ( 1-2 = 1) 18 (18 = 1) 3.. < 7> < 8> 1-4
.., (EDU2- EDU4). (+). (+). (AGE, AGESQ),.. (FEMALE) (FEMARR), > >,,.., (HEAD), (3 ).. (HINCOME), (- ).. (TRANSFER) 4, 10). 10 4 1-3,.
< 7> ( = LFP) 1998 1999 2000 2001 INTERCEPT -0.896 + - 1.368-1.838 + - 1.744 + EDU2 0.337-0.019-0.276 0.228 EDU3 0.368 0.096 0.085 0.299 EDU4 0.294 0.457 0.476 0.442 AGE 0.086 * 0.126 ** 0.170 ** 0.094 * AGESQ -0.001 ** - 0.002 ** -0.002 ** - 0.001 ** FEMALE -0.509-0.677-0.841-0.810 FEMARR 0.661 0.678 0.573 0.831 HEAD 1.012 ** 0.694 ** 0.225 0.485 + HINCCOME -0.00003-0.00008 * -0.00036 ** - 0.00033 ** TRANSFER - - - - 0.707 * TRA -0.190 1.300 * 0.698 0.412 QUA 0.434 0.573 + 0.960 ** 0.894 ** JTEN 0.044 ** 0.031 ** 0.046 ** 0.032 ** CLASS1-0.909 * - 0.927 * -0.413 0.231 CLASS2-0.943 * - 0.869 + -0.032 0.065 CLASS3-0.882 + - 0.471-0.016 1.168 * CLASS4-0.978 * - 1.284 ** - 1.161 * - 0.194 SERIOUS -0.309-0.765 ** - 1.288 ** - 0.674 ** AFTER18-0.628 ** - 0.493 ** -0.887 ** - 0.616 ** N 344 335 334 368 Log Likelihood - 169.3-160.0-137.7-164.9 : + p<0.1; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01
< 8> ( = LFP) INTERCEPT 1998 1999 2000 2001-4.555** - 4.105** - 3.853** - 3.833** EDU2-0.171** - 0.106+ - 0.284** - 0.227** EDU3 EDU4-0.129* - 0.100+ - 0.194** - 0.129* 0.147 * 0.177 ** 0.131* 0.219 ** AGE 0.255 ** 0.239 ** 0.226 ** 0.230 ** AGESQ FEMALE - 0.003** - 0.003** - 0.003** - 0.003** 0.313 ** 0.241** 0.134 * 0.226 ** FEMARR - 0.851** - 0.715** - 0.629** - 0.748** HEAD HINCCOME 0.485 ** 0.339 ** 0.363 ** 0.244 ** - 0.00003** - 0.00014** - 0.00006** - 0.00016** TRANSFER - - - - 0.615** TRA QUA 0.144 * 0.837 ** 0.103 + 0.377 ** 0.261** 0.330 ** 0.268 ** 0.215 ** JTEN 0.043 ** 0.037 ** 0.037 ** 0.033 ** N 9557 9183 9340 10678 Log Likelihood - 4274.6-4109.4-4345.5-4869.5 : + p<0.1; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01 (T RA ), (QUA), (JTEN),.. 2..., (CLASS1) (CLASS2) (CLASS3)(CLASS4) (CLASS4). 11) 11 4..
(manual work). 1-2 (SERIOUS). 18 (AFTER18),.... < 9> < 10>.., (EDU2- EDU4). 3, 4... (AGE, AGESQ), (FEMALE) (FEMARR) -. (HEAD) (HINCOME).
< 9> ( = EMP) INTERCEPT 1998 1999 2000 2001-1.308-2.168* - 1.719+ - 1.934* EDU2 0.300-0.044-0.127 0.249 EDU3 EDU4 0.071 0.126 0.114 0.217 0.155 0.476 0.588 + 0.568 + AGE 0.087 * 0.152 ** 0.157 ** 0.100 ** AGESQ FEMALE - 0.001** - 0.002** - 0.002** - 0.001** - 0.534-0.459-0.734-0.624 FEMARR 0.606 0.514 0.491 0.572 HEAD HINCCOME 1.115 ** 0.632 * 0.146 0.359-0.00003-0.00008+ - 0.00035** - 0.00036** TRANSFER - - - - 0.838** TRA QUA - 0.218-0.006 0.773 + 0.177 0.265 0.714 * 0.898 ** 0.735 * JTEN 0.024 ** 0.034 ** 0.047 ** 0.032 ** CLASS1 CLASS2-0.706* - 0.839* - 0.506* 0.173-0.650-0.688-0.353-0.152 CLASS3-0.748+ - 0.620-0.067 1.195 ** CLASS4 SERIOUS - 0.465-1.107* - 1.304** - 0.494-0.200-0.742** - 1.140** - 0.638** AFTER18-0.782** - 0.598** - 0.937** - 0.465* N 344 335 334 368 Log Likelihood - 176.4-162.4-140.1-163.7 : + p<0.1; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01 (TRANSFER),.... < 10> ( = EMP)
INTERCEPT EDU2 1998 1999 2000 2001-4.504** - 4.034** - 3.795** - 3.895** - 0.131* - 0.104+ - 0.239** - 0.210** EDU3-0.026-0.060-0.151** - 0.132** EDU4 AGE 0.320** 0.260 ** 0.139 * 0.204 ** 0.226 ** 0.228 ** 0.214 ** 0.226 ** AGESQ - 0.003** - 0.003** - 0.003** - 0.003** FEMALE FEMARR 0.365 ** 0.335 ** 0.156 ** 0.285 ** - 0.647** - 0.666** - 0.540** - 0.705** HEAD 0.459 ** 0.338 ** 0.366 ** 0.269 ** HINCOME TRANSFER - 0.00004** - 0.00016** - 0.00006** - 0.00016** - - - - 0.580** TRA - 0.190** - 0.443** - 0.014 0.312 ** QUA 0.275 ** 0.297 ** 0.246 ** 0.223 ** JTEN 0.042** 0.039 ** 0.039 ** 0.035 ** N 9557 9183 9340 10678 Log Likelihood : + p<0.1; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01-4549.7-4324.4-4491.8-4951.9,,. (JT EN). (T RA ) (QUA).. (signal).. (CLASS1- CLASS4), (SERIOUS ) (AFTER18).,,,.,,
.... < 9> < 10> (4). < 11>. 12). 1 ( ), 2 ( )., 1998 200155 60% 29 37%. < 11> (: %) 1 2 1998 46.1 64.0 30.5 36.2 46.9 16.5 55.0 66.1 29.9 1999 53.2 72.1 36.1 36.5 46.2 18.3 60.8 71.9 34.2 2000 52.4 71.2 35.3 29.7 40.9 11.8 59.6 71.5 32.5 2001 53.1 71.6 35.6 28.5 41.3 10.3 56.4 70.6 27.1 : < 9> < 10>. 1-2 - 12,,.
,,. (gap),., 20 30% 13 20%.. [1] [2] -. - 4. [1] - : 1. [2]
: 2 1. 2001 (2). -.. - 2001..,
...,..... disadvantage advantage.
, 2000,, 1999,,,, 1996, :,,, 2000, :?,,, 2002, :," 33 (1997.11), pp. 287-313, : Multinomial Logit( ) ", 18, 2001,,, 2001,,,,, 2000 Baldwin, Marjorie L; Gender differences in wage losses from impairments: Estimates from the Survey of Income and Program Participation; The Journal of Human Resources, Madison; Summer 1994; Vol. 29, Iss. 3; pg. 865, 23 pgs Baldwin, Marjorie L; Labor market discrimination against women with disabilities; Industrial Relations, Berkeley; Oct 1995; Vol. 34, Iss. 4; pg. 555, 23 pgs Burkhauser, Richard V; Disability and work: the experiences of American and German men; Economic Review- Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, San Francisco; 1998, Iss. 2; pg. 17, 13 pgs Ehrenberg, R.G.; Smith, R.S.; Modern labor economics; Scott. Foresman and Company; 1998 Kruse, Douglas; Persons with disabilities: demographic, income, and health care characteristics; Monthly Labor Review; Sep. 1998; Vol. 121; pg.8, 8 pgs Louis Harris and Associates; 2000 N.O.D./Harris survey of Americans wit disabilities; NY; Louis Harris and Associates; 2000 Mullahy, John; Sindelar, Jody L.; Gender Differences in Labor Market Effects of Alcoholism; The American Economic Review, Nashville; May 1991; Vol. 81, Iss. 2; pg. 161, 5 pgs Muller, L Scott; Labor- force participation and earnings of SSI disability recipients: A pooled cross- sectional times series approach to the behavior of individuals; Social
Security Bulletin, Washington; Spring 1996; Vol. 59, Iss. 1; pg. 22, 21 pgs Schur, Lisa; The difference a job makes: The effects of employment among people with disabilities; Journal of Economic Issues, Lincoln; Jun 2002; Vol. 36, Iss. 2; pg. 339, 9 pgs Stern, Steven; Measuring The Effect Of Disability On Labor Force Participation; The Journal of Human Resources, Madison; Summer 1989; Vol. 24, Iss. 3; pg. 361, 35 pgs Zadny, J.; Employer reactions to efforts to place disabled and disadvantaged workers; Portland, OR: Portland State University, Regional Research Institute; 1979
( ).....,....,........, 28.4% 7.9%... 1998,,,, 5. 5.
1995 14.9%, 3.5%. 2000 42.8%, 4 11.4%. 8.4%, 6.8%.??? 7??? 10% 15.2%. 2001. 2001.,,......,..,,....... (moral hazard). 1999. 2000, 2001. 2
. 2,. 2 2.... ( ).,.,..?. disadvantage advantage?, 1990.? 18..,.??,.??
? ( )???,? 11 2.??? 1999 53.2%60.8%,.? 2001. 20~30%, 13~20%,?