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2.,,..,,..,.. 2013 10

3 1 9 1 15 2 16 1 16 1. 16 2. 18 3. 21 2 24 1. 24 2. 28 3 33 1. 33 2. 35 3. NHK 36 4 39 1. 39 2. 40 3. 42 5 48 1. 48

4 2. 50 3. 52 4. 54 5. 57 3 64 1 64 1. 64 2. PBS(Public Broadcasting Service) 65 2 67 1. 67 2. 71 3. 73 3 74 1. 74 2. 75 3. 76 4 77 1. 77 2. TV 78 5 79 1. 79 2. NHK 80 4 83 88

5 21 TV 18 22 25 23 25 24 26 25 29 26 BBC 31 27 BBC 31 28 BBC 32 29 2010 35 210 42 211 TV (2011 ) 44 212 44 213 France Télévisions 45 214 51 215 53 216 (20062011) 54 217 55 218 TV 56 219 57 220 58 221 60 222 63

6 31 TV TV 68 32 73 33 (2009 ) 75 34 (2010. 11. 12) 76 35 77 36 TV 78

7 21 19 22 (20072012) 27 23 TV 28 24 BBC 30 25 41 26 46 27 TV 47 28 TV 48 29 (2013 ) 49

9 1 TV.,,,,, 5,... 3, 4. 2 ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox. 4 The CW. ABC Walt Disney Company, CBS CBS Corporation( Viacom), Fox News Corporation, NBC Comcast Corporation, The

10 CW Time Warner Inc. Warner Bros. Entertainment CBS Corporation. 1980., 2008 VOD. 2012, Freeview 2002 10. 2012 193 3.2%., 2.6% 71 2011 1.0%p,. BSkyB 2012 6 961, Virgin Media. (PSB), BBC, Channel4(S4C) Channel3(ITV), Channel5. BBC 2011 50 1). ITV 18, 3 Channel4 9. 1 2 2.8. BBC, BBC Trust. S4C Channel4,. Channel4 IBA(Independent Broadcasting Authority) ( ITC, Ofcom ),, 1) 2013 11 5, 1( ) 1.6($).

11. NHK 127. NHK,.. 1998 2010 13 3 4,083 3 9,098 14.7%, NHK 1998 2 4,488 2010 2 2,655. 2010,. 2010,,,,. 2011 32.. IPTV. IPTV, 800. IPTV, VOD. 2013 TV ( 3,816 ) 73.4%(2,800 ) TV, 7.4%(282 )

12. TV 46.3%, 46.2%. 2013 11.0%, IPTV ( DSL-TV ) 4.9%. 2009 100%, 2012 4 30 100%.. 2012 21( 12, 9), 409( 17, 45, 3 3, Pay-TV 77, TV 267) 430. 267 TV,,,,. 2000.. ZAW,, TV,,,. 3

13.,, (Apple) (itunes). Hulu. ABC, FOX, NBC 2007 Hulu, Hulu TV, PC ITV Digital. ITV Digital. BBC (Freeview) 2002., 2009 France Télévisions,,. ( ) France Télévisions 7 TV, VOD.. 4

14.,, 1.,.. 2008 IPTV 200, VOD,..,,,.,.

1 15 1 19 20, TV. TV TV TV.,. TV.,,..,,,, 5,. 3,. 4,.

16 2 1 1. ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox. 2012 6 30, 1,029 UHF, 358 VHF, 285 UHF, 107 VHF (FCC, 2012. 7. 19) 2)., (License). 1,387 2006 122012 6 11. 396 16.. ABC, CBS, NBC 3 1980 TV, 1990 Fox 4. 2006 The CW(The CW Television Network) 5, CW. 4 4 600, 97%. 3) PBS, 2) http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/doc-315231a1.pdf 3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_united_states_over-the-air_television_networks

2 17,.. FCC ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC, The CW, MyNetworkTV (Englishlanguage), Univision, Telemundo, TeleFutura (Spanish-language), HSN, TBN, CTN Memorable Entertainment Television (regional speciality network). 4 The CW. ABC Walt Disney Company, CBS CBS Corporation ( Viacom), Fox News Corporation, NBC Comcast Corporation, The CW Time Warner Inc. Warner Bros. Entertainment CBS Corporation. 80.. MVPD() Comcast Corporation NBC Universal 31, Walt Disney Company 21, News Corporation 12 (FCC MB Docket No. 07-269, 2012)., 4 O&O(Owned and Operated) 4). (affiliate) 4. 2010 1982 4) 39%

18,. 21 TV 1 ION Media Networks Avenue Capital, Black Diamond Capital, Trilogy Capital 2 Communications Broadcast Media Partners Inc. 3 Trinity Broadcasting Paul F. Crouch Sr., Jan Crouch 4 CBS Television Stations CBS Corp. 5 FOX Television Stations News Corp. 6 NBC Universal Stations Comcast Corp., General Electric 7 Tribune Broadcasting Tribune Company 8 ABC The Walt Disney Company 9 Gannett Broadcasting Gannett Company : FCC(2012) 20062010 Clear Channel Newport Television 60 New York Time Company 9. Comcast NBC Universal GE (FCC, 2012). 2.. (Owned-and-Operated Station: O&O) (Affiliate).,,

2 19. (Media Ownership Rule) 39%., LA... 21 : Owen & Wildman(1992), Video Economics, p.6. ABC, CBS, NBC 22, Fox, The CW, MyNetworkTV 15

20., 4, 2.53.. 4. (owner), CEO,. CBS (chairman) (Sumner Redstone),, (Leslie Moonves) (president) CEO. CBS, (Audit Committee), (Compensation Committee), (Nominating and Governance Committee). NBC Comcast Comcast. Comcast CEO (Brian Roberts) NBC CEO (Stephen Burke). Comcast,,, (Finace Committee). ABC ABC (Anne Sweeney),,. Fox News Corporation (Rupert Murdoch). News Corporation (James Murdoch) (Lachlan Murdoch).

2 21 3.. 1980. 2000 TV 10% 20112012 NBC Sunday Night Football 7.99%, 20102011 American Idol 8.8% (www.deadline.com, 2012). 2006 TV 14.1%, 2007 12.7%, 2010 9.6% (FCC, 2012),., 2000 263 2006 246 2, 2007 228 4, 2008 226 2009 181 3 2010 222 2 (FCC, 2012)., 2008 CATV VOD (FCC, 2012). The Big Bang Theory, NCIS CBS, Fox, ABC, NBC. NBC Comcast.

22.,. MTV, CNN, USA Network, Disney Channel, History, TBS, ESPN, TNT. Discovery, History, Cartoon Network,,., Monday Night Football(MNF) ESPN. Time Warner, Walt Disney.. TV 2010 91%., SNL Kagan(www.snl.com, FCC, 2012 ) 2010 50.7% 113. 5) 2006 6.8%, 2007 5.9%, 20072010 5.96.1%. 94 87. 5) NAB(National Association of Broadcasters) 2010 39.1% 87.

2 23 (compensation), 2006 1% 2010 0.2% 1/5. 2, 2006 0.9% 2010 4.2%. NAB 0.14. SNL Kagan 2006 246 2.4% 5869 2010 220 4.9% 11.. Borrell (www.borrellassociates.com) 2010 10.4% 2009 12 (9.3%) 2 14., 30% (FCC, 2012)..., PBS. (Department of Commerce) NTIA(National Telecommunications and Information Administration) 13 4.,, 2009 2

24 6. (economic stimulus package) 800 6 5. (Digital must-carry rules) Turner Broadcasting v. FCC,, FCC,.., 6MHz. (SDTV: Standard Definition TV) 46. 108MHz. FCC. 2 1. 2012, 2002 10 Freeview

2 25., 2012 TV 2,762 44.0% 1,216, 4.8% 133 TV (Informa, 2012). 1,414 51.2%. 22 (: ) 2009 2010 2011 2012 TV 26,659 (100.0%) 26,993 (100.0%) 27,330 (100.0%) 27,624 (100.0%) 12,322 (46.2%) 12,069 (44.7%) 12,112 (44.3%) 12,162 (44.0%) 1,133 (4.2%) 1,215 (4.5%) 1,271 (4.7%) 1,326 (4.8%) 13,204 (49.5%) 13,709 (50.8%) 13,947 (51.0%) 14,136 (51.2%) : Informa(2012), 68.3%68.8%, 2012 26.9%,. IPTV 4.8%,. 23 (: ) 2009 2010 2011 2012 9,070 (68.7%) 9,427 (68.8%) 9,580 (68.7%) 9,657 (68.3%) 3,703 (28.0%) 3,788 (27.6%) 3,772 (27.0%) 3,805 (26.9%) IPTV 431 (3.3%) 494 (3.6%) 595 (4.3%) 674 (4.8%) : Informa(2012)

26. 24 TV 50 Freeview 1(+ ) Virgin Media 2 BSkyB(), Freesat() 400 : Sky1 : Sky News : ITV2, 5USA : UKTV : Sky Sport IPTV(ADSL-TV) 2(+ ) BT Vision, TalkTalk TV : (KISDI, 2013) TV Catchup YouView IPTV BSkyB / : Sky Sport, Sky Movie, Sky Multiroom, Sky+ HD Virgin Media / : Virgin DVR, V+ HD BBC. BBC, Freesat. BskyB. 2003, NTL Telewest 2006 NTL. NTL Virgin Media.

2 27. 2012 123 ( ) 0.8%. 5 (2.2%), 2012 3.2%. 53, 28. 22 (20072012) : Ofcom(2013), p.162., 2012 43.1%, 28.9%, BBC TV 22.1%, 5.9%.

28 23 TV : OFCOM(2013), p.161. 2. (PSB), BBC, Channel4(S4C) Channel3(ITV), Channel5. BBC 2011 50. ITV 18, 3 Channel4 9. 1 2 2.8. BBC, Channel4, ITV, Five, BBC 2011 (Total Income) 36 70.95%.

2 29 25 (: ) 2008 2009 2010 2011 BBC 4,177 4,661 4,790 4,993 ITV 1,698 1,543 1,771 1,820 Channel 4 906 830 935 941 : Informa(2012), Western Europe, TV Factsheets to end 3Q12. BBC BBC1, BBC2, Channel4(S4C) ITV, Channel 5 2, BBC BBC3, BBC4, CBBC, CBeebies, BBC News24, BBC Parliament. BBC, BBC Trust. S4C Channel4,. Channel4 IBA(Independent Broadcasting Authority) ( ITC, Ofcom ),,. 1) BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation) BBC 2006 BBC Trust 2007 1 BBC Trust. BBC Trust BBC. BBC Trust BBC, (The Executive Board).

30 24 BBC : KISDI,, 12, 10,,, 4. (), 5.,,,. BBC,,,,. BBC BBC. BBC Trust 12 29. 32 BBC Trust. 2) BBC 1927 BBC 4 (BBC1, BBC2, BBC3, BBC4)

2 31 6 (CBBC, CBeebies, BBC News24, BBC Parliament, BBC HD, BBC Alba). 26 BBC BBC1 BBC2 BBC3 BBC4 : BBC,,,, BBC (factual),,,, BBC, 71.7%. BBC Worldwide, BBC Studios and Post Production BBC. 2016 145.5. 27 BBC (: ) 2012. 3 2013. 3 3,606 3,656 1.4% 1,480 1,446 2.3% 5,086 5,102 0.3% : BBC Annual Report 2012/2013

32 BBC TV,,,, BBC Worldwide. TV 10 TV,,,. 10,, BBC Asian Network.,,, CBBC, BBC iplayer, TV, 2013 3 1 9,200. BBC Worldwide BBC,,. BBC, 2012/2013 0.3% 51, 15.7%. 2.7, 0.7, 11. 28 BBC (: ) 2012. 3 2013. 3 3,606 3,656 1.4% 1,480 1,446 2.3% 5,086 5,102 0.3% 4,808 4,896 1.8% 389 328 15.7% : BBC Annual Report 2012/2013. Freeview Freeview

2 33 2002 10. BBC, BSkyB, Arqiva 2005 Channel4, ITV 5. Freeview IDTV(Integrated Digital Television) (3502,299), (25 ) TV. 8MHz 6 50 TV 24 4 HD. 2002 3 Freeview 4.2%, 2007 BSkyB 1, Freeview. 2007 BBC ITV TV Freesat, Freesat 200 TV TV 2008. Freesat Freeview TV. 3 1. NHK 127. NHK,.. NHK

34 2, BS 3 (1, 2, ), BS 3, 3 (1, 2, FM), 2 (NHK, NHK), 1. 1 BS 1, CS 12. TV, TBS, TV, TV, TV 5 50%, TV, TBS, TV, TV, TV. 1 TV 2011 5,936 5 TV (1,115) 6., 50 NHK 50, 340.,, NHK.. 1998 2010 13 3 4,083 3 9,098 14.7%, NHK 1998 2 4,488 2010 2 2,655. 2008 NHK,,. 3.15, 2.82. NHK. 1998 6,337 2010 6,812, 201214 8.9% NHK

2 35. TV 2002 3 37 2012 3 45 10. 2002 2 28 2012 2 47 NHK 2002 1 9 2012 58. 2. 2010,. 2010,,,,. 2010 50. 29 2010 2011 7 (), (), () 3

36., NHK 4, 1 600. TV. 3. NHK NHK,, /, /,. NHK,,,,,,,,. NHK, NHK. 2000 NHK. NHK,, ( ),,,, NHK. 12 3.,,,,,.

2 37 NHK. NHK.. NHK 2000. 2004 NHK NHK. 2006 30%. 2005 12 NHK. 2007 NHK 2008. NHK,,,. NHK BS.. NHK,.,, 2006 3 10% 1,200,. NHK. NHK,

38.. NHK 2006 ( ), 10%. NHK 2005 NHK. NHK NHK, NHK. 3 2009 NHK 2011. 2012. NHK, 8 36 5., BBC (VFM: Value for Money), NHK NHK., NHK. NHK. 2007 NHK NHK.. NHK.

2 39 NHK,. 201214 3 NHK 7%. NHK NHK NHK NHK.,,, NHK. 4 1. 2011 32. SD HD 11 HD. IPTV, 800. IPTV VOD. IPTV,.

40. IPTV.,. Canal+ Canalsat. France Télévions, Canal+, TF1 Canal+ TF1. 2. 2011 11. 2011 99.3%,,, IPTV TV. TV 2,680 1,630 (61%). IPTV. 2012 32 24, 8..

2 41 25 (: %) : CSA(2013). Guide des chai nes numériques. p.17 2004 IPTV. IPTV 2011 30.8% 1 6.9%p 6). IPTV 820,. IPTV VOD. 330, 270 600. 210. 2007 8 Numericable. 6) CSA(2013). Guide des chai nes numériques. p.18.

42 3. 8. 7 SD 18, CSA 2012 3 6 HD (Cherie 25, L Equipe 21, HD1, RMC Decouverte, Numero 210 () () () () TF1(HD) FRANCE 2(HD) FRANCE 3 FRANCE 5 M6(HD) ARTE(HD) D8 W9 TMC NT1 NRJ 12 LCP FRANCE 4 BFM TV I>TELE D17 GULLI FRANCE O HD1(HD) L EQUIPE 21(HD) 6TER(HD) NUMERO 23(HD) RMC DECOUVERTE(HD) CHERIE 25(HD) : CSA(2013) 7) TF1 FRANCE TELEVISIONS FRANCE TELEVISIONS FRANCE TELEVISIONS METROPOLE TELEVISION ARTE FRANCE CANAL+ M6 TF1 TF1 NRJ LCP AN/PUBLIC SENAT FRANCE TELEVISIONS NEXTRADIOTV CANAL+ CANAL+ LAGARDERE FRANCE TELEVISIONS TF1 AMAURY M6 SOCIETE DIVERSITE TV FR NEXTRADIOTV NRJ CANAL+(HD) CANAL+ CINEMA CANAL+ SPORT EUROSPORT FRANCE LCI PARIS PREMIERE PLANETE TF6 CANAL+ CANAL+ CANAL+ TF1 TF1 M6 CANAL+ TF1/ M6

2 43 23, 6ter) 24. SD Canal+ Arte HD, TF1, France2, M6 SD HD HD 11. Canal+ 2012 10 7 Bollore 100% D8(Direct 8) D17(Direct Star).. 2011 90 4 2. 63% 37%. France Télévisions(France 2, France 3, France 4, France 5, France o ) 33%., France Télévisions. France Télévisions 85% 15%. 2009 4.3. 90%. 2011 1 TF1 42%, M6 20%, 15% 2%p. 10%. 7) CSA(2013). Guide des chai nes numériques. p.8

44 211 TV (2011 ) (: ) 5,673.4 63% 3,047.8 90% TF1 1,447.2 16% 1,435.2 42% France Télévisions 3,003.8 33% 431.3 3% M6 687.2 8% 681.4 20% 535.2 6% 499.9 15% 3,375.4 37% 347.6 10% Canal+ 1,857.0 20% 159.0 5% (97 ) 1,518.4 17% 188.6 5% : CSA(2013) 8) 9,048.8 100% 3,395.4 100% 37%, Canal+ 20%. Canal+. 212 2006 2012, (: ) France Télévisions 1830 64% 2577 84.8% Arte France 204 95% 268 99.0% Radio France 495 88% 625 91.5% RFI 56 42% INA 75 67% 92 69.5% AEF(RFI, France 24, TV5Monde) 319 93.3% 2660 3882 : Le Monde(2007. 10. 2) 9) 8) CSA(2013). Guide des chai nes numériques. p.66.

2 45 France Télévisions, Radio France, Arte France, AEF INA. 2009,. France Télévisions 2012 85%. 2009 France Télévisions 65% 2012. 213 France Télévisions (: ) 2005 2009 2010 2011 1779.3 65.9% 2412.4 79.5% 2472.7 78.8% 2492.2 82.7% 772.2 28.6% 430.9 14.2% 485.2 15.5% 418.2 13.9% 148.5 5.5% 190.9 6.3% 178.8 5.7% 102.4 3.4% 2700.0 100.0% 3034.2 100.0% 3136.7 100.0% 3012.8 100.0% :,, 2005, 2009 : Le Monde(2007. 10. 2), France Télévisions(2011) 10) 9) La redevance télévision française, parmi les moins élevées d'europe, Le Monde. 2007. 10. 2. http://www.ddm.gouv.fr/article.php3?id_article=1746 10) La redevance télévision française, parmi les moins élevées d'europe, Le Monde. 2007. 10. 2. Rapport FinancierFrance Télévisions2010(p.48, p.74), by France Télévisions, 2011.

46. 2005 58 ( 8 7000 ) 2012 90 ( 13 5000 ) 55.2%.. 2005 60% 2012 90%. 26 (: Mds, 10 ) : Nouvelles TNT, Nationales, Thématiques,, IPTV : CSA(2013) 11), TF1 2008 43% 2010 40%, 2012 37%, M6 2008 18% 2010 19%, 2012 17%. TF1 M6 2008 11) CSA(2013). Les chiffres clés de l'audiovisuel français, 1er semestre 2013, p.13

2 47 61%, 2010 59%, 2012 54%,. France 2, France 3, France 5 TV 2008 14% 2010 6%, 2012 5%. 2009 8 6. 2008 12%, 2010 23%, 2012 30%. 2008 11%, 2010 10%, 2012 9%,. 27 TV : Chai nes TNT, Thématiques ca ble et satellite : CSA(2013) 12). 2006 2012 19.7%p 66.8%. 19.5%p 12) CSA(2013). Les chiffres clés de l'audiovisuel français, 1er semestre 2013. p.14

48 22%. 2005 DTV (TF1, France 2, France 3, Canal+, France 5, M6, Arte)., PP,,, 20062009 20092012 11%. 28 TV : CSA((2013) 13) 5 1. () (die medienanstalten) 14), 2013 TV ( 3,816 ) 73.4%(2,800 13) CSA(2013). Guide des chai nes numériques. p.30. 14) die medienanstalten(2013). Digitalisierungsbericht 2013. Berlin: Vistas.

2 49 ) TV, 7.4%(282 ). TV 19.2%(733 ) TV. TV 80.8%. 29 TV 46.3%, 46.2%. 2013 11.0%, IPTV ( DSL-TV ) 4.9%. 29 (2013 ) (: %) : die medienanstalten(2013). Digitalisierungsbericht 2013. Berlin: Vistas, p.38. 2005 TV 74.3%, TV. 2009 100%, 2012 4 30 100%.

50,.,,,. 2013 55.2% 44.8%.. 15) 2. 2012 21( 12, 9), 408( 17, 45, 3 3, Pay-TV 77, TV 267) 429. 3. 267 TV,,,, 16). TV,,. 13., 15) die medienanstalten(2013). Digitalisierungsbericht 2012. Berlin: Vistas, p.35. 16) die medienanstalten(2013). Jahrbuch 2012/2013. Berlin: Vistas, p.47.

2 51,..,, (Vollprogramm),, IPTV, (Spartenprogramm), IPTV.,. (must carry),, IPTV. ( )., IPTV., IPTV. (VOD).. 18 214 (: ) 3 TV 12 9 21 17 44 3 77 267 408 18 29 53 3 77 267 429 18 : die medienanstalten(2013). Jahrbuch 2012/2013. Berlin: Vistas, p.47, ARD(2012). Jahrbuch 2012. Frankfurt. a.m.

52.,. 3.. 2000.. 215 1996, ARD ZDF, 3 42.9%. ADR Das Erste ZDF, 12%, 9,, IPTV 12%.,, 5%., IPTV,, IPTV. RTL P7S1 25.1% 19.8%, 45%. RTL 25%, ProSiebenSatEins 2012 20% 2013 20%. 2013 1

2 53 ProSiebenSatEins 4 17.7% ZDF 13.6% 4%.. 215 (: %) 2012 2011 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 ARD ZDF ARD III(8) 3sat arte Kinderkanal Phoenix ZDFinfo ZDFneo ZDFKulrue 12.3 12.6 12.6 1.0 0.8 1.4 1.1 0.4 0.6 0.1 12.4 12.1 12.5 1.0 0.8 1.3 1.1 0.1 0.4 12.7 12.5 13.5 1.0 0.8 1.4 1.0 13.3 13.1 13.2 1.1 0.6 1.3 0.9 14.2 13.6 13.5 1.0 0.5 1.1 0.7 14.0 13.6 13.7 1.0 0.4 1.2 0.5 14.2 13.8 13.1 0.9 0.4 1.1 0.5 14.3 13.3 12.7 0.9 0.3 1.2 0.4 15.4 13.6 12.3 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.3 14.8 14.4 10.1 0.9 0.3 * 42.9 41.7 42.9 43.5 44.6 44.4 44.0 43.1 43.7 40.5 RTL RTL II Super RTL VOX n-tv 12.3 4.0 2.1 5.8 0.9 14.1 3.6 2.2 5.6 1.0 13.6 3.9 2.2 5.6 0.9 11.7 3.8 2.4 5.4 0.8 12.8 3.8 2.6 4.8 0.6 13.8 4.9 2.7 3.7 0.5 14.6 3.9 2.4 3.3 0.6 14.3 4.8 2.8 2.8 (0.7) 15.1 3.8 2.9 2.8 (0.6) 17.0 4.5 2.1 3.0 (0.3) RTL 25.1 26.5 26.5 24.1 24.6 25.6 24.8 24.7 24.6 26.6 SAT.1 ProSieben Kabel 1 N 24(10) 9Live(12) Premiere( 03 ) sixx 9.4 5.9 3.9 0.6 10.1 6.2 4.0 1.0 10.1 6.3 3.9 1.0 0.1 10.3 6.6 3.6 1.0 0.1 9.8 6.6 3.6 0.8 0.2 10.3 7.0 4.0 0.4 0.2 9.9 7.1 4.5 0.4 1.2 10.2 8.2 5.5 (1.0) 1.1 11.8 8.7 4.4 (0.6) 0.7 13.2 9.5 3.6 0.7 Pro7SAT.1() 19.8 21.3 21.3 21.5 20.8 21.7 21.5 23.9 24.9 26.3 12.2 10.5 9.6 10.9 10.0 8.3 9.7 8.3 6.8 6.6 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 : Kommission zur Ermittlung der Konzentration im Medienbereich(2008, 2011, 2012). Jahresbericht. Potsdam: KEK.

54 2012 12.2%, 2000.. 4. (ZAW: Zentralvervand der deutschen Werbewirtschaft) 2012 (Werbung in Deutschland 2012), 2011 299 3 9000 (1,3%). 2010 6 9000 (2,4%). (BIP, Bruttoinlandsprodukt) 1.16% 10. ZAW,, TV,,,. 216 (20062011) (BIP) BIP (%) (: 10, %) BIP (%) 2006 2,326.50 30.23 1.30 20.35 0.87 2007 2,423.40 30.83 1.27 20.81 0.86 2008 2,481.20 30.67 1.24 20.37 0.82 2009 2,374.50 28.84 1.21 18.37 0.77 2010 2,476.80 29.53 1.20 18.74 0.76 2011 2,570.00 29.92 1.16 18.93 0.74 : ZAW, 2012, Werbung in Deutschland 2012. Berlin.

2 55, (Brutto), (Netto). 2012 12%.,,. 10 34%,. 2002 54.7%, 2010 36.0%. 217 (: ) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (A) 74.5 77.2 80.5 83.0 87.3 91.3 93.9 109.0 111.0 113.0 (B) 38.1 38.6 39.3 41.1 41.6 40.4 36.4 39.5 39.8 40.5 B/A 51.1% 50.0% 48.8% 49.5% 47.7% 44.3% 38.8% 36.2% 36.0% 35.9% : die medienanstalten(2013). Jahrbuch 2012/2013. Berlin: Vistas, p.66, ARD ZDF 2.3% 2.2%, RTL 34.7%, P7S1 42.8%. 18.1%. 40%, 4.5%,. 1995 102, 2001 145 2004 155, 2006 170. 2008. 1995 100%.. 1980

56.. TV,,,,,,,. 218 TV / (: ) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 4,126 4,140 4,172 4,357 4,454 4,451 4,416 4,649 4,600 4,536 4,504 3,956 3,811 3,860 3,929 4,114 4,156 4,035 3,640 3,954 3,981 4,051 785 890 938 1,035 1,088 1,094 1,150 1,071 1,260 1,456 1,732 8,867 8,841 8,970 9,321 9,656 9,701 9,601 9,360 9,814 9,973 10,287 : die medienanstalten(2013). Jahrbuch 2012/2013. Berlin: Vistas, p.68. 2012 TV 102 8,700. 45400 43.8%, 40 510 39.4%. (Pay-TV) 17 3,200 16.8%. 2002, 2011,. 2012.. (Rundfunkgebuehr) 15 (Rundfunkbeitrag). TV, PC,. RTL (Brutto) 34.7%, ProSiebenSatEins 42.8%, ARD 2.3%, ZDF 2.2%, 18.1%

2 57. (Netto) RTL 44.4% ProSiebenSatEins 40.8%, 14.8%. 219 (: ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (VOD) 0.14 0.24 0.34 0.73 1.31 2.2 4.5 7.7 (DTO) 0.8 2.1 3.3 4.6 0.14 0.24 0.34 0.73 2.11 4.3 7.8 12.3 : die medienanstalten(2013). Jahrbuch 2012/2013. Berlin: Vistas, p.91. 2008. 2012 (video-on-demand) 7,700 62.6%, (Download-to-own) 4,600 37.4%. 1 2,300, 3%. 5.. TV TV ( 220), 3 TV 1992 158 2011 225 17 67. 313 TV 1 33(93), 70 5 3(303). TV 40. TV 266 216 50., 1990

58,.,. 17) ARD 1991 TV 220. 220 () (:, %) () 1 (%) (%) 1992 199 160 124 97 76 69 69 60 1995 207 181 101 93 75 71 61 60 2000 223 198 123 91 76 74 65 61 20082 241 199 102 83 70 56 20092 249 204 103 86 71 57 20102 266 213 111 90 72 56 20112 266 216 117 89 71 55 2010/2011 0 +3 +6 1 1 1 : 1) 1992 613, 1995 313. 2) 2008. : Darschin & Frank(1993, 1996) 18) ; Darschin & Kayser(2001) 19) ; Zubayr & Gerhard(2009, 2010, 2011, 2012) 20) 17) Meyn, H., & Chill, H.(2004). Massenmedien in Deutschland. Konstanz: UVK Verlang. 18) Darschin, W., & Frank, B.(1993). Tendenzen im Zuschauerverhalten. Fernsehgewohnheiten und Programm -bewertungen im Jahr 1992. In: Media Perspektiven, pp.114126. Darschin, W., & Frank, B..(1996). Tendenzen im Zuschauerverhalten. Fernsehgewohnheiten und Programm -bewertungen im Jahr 1995. In: Media Perspektiven, pp.174185. 19) Darschin, W., & Kayser, S.(2001). Tendenzen im Zuschauerverhalten. Fernsehgewohnheiten und Programmbewertungen im Jahr 2001. In: Media Perspektiven, pp. 162175.

2 59 TV, TV. TV. 13 TV 1990 910. 15 7%., TV. TV. TV, 2001 2002 DVD TV... 20) Zubayr, C., & Gerhard, H.(2009). Tendenzen im Zuschauerverhalten (Fernsehgewohnheiten und Fernsehreichweiten im Jahr 2008). In: Media Perpektiven, pp.98112. Zubayr, C., & Gerhard, H.(2010). Tendenzen im Zuschauerverhalten (Fernsehgewohnheiten und Fernsehreichweiten im Jahr 2009). In: Media Perpektiven, pp.106118. Zubayr, C., & Gerhard, H.(2011). Tendenzen im Zuschauerverhalten(Fernsehgewohnheiten und Fernsehreichweiten im Jahr 2010). In: Media Perpektiven, pp.126138. Zubayr, C., & Gerhard, H.(2012). Tendenzen im Zuschauerverhalten(Fernsehgewohnheiten und Fernsehreichweiten im Jahr 2011). In: Media Perpektiven, pp.118132.

60 221 (%) (%) ARD ZDF ARD3 RTL SAT1 Pro7 ARD ZDF ARD3 RTL SAT1 Pro7 1992 19.1 17.9 8.8 17.7 16.3 8.7 23.1 23.1 8.1 16.3 12.5 5.6 1995 11.0 12.3 10.9 19.6 16.6 11.3 17.7 15.4 9.3 16.9 14.2 8.5 2000 11.4 10.6 14.7 15.7 10.9 9.2 15.2 14.1 12.1 13.8 10.0 8.0 2005 11.3 11.6 15.5 14.9 11.9 6.9 14.1 14.1 13.1 12.7 10.6 6.6 2010 11.4 10.8 15.0 14.7 10.6 6.1 13.7 13.2 12.4 13.3 10.0 6.4 2011 10.4 10.2 13.9 15.3 10.7 6.2 12.9 12.6 12.1 13.7 10.0 6.2 92/ 10 8.7 7.7 +5.1 2.4 5.6 2.5 10.2 10.5 +4.0 2.6 2.5 0.6 : Darschin&Frank(1993, 1996); Darschin&Kayser(2001); Zubayr&Gerhard(2009, 2011, 2012),,. 221 ARD ZDF. ARD ZDF, RTL Sat.1, ProSieben. DFF,. 47%, 23% 22%. 21) 2000 ARD 3 21) Gaiser, W., Gille, M., Krueger, W.&de Rijke, J.(2000) Politikverdrossenheit in Ost und West. Aus Polik und Zeitgeschichte(19-20), 13-25.

2 61 N3(), W3(), MRD(), BR(), SWF(), HR(), RBB( ). MDR 6.4% ProSieben. MDR, DFF,. 22). TV. RTL MDR. ARD ZDF.. 23) TV. 50,., 2011 ARD 42%, 35%. 6%, 6%. ARD 34%, 27%, 18%, 21%. 48%, 9%,, 8%, 9%, 12%, 4%, 4%. ZDF 47% 22) Mohr, R.(2003) TV-OSTALGIE: Alles ins Lächerliche gezogen. Der Spiegel(41) ; Osang, A.(2003). Ost-Boom: Zu Gast im Party-Staat. Der Spiegel(37). 23) Frueh, W. & Stiehler, H.-J.(2002). Fernsehen in Ostdeutschland. Berlin: Vistas.

62, 28%, 11%, 5%. ZDF 31%, 28%, 16%, 24%. 42%, 2%,, 8%, 18%, 10%, 7%, 6%. RTL 36%, 22%, 21%, 13%. RTL 24%, 38%, 9%, 2%. 14%, 10%,, 3%, 27%, 19%, 7%, 12%. Sat.1 31%, 19%, 29%, 15%. Sat.1 16%, 41%, 19%, 15%. 19%, 7%,, 6%, 29%, 11%, 11%, 9%. ProSieben 17%, 10%, 51%, 14%. ProSieben 28%, 32, 15%, 16%. 33%, 7%,, 6%, 14%, 15%, 10%, 8%. 24) 24) Krueger, U. M.(2011). Profile und Funktionen deutscher Fernsehprogramme. In: Media Perpektiven(Vol. 4), pp.204224. Krueger, U. M.(2012). Profile duetscher FernsehprogrammeTendenzen er Angebotsentwicklung. In: Media Perpektiven(Vol. 4), pp.215236.

2 63 222 (: %) 2006 33 17 10 36 2 2 100 ARD 2008 40 8 14 35 2 1 100 2010 40 8 14 35 2 1 100 2011 42 6 6 35 10 1 100 2006 35 17 8 36 2 2 100 ZDF 2008 46 7 17 27 2 1 100 2010 48 7 15 27 2 1 100 2011 47 5 11 28 7 2 100 2006 25 5 25 26 4 15 100 RTL 2008 21 2 26 25 5 21 100 2010 23 2 34 22 5 14 100 2011 22 2 36 21 6 13 100 2006 15 1 40 24 5 15 100 Sat1 2008 17 1 29 31 6 16 100 2010 17 1 33 29 5 15 100 2011 19 1 31 29 5 15 100 2006 30 11 43 4 12 100 ProSieben 2008 15 29 37 5 14 100 2010 11 23 46 6 14 100 2011 10 16 51 9 14 100 : Zubayr&Gerhard(2007); Krueger(2011, 2012) 222,.,.

64 3 1 1.,, (Apple) (itunes). Hulu. CBS ABC, FOX, NBC 2007 Hulu, Hulu TV, PC. Hulu,. Hulu Plus 2009 (KBS, 2011 8). TV TV Everywhere. HBO HBO Go 500 (KBS, 2012 8), TV TV Everywhere Hulu 2009,, TV Everywhere.

3 65 2. PBS(Public Broadcasting Service). PBS PBS 1967 (Public Broadcasting Act of 1967) (CPB: Corporation for Public Broadcasting) 1969.,, CPB.. 1990 2000 PBS 1520%, 2530%,, 5159% (KBS, 2012 5).. PBS PBS CEO CPB. PBS CEO 2006 3 (Paula Kerger), PBS,,,, PBS 20102011 PBS 34 (Emmy Awards). 27 14 ( ), 12 ( ),, 3,. PBS PBS.. PBS PBS 2013 354.

66 PBS. PBS, PBS. PBS. PBS 4 25) :,, (editorial integrity),,,, (quality), (diversity), (local station autonomy).. PBS PBS, DVD 2. PBS (fund raising promotion), PBS DVD. 25) http://www.pbs.org/about/media/about/cms_page_media/35/pbs%20editorial%20standards% 20and%20Policies.pdf

3 67 2 1. 1996.... BSkyB 1998 10 Sky Digital. 3, 3 Granada Carlton ON Digital( ITV Digital ) BSkyB 1998 11. /,,, BSkyB. ITV Digital, 2 6 2001 13. ITV Digital BSkyB. BSkyB, BSkyB

68.,,, (, 2010;, 2009;, 2003; Starks, 2007). ITV Digital... ITV Digital. BBC (Freeview) 2002. 31 TV TV 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 DTV 53.0% 61.9% 69.7% 86.3% 87.1% 91.4% DTV TV : Ofcom(2010) 71.7% 64.3% 60.0% 55.0% 53.1% 54.6%.. (multiplex) ( ),

3 69 MMS Multicast. 1996 1998 11 /, 1, 2, A, B, C, D. ITC, 1 1/2. BBC( ) Mux 1, ITV 4 Mux 2 Five S4C Mux A., Mux B, C, D ITV. ONDigital ITV Digital. Mux 1, 2, A (FTA), Mux B, C, D (FTA). (FTV),. FTV, ONDigital..,,. (TLCS: Television Licensable Content Service) (DTPS: Digital Television Programme Serivce),

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3 73 32 TV BBC1, BBC2, BBC3, BBC4, ITV1, ITV2, ITV2+1, ITV3, ITV4, Channel 4, Channel 4+1, Five, Five USA, Sky3, Yesterday, More4, Dave, Dave ja vu, Virgin1, Virgin1+1, E4, E4+1, Film4, FIVER, Quest, S4C, TeleG* CBeebies, CBBC, CITV 3 4Music, VIVA 2 BBC Red Button, Sky Text, NHS Choices, Teletext 4 BBC News, BBC Parliament, Sky News, Sky Sports News, CNN International, S4C2, 26) Russia Today QVC, Ideal World, Bid TV, Teachers TV, Community Channel, Create and Craft, The Big Deal, Price-droup TV BBC Radio 1, BBC 1Xtra, BBC Radio 2, BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio 4, BBC Radio Five Live, BBC Five Live Sports Extra, BBC Radio 6 Music, BBC Radio 7, BBC Radio Asian Network, BBC World Science, The Hits Radio, Smash Hits!, Heat, Magic, Q, Smooth FM, Kerrang!, talksport, Premier Christian Radio, U105, Heart, Absolute Radio, Kiss *S4C, TeleG ** : http://www.freeview.co.uk/freeview/channels 27 7 8 24 3. 2008 5, BBC ITV.... 26).

74, HD. HD. 25% HD. HDTV,, TV. 2010 BBC, BBC HD, ITV, 4 140. 2010 3 100, 2010 7 125. 2012 200. Sky. BSkyB BBCITV. BSkyB Freesat from Sky' 2004 10. BBC BskyB.,. 3 1. 2009 3.,,, 3% 0.75%, 2016 1 1

3 75. 33 (2009 ) (53 6) France Télévisions 206,, / / (31) 2 120 TV (32) (1100 ) 3% () (33) ( ) 500 0.9% 2. 2009 France Télévisions,,. ( ) France Télévisions 7 TV, VOD (2009 6 23 2122). France Télévisions Francetv Pluzz, TV, VOD, France 4

76,. 3.. 2009 3 (SMAd) VOD TV, 2010 11,,. 34 (2010. 11. 12) 15% 22 26%( 22%), 2236 21%( 17%) TV (, ) 60% 40% ( 3 50%, 35% )

3 77 4 1., 2006 28% 2012 70% ( 35). (59%), 30% TV. 23%, (Podcast) 4%. 35 (: %) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 () 45 55 62 65 68 70 34 51 52 58 58 59 TV 10 14 21 23 29 30 TV 8 12 18 15 21 23 Podcast 4 7 6 3 4 4 : Frees, B. & Eimeren, B.v.(2012), p.372. 27) 35. TV TV, 2009,,., TV 27) Frees, B.&Eimeren, B.v.(2012), 76 Prozent der Deutschen online-neue Nutzungssituationen durch mobile Endgeraete. Medien Perspektiven 2012(7-8), p.372.

78. 2009. 2011 1660. 2008 210 79 1450. 2008 900, 2011 19500 21. TV,., TV TV. 2. TV TV. 23 500,. 500, TV. TV 1400 Web-TV 30. 36 TV 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TV() 397 692 974 1275 1418 1424 () 151 166 194 : ALM(2008, 2009 28) ); Goldhammer(2011, 2012 29) ) 28) Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Landesmedienanstalten(ALM)(2009). ALM Jahrbuch 2008

3 79 (BLM) 14 2010 TV.. 2012, TV 1424, 1 9,400. 2010 17%. 5 (Kurzclip).. (device)., PC,, TV. 5 1. TV, 2000.. VOD. 2005 TV VOD Media-Analyse: Landesmedienanstalten und privater Rundfunk in Deutschland. Berlin: Vistas. 29) Goldhammer(2011). Web-TV Monitor 2011. Duesseldorf: Goldmedia Innovation. Goldhammer(2012). Web-TV Monitor 2012. Duesseldorf: Goldmedia Innovation.

80 2TV, 5 NHK. (GyaO!). 51% 5., TV 2010 2. TV 2 TV. NHK 2008 NHK, 2010 12 (YouTube). NHK PC, TV,, 3-Screens TV IPTV,. VOD TV NTT NOTTV, 2011 Hulu.,,,,. 2. NHK NHK. NHK BS,,.

3 81,.,., BBC, 2005.,,. 2000 NHK,.. NHK 50, 40 50. NHK. 50 340 60, NHK 70. NHK,. 2012 NHK TV ( ) 15.5%,

82 (NHK7), (845L) 11.7%, 10.1% ( ) 10.0% 4. 7, NHK9. 50. 2008 () 24.5%,,, NHK 50. NHK.

4 83 4.,, 1..,.,..,,,. PBS. TV. PBS,

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4 85.. KOBACO() ( ) SBS,..,.,.,. PP,.. ARD ZDF, HD., UHD.,,,,,,.,.

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88 (2010), BBC, 1321. (2013),, 2013. 10. 18. KISDI. KBS(2012),,. Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Landesmedienanstalten(ALM)(2009). ALM Jahrbuch 2008 Media- Analyse: Landesmedienanstalten und privater Rundfunk in Deutschland. Berlin: Vistas BBC(2013). Annual Report 2012/2013. CSA(2013). Guide des chai nes numériques. CSA(2013). Les chiffres clés de l'audiovisuel français, 1er semestre 2013. Darschin, W.,&Frank, B.(1993). Tendenzen im Zuschauerverhalten. Fernsehgewohnheiten und Programmbewertungen im Jahr 1992. In: Media Perspektiven. Die Medienanstalten(2013). Digitalisierungsbericht 2013. Berlin: Vistas. Die Medienanstalten(2013). Jahrbuch 2012/2013. Berlin: Vistas. FCC(2012). Broadcast Station Totals as of June 30, 2012, July 19th, 2012, available at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/doc-315231a1.pdf. FCC(2012). Annual Assessment of the Status of Competiton in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming, 14th Report, MB Docket No. 07-269. Frees, B.&Eimeren, B.v.(2012). 76 Prozent der Deutschen onlineneue Nutzungssituationen durch mobile Endgeraete. Medien Perspektiven 2012(7-8), p.372. Frueh, W.&Stiehler, H.-J.(2002). Fernsehen in Ostdeutschland. Berlin: Vistas. Gaiser, W., Gille, M., Krueger, W.&de Rijke, J.(2000) Politikverdrossenheit in Ost und West. Aus Polik und Zeitgeschichte(19-20), 13-25.

89 Informa(2012). Western Europe, Pay TV & FTA Forecasts to 2017 Kommission zur Ermittlung der Konzentration im Medienbereich(2008, 2011, 2012). Jahresbericht. Potsdam: KEK. Krueger, U. M.(2011). Profile und Funktionen deutscher Fernsehprogramme. In: Media Perpektiven(Vol. 4), pp.204224. Krueger, U. M.(2012). Profile duetscher FernsehprogrammeTendenzen er Angebotsentwicklung. In: Media Perpektiven(Vol. 4), pp.215236. Le Monde(2007). La redevance télévision française, parmi les moins élevées d'europe, Oct. 2nd, 2007, available at http://www.ddm.gouv.fr/article.php3?id_article=1746 Mohr, R.(2003). TV-OSTALGIE: Alles ins Lächerliche gezogen. Der Spiegel (41). Ofcom(2013). Communication Market Report 2013. Osang, A.(2003). Ost-Boom: Zu Gast im Party-Staat. Der Spiegel(37). Owen, B. M., & Wildman, S. S.(1992). Video Economics, Harvard University Press. ZAW(2012). Werbung in Deutschland 2012. Berlin. www.deadline.com www.freeview.co.uk/freeview/channels www.pbs.org

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