Vol.9, No.3, 256-269, 2003. :,, 1 ) 2 ) 3 ). 1.,., (Ch oi et al., 1994 ).. 1 Taylor (1865) (Clint on, 1985)., (Bogren, 1983),. 11-65% (Lamb, Lipkin, 1982).. (Hott, 1976). (Lamb, Lipkin, 1982),.,,,., (Clint on, 1986).,,., (Lee et al., 1997)., 1) 2) ( E-m ail : kimsj @h allym.ac.kr ) 3) - 2 56 -
9 3 (St rickland, 1987)., (Sch affer, 1972).,.,. (Drake, Verhulst, 1988).,. 2.,,,,.. 1). 2). 3).. 1865 Taylor couver couvade. 2 (couvdae syndrom e) (Bogr en, 1983)., (Tret howan, Colon, 1965).,,., 50%, 22-79% (Munroe, Munroe, 1971). Lamb Lipkin (1982) 224 22.5%.. 1931 Reik, (Bogr en, 1983)..,. Obr zut (1976),.,,, (Br own, 1983 ; Hot t, 1976 ; Tr eth owan, 1972). Bor gen (1983), Davis (1978) Wapner (1975) - 2 57 -
2003 9. Monroe Monroe (1971) May (1980). 1960 (Clint on, 1985)., (Tret howan, 1972).,., (Lamb, Lipkin, 1982). Liebenberg(1969) 64,, F awcett (1978). (Clint on, 1985) Tret howan (1972). (Clint on, 1986).., Lamb Lipkin (1982),,,,,. F awcett York (1986),,,,,,,,,,.,, (Tret howan, Conlon, 1965 ; Tret howan, 1972)., Ch agga (Monr oe, Monr oe, 1971). 1955 Curtis 55 22,,,. Tr eth owan Conlon (1965) 6 2.,,, (F awcett, 1979),,,,,, (Tret howan, 1972), (F awcett, 1978), (May, 1980)., (Tret howan, Conlon, 1965). Tr eth owan Conlon (1965) 327 9 22 1,,,,,,, 3. F awcett York (1986) - 2 58 -
9 3, 3. Lipkin Lamb (1982) 2. (Tr eth owan, Conlon, 1965).,,,,,.. 1. 4 -. 2.,, 100. 3. 2000 7 2002 11. 1.,,.. 400 107 ( : 26.8%) 7 100. 4. F awcet t York (1986) (1 ) (2 ). 46 34 12.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 34,,,,,,, 12. 1, 2, 3, 4 1-4. Cronbach ' s.96, 6. 4., Pearson Corr elation Coefficient, t -t est ANOVA.. - 2 59 -
2003 9 1.. 24-42 30.9 25-40 28.5. 4 1.0% 16.0%, 10.0% 33.0%. 98.0% 52.0% 29.6%, 9.2%, 8.2%, 1.0%. 85.0% 14.0%, 1.0%. 92.0% 7-40 31.9, 1 6.0%, 2 9.0%, 3 85.0%. 1-5 1.4 71.0%. 9 1.0% 1 100-500 242.6. 48.0% 22.0%, 7.0%, 1.0%. 2., <Figure 1>. 1.87 1.81 1.85. <Table 1>. 2.71 2.48, 2.28. 2.51 <F ig u re 1> T h e d e g re e of p hys ic a l, ps y c h o lo g ic a l c o uv a d e s y m pt o m e x p e rie nc e d by s u bj e cts <T a b le 1> T h e d e g re e of co uv a d e s y m pt o m ex p e rie nc e d by s u bjects No It em Mean SD 1 I feel unwell as like t o vomit. 1.67.84 2 I vomit. 1.57.85 3 I have constipation. 1.57.76 4 I suffer from diarrhea. 1.67.73 5 I have hemorrhoid. 1.52.73 6 I have indigestion. 2.15 1.02 7 I have gases in the st omach. 1.93.91 8 I feel an appetit e. 2.28.96 9 I lose my appetite. 1.94.90 10 I wolud like t o eat something. 2.21.80 11 I urine more oft en then ordinary times. 2.06.93 12 I have back pain. 1.68.80 13 I have headache. 1.81.76 14 I have stomachache. 1.68.72 15 I have headache. 1.50.61 16 I have gum edema. 1.50.62 17 I have gum bleeding. 1.61.69 18 My body weight increased. 2.71 1.00 19 My body weight decreased. 1.68.67 20 My body feel like swollen. 2.15.96 21 my legs are swollen. 1.77.81 22 I sensitive t o smelling. 2.03.84 23 My skin erupted. 1.86.79 24 I feel it chy. 1.99.89 25 I am gasping. 1.86.80 26 I feel tired. 2.48.84 27 I have insommia. 1.74.70 28 I feel dizzy. 1.71.68 29 I have cramp on my legs. 1.69.74 30 My muscles are tremble and convulsive. 1.65.73 31 I feel hot than ordinary times. 2.06.99-260 -
9 3 <T a b le 1> T he d eg re e of c o uv a d e sy m pt o m ex pe rie nced by s u bjects (co nt inue d) No It em Mean SD 32 I have cold more oft en. 1.71.64 33 I became more active than ordinary times. 1.99.84 34 I became less active than ordinary times. 2.06.82 Physical sympt om 1.87.50 35 I have severe mood change. 1.85.71 36 I feel well than ordinary times. 2.37.78 37 I am elated and feel happy. 2.51.83 38 I depressed. 1.63.66 39 I am anxious. 1.70.61 40 I became nervous. 1.72.65 41 I can not concentrat e on something. 1.83.65 42 I am unst able. 1.69.63 43 I became sensitive on sound. 1.79.71 44 I feel inferitiority. 1.57.55 45 I feel fear. 1.56.55 46 I became pessimistic. 1.52.59 Psychological sympt om 1.81.46 Tot al 1.85.47 2.37, 1.85. 1.50 1.52. 1.52 1.56, 1.57.,,,. 1 97%, 95%, 89%. 1 100%, 2 88.9%, 3 97.6% 1, 1 100%, 2 98%, 3 96% 1 100%, 2 99%, 3 90% <Figure 2>. <F ig u re 2 > T h e m a n if e s t e d p e rc e nt a g e of c o uv a d e s y m pt o m ex p e rie n c e d by s u bje cts a cc o rd ing t o p re g n a ncy p e rio d 3. <Table 2>.,,,,,,, (r = -.159, p =.115), (r = -.128, p =.203), (r = -.072, p =.4 77), (r =.095, p =.347) (r = -.209, p =.037), (r = -.227, p =.023), (r = -.198, p =.048), (r = -.254, p =.0 11).,,,,., (r = -.215, p =.031), (r = -.232, p =.020), (r = -.272, p =.006) (r = -.278, p =.005)., - 26 1 -
2003 9 <T a b le 2 > T h e re lat io n s h ip b etw e e n s u bje ct ' s g e n e ra l c h a ra ct e ris t ics a n d d e g re e of c o uv a d e s y m pt o m Charact eristics Physical symptom Psychological sympt om Tot al r p r p r p Age of subject -.169.093 -.102.312 -. 159.115 Age of pregnant woman -.123.221 -.124.219 -. 128.203 Educational level of subject -.215.031* -.158.117 -.209.037* Pregnant weeks -.232.020* -.176.080 -.227.023 Number of pregnancy -.053.598 -.118.242 -.072.477 Number of child.100.324.066.517.095.347 Family income -.163.106 -.278.005** -. 198.048 Physical condition of subj ect -.272.006** -.159.114 -.254.011**,,. 4. <Table 3>. (t = 1.366, p =.175), (t = 1.368, p =.174 ), (t = 1.331, p =.186), (t = -.289, p =.773), (F = 3.065, p =.051), (t =.824, p =.4 12), (t =.944, p =.34 7) (t = 1.363, p =.044 ), (F = 3.594, p =.009), (t = 3.506, p =.002), (F = 16.822, p =.000), (F = 3.151, p =.047)., 28 29,,,,., 200, 200-300, 300.,,., (t = 2.030, p =.045), (t = 11.374, p =.000), (F = 3.551, p =.0 10), (t = 3.634, p =.00 1), (F = 3.364, p =.039), (F = 3.146, p =.04 7), (F = 3.4 77, p =.035), (F = 2.78 1, p =.031), (t = 2.760, p =.0 11), (F = 3.940, p =.023). 29 28,,,,,., 1, 2, 3, 200, 200-300, 300.,,. 29 28,,,,., 200, 200-300, 300.,, - 262 -
9 3 <T a b le 4 > T h e d iff e re nc e of c o uv a d e s y m pt o m d e g re e a cc o rd ing t o s u bje cts ' g e n e ra l c h a ra ct e ris t ics Physical Psychological Charact eristics Classification No symptom sympt om Total Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Age of Below 30 56 1.93.48 1.85.47 1.91.46 subject Above 31 44 1.78.53 1.77.46 1.78.49 t = 1.475, p =.144 t =.819, p =.415 t = 1.366, p =.175 Age of Below 28 54 1.96.46 1.89.46 1.94.44 pregnant Above 29 46 1.76.53 1.72.46 1.75.49 woman t = 2.030, p =.045* t = 1.759, p =.082 t = 1.363, p =.044* Religion Have 67 1.92.49 1.84.45 1.90.46 None 33 1.76.51 1.76.49 1.76.49 t = 1.477, p =.143 t =.821, p =.413 t = 1.368, p =.174 J ob Have 98 1.88.50 1.81.46 1.86.47 None 2 1.28.02 1.79.53 1.41.15 t = 11.374, p =.000*** t =.062, p =.951 t = 1.331, p =.186 Type of Business 8 2.01.63 1.98.51 2.01.58 occupation Deskmaker 51 1.97.44 1.85.46 1.94.43 Professional 29 1.61.48 1.61.39 1.61.43 Service 9 2.09.52 2.05.49 2.08.50 Student 1 2.29 2.25 2.28 F = 3.551, p =.010* F = 2.781, p =.031* F = 3.594, p=.009** Educational Below highschool 15 2.20.36 2.06.35 2.16.35 level Above college 85 1.81.50 1.77.47 1.80.47 t = 3.634, p =.001** t = 2.760, p =.011** t = 3.506, p =.002** Want ed Yes 92 1.87.51 1.80.46 1.85.48 pregnancy No 8 1.89.49 1.93.47 1.90.45 t =-.130, p =.897 t = -.736, p =.464 t = -.289, p=.773 Pregnant 1st trimester 6 2.33.28 2.06.27 2.26.28 period 2nd trimest er 9 1.99.43 1.97.37 1.99.41 3rd trimester 85 1.82.51 1.78.48 1.81.48 F = 3.364, p =.039* F = 1.637, p =.200 F = 3.065, p=.051 Number of First time 71 1.88.46 1.86.45 1.88.44 pregnancy Above 2 times 29 1.83.59 1.69.47 1.79.48 t =.503, p =.616 t = 1.706, p =.091 t =.824, p=.412 Child Have 9 2.03.72 1.91.46 2.00.63 None 91 1.85.48 1.80.46 1.84.46 t =.714, p =.494 t =.651, p =.517 t =.944, p=.347 Family Under 200 32 2.00.45 1.90.52 2.21.40 income 200- under 300 38 1.87.56 1.89.42 1.87.46 Above 300 30 1.70.47 1.62.41 1.58.39 F = 3.146, p =.047* F = 3.940, p =.023* F = 16.822, p=.000*** Physical Weak 8 2.18.50 2.01.41 2.14.47 condition Moderate 22 2.01.53 1.89.49 1.98.51 of subject Healthy 70 1.79.48 1.76.45 1.78.45 F = 3.477, p =.035* F = 1.494, p =.229 F = 3.151, p=.047*.. Tr eth owan Conlon (1965), Lamb - 26 3 -
2003 9 Lipkin (1982). 97% 95% 89%, Strickland (1987) 87%. Monr oe Monroe (1971) 4 1% Bogr en (1983) 20% Clint on (1986) 93.7% - 97%. 1, 2 70%, 3 76% 1 59%, 3 71% (St rickland, 1987), 1, 2, 3 100%, 88.9%, 97.6% 1 3 100% 96%.,,, Borgen (1983),,,.,. Stickland (1987),,,, 20% F awcet t York (1986) 1 (30%) (64 %), 1 3 (13%). Crutis (1955) 2,,,,. (87%), (83%), (64 %) (60%), (50%) 1 3 (46%), (Clint on, 1986). (20%) (25%) (Drake, Verhulst, 1988 ; F awcet t, York, 1986). Lipkin Lamb (1982) 267 60 (22.5%),,.,,,,,,, ( ), (Lipkin, Lamb, 1982). 1/ 4. F awcett (1978),. (r = -.209, p =.037), (r = -.227, p =.023), (r = -.198, p =.048), (r = -.254, p =.011)., Br own (1983) (Br own, 1983). Lamb Lipkin (1982) Tr eth owan Conlon (1965). - 264 -
9 3, (Lamb & Lipkin, 1982 ; Mu nr oe & Munroe, 1971 ; Wylie, 1976). Tret howan (1968), (Strickland, 1987)., Clint on (1986) (incom e),. Clint on (1986),,, St rickland (1987).,,,,,. (t = 1.363, p =.044 ), (F = 3.594, p =.009), (t = 3.506, p =.002), (F = 16.822, p =.000), (F = 3.151, p =.047)., St rickland (1987), (,, ),, 1,. Lipkin Lamb (1982)., Lamb Lipkin (1982) (p<0.01) (p<0.05).,,. Strickland (1987),,. Monr e (1973). Mu nr oe (1964 ). 1, 2, 3, Clint on (1986) 2 3, 1., St rickland (1987),,. Tret howan Conlon (1965). Lamb Lipkin (1982). 200-300, 200, 300,., Liebenber g(1969) Munroe & Munroe (1971) - 26 5 -
2003 9. May (1980),. (May, 1980). Lamb Lipkin (1982),.,. Caplan (1960)....,. 1,,, 100. F awcett York (1986) 34 12 46. 1. 1.87 1.81 1.85. 2. (r = -.209, p =.037), (r = -.227, p =.023), (r = -.198, p =.048), (r = -.254, p =.011)., (r = -.215, p =.031), (r = -.232, p =.020), (r = -.272, p =.006) (r = -.278, p =.005). 3. (t = 1.363, p =.044), (F = 3.594, p =.009), (t = 3.506, p =.002), (F = 16.822, p =.000), (F = 3.151, p =.047)., (t = 2.030, p =.045), (t = 11.374, p =.000), (F = 3.551, p =.0 10), (t = 3.634, p =.001), (F = 3.364, p =.039), (F = 3.146, p =.047), (F = 3.4 77, p =.035), (F = 2.781, p =.031), (t = 2.760, p =.0 11), (F = 3.940, p =.023).,,.,, - 266 -
9 3.,.. 97%,...,. 1.. 2.. Re f e re n c e s Ant le, K. (1975). Psych ologic involvement in pregnancy by expect ant fat her s. J OGN N, 4, 40-42. Bogren, L. Y. (1983). Couvade. A ct a Psy chiat ric Scandinavia, 68, 55-65. Branson, H. K. (1971). F at her s and pr egnancy. Beside N urse, 4, 12-15. Brown, M. A. (1983). Social su pport and sym pt omat ology : A stu dy of first t ime expect ant par ent s. Dissert ation A bst ract s Int ernat ional, 44, 111B. Caplan, G. (1960). Em otional im plicat ions of pregnancy and influences on fam ily relat ionships. Harvard Universit y Pr ess. Choi, Y. S., Ch o, H. S., Ch ang, C. J., Lee, N. H., Ch ang, S. B., Ch oi, Y. J., Park, Y. S. (1994). Mat ernal N ursing. Seoul : Soomoonsa. Clint on, J. (1985). Couvade : patt erns, predict or s and nursing m anagement : A r esear ch pr oposal submitt ed t o th e division of nursing. W est ern Journal of N ursing Research, 7 (2), 221-24 3. Clint on, J. (1986). Expect ant fath ers at risk for couvade. N ursing Research, 35 (5), 290-295. Curt is, J. L. (1955). A psychiatric stu dy of 55 expect ant fath ers. U.S.A rm ed Forces Medical Journal, 6, 937-950. Davis, O. S. (1978). Mood and sym pt oms of expect ant fat her s during th e cour se of pr egnancy : A st udy of th e crisis per spect ive of expect ant fatherhood. Dissert ation Abstract s Int ernational, 38, 584 1A. Dr ake, M. L., Verhulst & F awcet t, J. (1988). Physical and psych ological sympt om s experienced by Canadian women and th eir hu sbands during pr egnancy and t he post partum. J ournal of A dv anced N ursing, 13, 436-440. F awcet t, J. (1978). body image and t he pr egnant cou ple. MCN, 3 (4), 227-233. F awcet t, J., York, R. (1986). Spouse' s physical and psychological sympt oms during pregnancy and post partum. N ursing R esearch, 35 (3), 144-148. F awcet t, J., York, R. (1987). Spouses' st rengt h of identificat ion and r eport s of sympt oms during pregnancy and th e post part um. Florida N ursing Review, 2 (2), 1-10. Hot t, J. R. (1976). The crisis of expect ant fath erh ood. A m erican Journal of N ursing, 76 (9), 1436-1440. J arvis, W. (1962). Some effect s of pregnancy and childbirt h on men. Journal of t he A m erican Psy choanalyt ic A ssociation, 10, 689-699. Lamb, G. S., Lipkin, M. (1982). Som atic sympt om s of expect ant fat her s. MCN, 7 (2), 110-115. - 26 7 -
2003 9 Lee, K. H., P ark, Y. J., Byu n, S. J., You, E. K., Lee, M. L., Lee, Y. S., Lee, H. K., J eong, E. S., Ch o, O. S., Ch oi, E. S., Han, H. S. (1997). W om an 's Healt h N ursing. Seoul :Hyunmoonsa. Liebenberg, B.(1969). Expect ant fat her s. Child and Fam ily, 8, 265-278. Lipkin, M., Lamb, G. S. (1982). The couvade syndr ome : An epidemiologic st udy. A nnals of Int ernat ional Medicine, 96 (4 ), 509-511. May, K. A. (1980). A typology of det achment/ involvem ent st yles adopt ed during pr egnancy by fir st time expect ant fat her s. W est ern J ournal of N ursing R esearch, 2 (2), 446-461. Monroe, R. L., Monr oe, R. H. (1971). Male pregnancy sympt oms and cross- sex ident it y in t hr ee societies. J ournal of Social Psy chology, 84, 11-25. Monroe, R. L., Monroe, R. H., & Nerlove, S. (1973). Male pregnancy adn cr oss- sex identit y : t wo r eplicat ions. J ournal of S ocial Psy chology, 89, 14 7-148. Obrzut, L. A. (1976). Expect ant fath er ' s percept ion of fat hering. A m erican Journal of N ursing, 76 (9), 1440-1442. Sch affer, G. (1972). Th e expect ant fat her. New York : Bar nes and Noble. Strickland, O. L. (1987). The occurrence of sym pt oms in expect ant fath ers. N ursing R esearch, 36 (3), 184-189. Taylor, E. B. (1965). Research int o th e early hist ory of m ank ind and developm ent of civilization. London : J oh n Murr ay. Trenth owan, W. H. (1968). The couvade syndr ome- som e furth er observat ions. J ournal of Psy ch osom atic Research, 12, 107-115. Trenth owan, W. H. (1972). T he couv ade sy ndrom e : In m odern Perspect iv es in Psy cho-obst etrics, New York : Howells ed. Tret howan, W. H., Conlon, M. F. (1965). The couvade syndrome. Journal of Psy chiatry, 3, 57-66. Wapner, J. (1976). The att it ude, feelings and behaviors of expect ant fat her s att ending Lamaze classes. Birth and Fam ily Journal, 3 (1), 5-13. Wylie, M. L. (1976). A stu dy of role t ransition : The case of first -t im e parent hood. Unpublished doct or al dissert at ion, P erdue University. - Ab s t ra ct - Cou va d e Sy n d r om e of Pr egn a n t Wom en ' s Sp ou s es Kang, Kyu ng A h 1 ) Kim, Shin J eong 2 ) Chang, Eu n Y oung 3 ) P u r p os e : This stu dy was int ended t o invest igat e t he t ypes and seriousness of t he couvade syndrom e, pregnancy- relat ed physical and psychological sym pt oms am ong expect ant fat her s wh ose spouses were pregnant. Me t h o d : Th e subj ect was consist s of 100 expect ant fat her s at one hospit al in Seoul, Korea. Th e pregnant women h ad not been diagnosed any m edical com plicat ion. Dat a were analyzed by SP SS/ P C progr am. Re s u lt : 1) The t ot al mean score was 1.85 : th e m ean scor e of per ceived physical sym pt oms (1.87) revealed higher th an t he m ean scor e of psychological sympt om s (1.81). 2) With t he r espect t o t he gener al charact eristics of subj ect s, th ere were st at ist ically significant correlations bet ween subj ect ' s level of educat ion and couvade sym pt oms (r = -.209, p =.037), gest at ional age and couvade sympt oms (r = -.227, p =.023), 1) Associat e Professor, Department of Nursing, SamYook Universit y 2) Associat e Professor, Department of Nursing, Hallym Universit y 3) Doctor al cour se, Depart ment of Nur sing Science, Ewh a Woman s Univer sit y - 268 -
9 3 family t ot al incom e and couvade sympt om s (r = -.198, p =.048), per ceived self health st atu s and couvade sympt oms (r = -.254, p =.0 11). 3) Wit h th e respect t o t he gener al char act erist ics of subj ect s, th ere were st at istically significant differences in pregnant woman ' s age (t = 1.363, p =.044 ),occupat ion of subj ect (F = 3.594, p =.009), educational level of subj ect (t = 3.506, p =.002), family t ot al incom e (F = 16.822, p =.000), per ceived self h ealt h st at us (F = 3.151, p =.04 7). Con clu s ion : Couvade syndr ome is an issu e for nur ses wh o perform an import ant role in th e car e of pr egnant wom en and t heir spouses. Key w o rds : Pr egnant wom en, Spou se, Couvade syndrom e - 269 -