04김희순(93-121)

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1 Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 (2011): Kim, Heesoon (2011), A Study on Community Based Ecotourism: A Case of Yucatán in Mexico. Abstract This study firstly reviews the definition and significance of ecotourism. It also investigates the significance of the community based ecotourism by considering the emergence of the community-centered development strategy. It further looks into the role, significance, and problem of tourism players in the process of implementation of community based ecotourism based on the experience of ecotourism in the northern peninsular of Yucatán in Mexico. The concept of ecotourism was suggested from the development process of Yucatán peninsular in Mexico in 1980s. It is argued that the ecotourism can satisfy the two goals of the creation of social and economic revenues for the community and the natural environment preservation. The ecotourism is focused on natural regions and customer s satisfaction. It also centers on education, environment preservation, and cultural respect. The significance of ecotourism includes responsible tourism for the tourists and regional resident s participation to tourism in the perspective of economy, environment and society. The wild creature management led by government was failed and new and innovative preservation policy was required. The policy was called as community based natural resource management or community preservation area. Such a policy assumes that providing the benefit for production community is connected to the preservation. In the effect of neoliberalism, most developing countries experienced retreat of government role and regional communities realized the responsibility for restoration of local life environment. * 2008 ( ) (NRF B00015). **

2 Thus, the community based ecotourism was emerged as an alternative of existing models. The programs of ecotourism of northern Yucatán in Mexico include Pac-chen village for original residents, historic sites of Mayan culture, and tropical forest as tourism attraction. The practical implementing subjects of that program were tourism company, guides, and participant residents for supporting tourists. The tourists were foreigners from developed countries. Key words ecotourism, community based ecotourism, community-centered development, environment preservation, Yucatán. 1),,, 1) John Muir( ) 1864, National Park Service.... Sierra Club Hetch Hetchy Reservoir,.,.

3 ,.,,,,. de-gazetting 2),.. (Brenner and Job 2006).,. ( ) (Dzingirai 2003, ) , Revista Iberoamericana ) de-gazetting,.,.

4 , , (Zeppel 2006, 68)., (Pac-chen). (niche tourisim)., ( 2008). Wheeller(1994)

5 egotourism (Forsyth 1997, 272). (ecotourism) 1983 Ceballos-Lascurain (American Flamingo). PRONATURA Ceballos-Lascurain ( 2001, 60).,.,., ( 2006) Hetzer Links (ecological tourism) (ethical consumerism) 1980,,. (Forsyth 1997, ) Revista Iberoamericana

6 . 1990,,,, (Shoup 1898; Alder 1990; Sadler 1990; Kusler 1991; Wallace 1991; Valentine 1992; Buckley 1994; Chalker 1994; Goodwin 1996; Fennell 1999; Weaver 2001).,,,,,,,,, ( 2004, 58-61) (The International Year of Ecotourism) UN.,...

7 (World Tourism Organization 2003: Uddhammar 2006, 659 ).,,,,,,,,,,. (Weaver 2001). Revista Iberoamericana 22.1 (nature based tourism).,,.,, ( 2006).,.,,,.,,

8 .,,,,,,,,,, ( 2001).,...,,,,. ( 2001).,, (Brenner and Job 2006)., Ceballos-Lascurain.,,

9 ., (Issacs 2000, 62)....,,,,, (Brandom 1993: 2003 ). (Butler 1990) ( 1999)., (Duffy 2001, 155: Uddhammar 2006, 658 ).,., (local governance) ( 2003). Revista Iberoamericana

10 . NGO. (Jackiewicz 2006, 138). 1980,. (globalization). Schumacher(1973), Canclini,. Jackiewicz(2006, ),...

11 Veltmeyer(2002),, (Jackiewicz 2006, 140 ).,,.,. (Jackiewicz 2006, 139). (Binns and Nel 2002, 235). Timothy(2002). Britton(1987). 1996,, 3)., (Binns and Nel 2002, 236). Revista Iberoamericana ) (Binns and Nel 2002, 236).

12 (Jackiewicz 2006, ).,,. NGO (Jackiewicz 2006, ).,.,.., (Dzingirai 2003, ). CAMPFIRE,. CAMPFIRE(Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources) (USAID), (Worldwide Fund For Nature) NGO

13 1989. CAMPFIRE.. (Boniface and Cooper 2009b, ). CAMPFIRE, (Tonga),. 10% 50% (Uddhammar 2006, 659). CAMPFIRE 1. (Dzingirai 2003, 450). CAMPFIRE. CAMPFIRE. Revista Iberoamericana

14 CAMPFIRE (Dzingirai 2003, ; ). CAMPFIRE. CAMPFIRE. CAMPFIRE (Dzingirai 2003, ). CAMPFIRE (Campbell et al. 2000, 42).,.,,,, (Zeppel 2006, 68)., 17%....

15 .,,. CONAIE 4) (Blangy 1999: Zeppel 2006, 68 ). 5) Plurinational Federation of Community Tourism of Ecuador(FEPTEC) FEPTEC,. (de Bont and Janssen 2002: Zeppel 2006, 68 ) A National Forum on Community Participation in Ecotourism,, (NGO, operators) (Zeppel 2006, 69) Otavalo 2003 San José (rural community-based Revista Iberoamericana ) (2008), (2008; 2010), (2010). 5), % km 2 21%., (Drumm 1998; Zografos and Oglethorpe 2004; Boniface and Cooper 2005: Zeppel 2006, 68 ).

16 tourism) (Mader 2003; Ecotribal 2005: Zeppel 2006, 68 ).., (Quinttana Roo) (Coba).. (Cancún) Expedia.com...,,,,,

. Coba Maya Encounter Expedition alltournative. Pac-chen, (sinkhole). 119, 79 20-30%. 12.

17 . Coba Maya Encounter Expedition alltournative. Pac-chen, (sinkhole). 119, %. 12., 1 19, CD 1 39, CD 79. IV-1,,,,.,, 12 20, 7 ( IV-1) Revista Iberoamericana

18 07:30 08:00 10:00 12:00 _ 12:20 _ 12:40 13:20 _ 15:20 17:00 Tierra Negra Zip-line crossing. 7 25,, ,,

19 . 5.,.. (Chase et al. 1998, 466). 80% ( 2006).. 6),,. ( IV-2)... Revista Iberoamericana )..

20 (Paby et al. 1991).,, NGO.,,,,,. alltournative,,.. 3., alltournative, ,

21 ( IV-3). (el Instituto Nacional Indígena: INI) (la Secretaría del Medio Ambiente Recursos Naturales: SEMARNAT).,, ( ,...,,,.,,.. Revista Iberoamericana

22 ,.., (, 2003).,.,, (Boniface and Cooper 2009b, ; 2004, 68-70).,. ( IV-4).. alltournative Pac-Chen. alltournative

Revista Iberoamericana 22.1... 70% ( 2004, 58).

23 Revista Iberoamericana % ( 2004, 58). (Wesche and Drumm, 1999; de Bont and Janssen 2003; Mader 2004: Zeppel 2006, 68 )

24 . CAMPFIRE. (Dzingirai 2003, )..., , ,. 1970

25 ,,,,,,,,.,,.,...,... Revista Iberoamericana

26 ..,....,..,.,.., NGO,,

27 Revista Iberoamericana (2010), :,, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp (1999), :,,. (1995),,, Vol. 30, No. 320, pp (2001), :,,. (2008),,, ; (Zapatista) -,, Vol. 97, pp (2010), 1980~1990 -CONAIE

28 ,, Vol. 107, pp (2008),,, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp (2008),,, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp (2006),,,. (2004),,, Vol. 19, pp (2001),,, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp (2006), : (Fiji),, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp (2003),,, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp Binns, T. and E. Nel(2002), Tourism as a Local Development Strategy in South Africa, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 168, No.3, pp Boniface, B. and C. Cooper(2009a), Worldwide Destinations: The Geography of Travel and Tourism (5th ed.), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Boniface, B. and C. Cooper(2009b), Worldwide Destinations: The Geography of Travel and Tourism: Casebook (2nd ed.), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Brenner L. and H. Job(2006), Actor-Oriented management of protected areas and ecotourism in Mexico, Journal of Latin American Geography, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp Butler, R. W.(1990), Alternative Tourism: Pious Hope or Trojan Horse? Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp Campbell, B. M., B. Sithole, P. Frost, and W. Getz(2000), CAMPFIRE Experience in Zimbabwe, Science, Vol. 287, No. 5450, pp Chase, L. C., D. R. Lee, W. D. Schulze and D. J. Anderson(1998), Ecotourism Demand and Differential Pricing of National Park Access in Costa Rica,

29 Land Economics, Vol. 74, No. 4, pp Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism of the Government of South Africa(1996), White Paper. The Development and Promotion of Tourism in South Africa, _Paper.htm Dzingirai, V.(2003), CAMPFIRE Is Not for Ndebele Migrants: The Impact of Excluding Outsiders from CAMPFIRE in the Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp Forsyth, T.(1997), Environmental Responsibility and Business Regulation: The Case of Sustainable Tourism, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 63, No. 3, pp Issacs, J. C.(2000), The Limited Potential of Ecotourism to Contribute to Wildlife Conservation, Wildlife Society Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp Jackiewicz, E. L.(2006), Community-Centered Globalization: Modernization under Control in Rural Costa Rica, Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp Paby, P., D. Clark and H. Gonzalez(1991), Training Rural Residents ad Naturalist Guides: Evaluation of a Pilot Project in Costa Rica, Conservation Biology, Vol. 5. No. 4, pp Uddhammar, E.(2006), Development, Conservation and Tourism: Conflict or Symbiosis? Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp Zeppel, H.(2006), Indigenous ecotourism: sustainable development and management, CABI. alltournative : Revista Iberoamericana

04±èºÎ¼º

04±èºÎ¼º Introduction of Integrated Coastal Management Program and Sustainable Development of Fishing Villages in Cheonsu Bay Region* Boosung Kim** Abstract : Sustainable Development(SD) is an important concept