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Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 (2011): 27-61. Kim, Ki-Hyun (2011), La explotación del petróleo y los movimientos ecosociales en la región amazónica de Perú y Ecuador. Abstract La región amazónica de Perú y Ecuador tiene abundantes recursos naturales, incluyendo petróleo y gas natural. Recientemente la explotación de esos recursos ha provocado varios conflictos sociales, pues la cual amenaza a los indígenas, quienes allí han llevado su vida aislada desde miles años antes. Mientras los conflictos se refuerzan en los territorios indígenas, surgen nuevas formas de resistencia, relacionada con los problemas ecológicos. Este ensayo primero describe la situación actual de la explotación, luego revisa la extensión del deterioro del medio ambiente y de la vida indígena. Y, últimamente, analiza las nuevas formas de resistencia de los pueblos indígenas de esta región. Key words Amazonas, Perú, Ecuador, medio ambiente, conflicto social * 2008 ( ) (NRF-2008-362-B00015). ** 2010 12.

,.. 1). 1990.,.,,,,.,. 2) 1) (environment). (ecosystem). ( 1997). 2),,..

,...,..,. ( )..,,. (Maybury-Lewis 2002; Langer and Muñoz 2003; Postero and Zamosc 2004). 2000. (FLACSO) (Guillaume Fontaine) (Conflictos por petróleo y gas natural en la Amazonía) Íconos(2005a) Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 028 029

.,,,,. (Rivas Toledo 2005) (clientelares),,. (Greene 2006) (eco-ethno alliance). NACLA Report on the Americas. (Bebbington 2009) : (The New Extraction: Rewriting the Political Ecology of the Andes) 5,. 2000. (Monge et al. 2008) 1950-60, 1980-90,.. (Southgate et al. 2009)

,.. (Finer et al. 2008),....... Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 030 031 1920. 1970. (Camisea).

2000. < II-1> 2000. (,.) 3) 2000 40%. 2001 2008 4,691 6,576, 4,847 6,932 2000 (CEPAL 2008, 325). ( : ) 2001 2008 (%) 50,897.9 73,388.7 44 59,434.7 88,781.0 49 : CEPAL 2009, 204 4),.,. (International Union for conservation of Nature and Natural Resources: IUCN). 3) CEPAL(2009),,,.,,,,. 4).

2003,. 48. 2004-2007 4 40. 2010 5 Perupetro 25. 73 75% (Hance 2010)... 60. 14-15 (Defensoría del Pueblo 2006, 108).. 3.6%. (Communal Reserves) 13.5%. (Reserved Zones) 35.2% (IBC 2009)... 10% (Benavides 2009)... < II-1> 2008 84%. 41.2%.,,. 17.1%, Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 032 033

: Finer et al. 2008, 4 (Communal Reserves) 55.2%, (Reserved Zones) 60.9% (Otra-Martínez and Finer 2010, 208-210). 73 58. 17 (Finer et al. 2008, 2).. 5 67 39. 2004. 2008 15. 2004-2007

Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 034 035 : Finer et al. 2008, 5 40. 2007 10.. 65% 52,300km 2. 10. 1970. < II-2>. < II-2> (. 4 1.)..

2007 1 7,580km 2,, (Zona Intangible). (Tagaeri) (Taromenane). 23 24.,.. 1990 2000 15, 16, 31. 2008. 180...,... 73 8 2004.

..,,,,,. ( 2003, 532-562).,,,,,,,, ( 2008).. (Amazon Watch) (Lago Agrio), 5) OCP(Oleoducto de Crudos Pesados: ), 6) ConocoPhillips (ConocoPhillips Oil Projects) 7) Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 036 037 5) (Chevron case). (Texaco). 1990 Petroecuador..

; (Camisea Natural Gas Project) 8) 1AB 9). 6) 300 10. 2. EnCana( 31.4%) Repsol-YPF( 25.6%), Pecom Energia( 15%), Occidental Petroleum( 12.2%). 7) 23, 24 (Shuar), (Achuar), (Kichwa). 2005,. ConocoPhillips. 8) 16 Pluspetrol(36%), Hunt Oil(36%), SK Corporation(18%), Techint(23%) Plusptrol, Hunt Oil, SK Corporation (Transportadora de Gas del Perú: TGP).,. 35 Royal Dutch Shell, TGP 16. 20,.,, (Soria 2005, 48-51).. 9) 1970 Occidental.. Petroperu 8 8X. 1996 8 8X, 2000 1AB Pluspetrol. Pluspetrol. Pluspetrol

,,,..,.. 3 < III-1>. 1990-2005 2.0%, 21.5%. ( ) ( ) (%) (%) 1990 2005 1990 2005 1990-2005 13,817.0 10,853.0 49.9 39.2-21.5 70,156.0 68,742.0 54.8 53.7-2.0 : CEPAL 2009, 193... CEPAL Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 038 039, 1AB 8.

,,,,,,,, (Naciones Unidas 2010, 93). 1960 2,000-5,000. 681, 3,734. 4,415 (442,936 ) 1%. 2,000 54.4% 240,888 (Southgate et al. 2009)... (Bilsborrow et al. 2004, 635-647).. - (Chevron-Texaco) 10). 1965 1993 10) 1964 (Gulf) 50 50. 1974 1972 CEPE( Petroecuador ) 25%. 1977 CEPE. 1989 Petroecuador 1990 Petroecuador. 1993. 2001.

(Lago Agrio: Nueva Loja). (produced water: 1 7-10,,,,,.). (.) 1989 Exxon-Valdez 2.,,, (Denvir and Riofrancos 2008).. 23 24,,.,, (Amazon Watch).... (Kugapakori Nahua Reserve) 1980 (Shell) 42% (Napolitano and Ryan 2007).. 11) Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 040 041

. (WWF-Peru)..,.. 1986 ConocoPhillips., 1986 ConocoPhillips (Huaorani) 16, (Acción Ecológica), (Fundación Natura), CERDAVI ConocoPhillips. (Sierra Club), 11) 40. 88, (Yine), (Nanti), (Nahua), (Kirineri).

(Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund), (Natural Resources Defense Council: NRDC), (Rainforest Action Network: RAN). RAN ConocoPhillips.......... (Southgate 2009, 20-21). (Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana, CONFENIAE) 12),. Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 042 043 12) CONFENIAE 1980. CONAIE CONFENIAE, CONFENIAE.

. NRDC, ConocoPhillips. 1991 ConocoPhillips 16. ConocoPhillips. (Huaorani).. (Hall 1993). COICA( ) NGO. (the Amazon Coalition, the Amazon Alliance)...,..,.,., (Southgate 2009, 22).

.. ConocoPhillips 1993.. (Amazon Defense Coalition) 5 3.... 13) Denvir and Riofrancos(2008), (ecologismo popular) Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 044 045 13) Bebbington(2009, 19) 5......,.,.

.. 2000. 1972 ~1992 Petroecuador. Fontaine(2005b, 35-46).,,,. 14)., Petroecuador (Gerencia de Protección Ambiental: GPA). 15), 14). 15).. (Fontaine 2005b, 45).

. Conocophillips 23 24... Petroecuador ( ). ConocoPhillips Petroecuador (Kennedy 1992)......... 2008.,, (El Comercio 2009). Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 046 047

. CONAIE(Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador: ) Marlon Santi,. Santi CONAIE. Santi.,. CONAIE. (Acción Ecológica).,,,,,.,,,,...

CONAIE. CONAIE,,,. CONAIE. Revista Iberoamericana 22.1.... 2004. < IV-1> 048 049 : Defensoría del Pueblo 2005-2009.

2008. 2008 50 2009 100. 2008 8 161 49% (socioambiental). 16) (socio-environmental conflicts) 2000. 78 71%, 17%, 28% (Monge et al. 2008, 117-120). 2000,..,. (Andoas) Pluspetrol...,,,,,. 16) 17% (gobierno local), 9%, 7% (gobierno nacional), 5%, 4%, 4%, 3% (gobierno regional), 2%.

.,..,,.. (Monge 2008, 134).,,..,,,,,,,,,,, NGO. (Otra- Martínez and Finer 2010, 212)..,, (agrofuel).. 2009 Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 050 051

10. AIDESEP(Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana: ) 5.. (Collyns 2009).,,. AIDESEP.,,... (paternalista) (inmediatista). (cacique)..

. 17) Petroecuador Texaco. Petroecuador. Petroecuador.,,. (Dirección Nacional de Protección Ambiental: Dinapa) (Ministerio de Energía y Minas).,,.. Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 052 053 17) 12.5-18.5%. 1998. 50 5. 2005 50, 1 2. (clientelismo)., (Ortiz-T 2005, 55-56).

...,. 2007 11 (Dayuma).,.., (Denvir and Riofrancos 2008).,..,,. (Occidental) (Petrobras).,

(Yasuní National Park). 20.., (Huaorani) 31 Petrobras. 3 1.,, 3 5,000.... (2001-2006). 39. Perupetro Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 054 055

(Occidental, ConocoPhillips, Barrett, Harken, Hunt ), PlusPetrol, Petrobras, Repsol, Sipet. 2003 7 7. 18) (confused savages), (Sendero Luminoso). 19, 20., (García Pérez 2007a; 2007b).,,,.. 18) 1980 APRA 10%..

. PDVSA Petrobras.. 1. (Eduardo Galeano 1986). 1..,,.. Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 056 057...,,.....

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