1 5 1 11 2 14 1 14 1. 14 2. (life course) 16 2 21 1. 21 2. 27 3 32 1. 32 2. 35 3 37 1 37 2 46 3 58 1. 59 2. 61 4 64 1 65 1. 65
2 2. 70 3. 72 2 77 1., 78 2. 80 5 84 87
3 2 1 (1970 2003 ) 15 2 2 (1980 2000 ) 18 2 3 (1980 200l ) 19 2 4 (1980 2000 ) 19 2 5 (1980 2000 ) 20 3 6 42 3 2 44 3 3 (2004 ) 46 3 4 47 3 5 49 3 6 (2004 ) 51 3 7 52 3 8 (2004) 52 3 9 54 3 10 4 55 3 11 / 56 3 12, 57 4 1 66 4 2 66 4 3 67
4 2 1 17 2 2 17 2 3 OECD 25 64 22 2 4 26 2 5 33 3 1, 1980 1990 40 3 2 44 3 3,, / (1985 2004) 45 3 4, 50 3 5 : 51 4 1 69
5 1..., 2,.,,.,,,.. 2,..
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8 ),,.,,. 4.....,..,,....
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14 2 1... 1. 1960. 1962, 1960 6.0 (Total Fertility Rate, TFR 1) ) 1970 4.53 1983 (population replacement level) 2.08. 1990 1998 1.47 2003 1.19 ( 2 1 ). 1960 2003, 104 1960 50. 1.2, 1) 1 (15 49 )
2 15 OECD. (lowest-low fertility). 2 1 (1970 2003 ) ( :, ) 1960 1970 1980 1983 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 ( ) 6.00 4.53 2.83 2.08 1.59 1.65 1.47 1.30 1.17 1.19 ( ) 1,041 1,007 865 778 656 721 637 551 495 494 : 1. 1960 (1992: 203 2) ). 2.,,. 2004 1.16, 3 1.18 3) (, 2004). 1.18, 2017 4,947 4).., 65 2018 14%( ), 2026 20%( ). 1 (potential supportive ratio) 2003 8.6 2020 4.7, 2070 1.1. (old society) 2), 1992,,. 3) 2002 2003. 4) 2003 100 104.
16. 15 64 2003 34,283 ( 71.7%) 2016 36,381 ( 73%, 2003 106%)., 1.18 2050 2003 100 65. 1.18 OECD 1.6 1.6...,,... 2. (life course),. 2 1, 1970 20 24 2000 90%.
2 17 2 1 100.00% 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% 1970년 2000년 20-24세 25-29세 30-34세 :, 2 2 (%) 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 이혼율 이혼건수 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 01 02 03 04 (건) 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 :, 2005, 1970 5) ( 2 2 ) 5) 1970 1 2, 1980 2 4 2003 16 7
18. 2 2,. ( 2 3 ).,.,,,,. ( 2 4 ). 2 5,.. 2 2 (1980 2000 ) ( :,, %) 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 (1000 ) 7,969 9,571 11,355 12,958 14,312 4.5 4.1 3.7 3.3 3.1 4.8 6.9 9.0 12.7 15.5 2 10.5 12.3 13.8 16.9 19.1 3 14.5 16.5 19.1 20.3 20.9 4 20.3 25.3 29.5 31.7 31.1 5 20.0 19.5 18.8 12.9 10.1 6 29.9 19.5 9.8 5.5 3.3 :,.
2 19 2 3 (1980 2000 ) ( : %) 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 59.2 8.3 60.2 7.6 64.6 11.3 68.7 12.9 69.9 15.0 (1) : (2) : 2 4 (1980 2000 ) ( : %) 100.0 100.0 3.7 13.1 1980 94.4 28.1 1.6 55.0 0.3 3.8 6.0 20.5 1990 91.4 17.4 1.8 56.2 0.8 5.9 7.7 21.4 2000 88.3 17.6 1.7 49.4 2.2 11.7.,,..,,,.
20 2 5 (1980 2000) ( : %) 100.0 100.0 15 24 3.3 11.8 25 34 27.0 12.0 1980 35 44 30.3 21.6 45 54 21.2 27.8 55 64 12.5 18.3 65 5.9 8.4 15 24 2.4 11.7 25 34 28.5 12.9 1990 35 44 28.4 15.8 45 54 21.3 20.3 55 64 12.6 21.7 65 6.8 17.6 15 24 1.8 8.4 25 34 20.2 13.6 2000 35 44 32.3 18.1 45 54 21.8 17.9 55 64 14.7 17.3 65 9.3 24.7.,.,., 2.
2 21.. 2....,.,.. 1. (Moon Park Kang, 2004)..,,, (glass ceiling effect).
22. OECD. 25 64 2 3,,. 25 64. 2003 OECD 70% 80 90%, 55%. 2 3 OECD 25 64 ( : %) 100 90 중졸 이하 고졸 대졸 이상 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 상위 15 개국 OECD평균 한국 호주 오스트리아 벨기에 캐나다 체코 덴마크 핀란드 프랑스 독일 그리스 헝가리 아일랜드 일본 룩셈부르크 멕시코 뉴질랜드 노르웨이 폴란드 포르투갈 슬로바키아 스페인 스웨덴 스위스 터키 영국 미국 : OECD(2003), Employment Outlook 2005-Statistical Annex.
2 23... J. Jacobs, (revolving doors theory).,. (path-breaking). S. Jacobs, Corcoran(1979) Chan(1999), (job history), (cumulative disadvantage theory).. S. Jacobs Chan, (one-way).. (, 2003). 6),, 6) 1998 6 2002 12 55. 55
24,., 55. 21.22%, 41.01%, 4% 6%, 9% 18%.,,. 2 4. 7) 46.5% 5,006., 80.9%. 22.7% 2,448. 17.6% 1,893. 10.9% 1,177...,...,. 27,987. 7) 27,987 55.
2 25 51%. 39.3%.,..,, 7....,. 6.1% 4.6% 51% 55%.......,,.,..
26 2 4 ( : (%)) 1177(10.93) / 5006(46.48) 247( 2.29) 2448(22.73) 1893(17.57) ( ) 404( 6.09) / 3384(50.98) 63( 0.95) 1044(15.73) 1743(26.26) ( ) 773(18.70) / 1622(39.25) 184(4.45) 1404(33.97) 150( 3.63) 690( 6.41) / 5597(51.96) 259( 2.40) 2450(22.75) 1775(16.48) 303( 4.56) / 3652(55.02) 58( 0.87) 1012(15.25) 1613(24.30) 387( 9.36) / 1945(47.06) 201( 4.86) 1438(34.79) 162(3.92).,.,.
2 27..,..,.. ( ).. 2....,. (care work).
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2 29,.. (Rindfuss, Brewster & Kavee, 1996),. (Brewster & Rindfuss, 2000; Morgan, 2003; Lehrer & Nerlove, 1986),.,,,.., ( ) (Folbre, 1997). (Chesnais, 1996), (feminist paradox).,,.,,, U.,.
30...,..,.,., (, 2005).?, 3. 3 10% OECD 23 23%. 2005 (, 2005), 0 2.3% 0 20.2%... /. 2002 10% 1,000..
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38, (ILO, 2003). 8), 9) (Lipietz, 1987; Harvey, 1994). 1970,.,,,.,.., (Harvey, 1994), 8) (, 2005).. 9)..,,.
3 39 (Bordsky, 1994). 1), 2), 3) (ILO, 2003).,. (Just in time Production) (Piore and Sable, 1984)..,.,., (Kucera, 1998).,.,,.,,.
40. 3 1, 1980 1990 6 Overall strictness of regulation of temporary employment 6 5 Greece 5 Late 1980s 4 France Italy Spain 3 Portugal Belgium Norway Germany 2 Finland Austria Sweden Netherlands 1 Australia Switzerland Denmark Ireland Canada United States United Kingdom 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Late 1990s 4 3 2 1 0 Late 1980s 6 5 Temporary work agencies Turkey Greece 4 Spain Portugal 4 3 France Belgium Italy Germany Korea 3 2 Austria Norway Netherlands Sweden 2 Canada Poland 1 Finland United States 1 Ireland United Kingdom Hungary Switzerland Denmark Australia Czech Republic 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Late 1990s * : World Employment Outlook, 2001(OECD). **. 6 5 (,, )
3 41,,,.,. OECD. 3 1, 80 90. 80 5 90 3.. 1997... 10). 60 44 (Forbes) OECD 20 3 10) OECD, IMD( ), World Bank( ). 2005 (2005) (Doing Business, 2006).
42. OECD (OECD, 2005a), 2003 28 12. 11) (, 2005), 12). 3 1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 1993. 3 1998. 2 1998. 3 2002. 10 1,857** 1.126** 0.556** 0.301* -1.672** -0.587** -0.816** -0.169* -1.222** 0.922** -1.747** -0.924** 0.496** 0.066-1.199** 0.801** 0.034 0.468** 0.084* 0.258** 0.111 0.299-0.044** 0.038 1.805** 1.099** 0.390** 0.010-1.173* 1.203-0.415 0.312** 1.718** 1.018-2.081** -1.276 : (2003). * P 0.5, ** P.01.. (, 2003), 11) OECD. 12).
3 43.,,. 9 8..,....,,. 3 2... 33% 56% 13) (,
44 2003). 3 2 4 2 (A : 23.7%) ( ) (C : 7.4%) (B : 25.1%) : (2004),,. : B(25.1%) C(7.4%) 32.6% : A(23.7%) B(25.1%) 48.9% : A(23.7%) B(25.1%) C(7.4%) 56.3% 14) ( : %) 13),,. 14) (2004),,.
3 45 ( ) (A B) C.,,,,,,,. C (, 2004). 1989 2,973 2004 50,82. 1989 2004 29% 34%. 1989 55% 2002 48% 51%. 3 3,, / (1985 2004 ) ( : ) 25,000 전체 근로자 20,000 15,000 임금 근로자 10,000 5,000 0 비임금 근로자 상용 근로자 임시 근로자 일용 근로자 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 :, (http://kosis.nso.go.kr)
46 2,,.,. 69.2%, 46.4%., 23.9%, 40.2%, 20.3%, 27.9%, 3.3%, 13%.,., 3 3 (2004 ) ( :, %) 8,489 6.095 100.0 100.0 58.2 41.8 4,549 1,879 53.6 30.8 70.8 29.2 3,940 4,216 46.4 69.2 48.3 51.7 3,756 4,150 44.2 68.1 47.5 52.5 ( ) 2,033 2,451 23.9 40.2 45.3 54.7 ( ) 1,723 1,699 20.3 27.9 50.4 49.7 278 794 3.3 13.0 25.9 74.1 395 271 4.7 4.4 59.3 40.7 308 403 3.6 6.6 43.3 56.7 53 64 0.6 1.1 45.4 54.8 239 174 2.8 2.9 57.9 42.2 23 147 0.3 2.4 13.5 86.1 : (2004),,, 93, 2.
3 47,,.. (, 2005) 1993 2000 2000 2004. 1993 2000 3 825 517, 62.6%. 2000 2004 443 369 83.2%.. 3 4 33. 51. 52., 61. 62. 71. 73. 74. 91. 92. 93.,, 22. 23. 42. 51. 52., 61. 74. 91. 92. 93.,, : (2003),, 03-1, 33 35.
48. 11 7.. 15),,. (, 2005) (77.8%), (66.6%),, (60.1%). (63.8%), (31.79%)., 3.13%, 3.35%.,.. 15) (2003),, 03-1, 40 42.
3 49 3 5 ( :, %) 1,711 63.75 84 3,13 90 3.35 94 3.50 48 31.79 469 17.47 188 7.00 2,684 100.00 : (2003),,, 03-1, 72. 2004 4 6,,,, 12 2,777.. 2003 10 4.5 10 6.9. 10 4 10 8.. (, 2004;, 2004). 20 50. 20., M (, 2003), 20 40.
50 / /.. (, 2000). 3 4, 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 남성 여성 0 정규직 비정규직 임시근로 (장기임시근로) (기간제근로) 시간제근로 여성 57.2 75.6 남성 41.4 59.7 기혼 미혼 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 : (2004)
3 51 3 5 :,,,,,,,, : (2002),,.. 100 69.4%, 55.3%, 43.0%. 41.4%. 3 6 (2004 ) ( :, %) 1 2 10,552 5,670 91.1 48.9 53.7 11,558 6,404 100.0 55.3 55.3 8,044 4,985 69,4 43.0 62.0 5,417 46.7 46.7 4,801 41.4 59.7 : (2005), :,, 11.
52 41% 67%, 41.4%, 72.0%. 16) 68%. 3 7 ( : %, ) 19,702(53.2) 207.7(100.0) 8.0 5,824(15.7) 149.6(72.0) 28.3 7,076(19.1) 131.3(63.2) 37.8 4,415(11.9) 86.0(41.4) 67.9 37,017(100.0) 169.5(100.0) 24.1 : Kwon, Hye-Ja(2005), The Wage Effects of the Occupational Segregation by Gender and Employment Status in Korea, 9, 8.,. 3 8 (2004) 48.0 47.9 48.2 47.7 48.0 47.3 46.8 46.2 47.4 44.6 44.6 44.6 : (2005), :, 16) (2004) 4 25% 100.
3 53 (, 2005).,. 60% (, 2002).., (, 2002).,. (gender). (, 2003) 17) 17) 1999, 2002 2,378.,, 6.
54. 30.9% 18.0%, 90.1%.,. 3 9 * * 30.9 17.5 5.7 18.0 8.9 3.3 66.2 77.2 90.5 78.0 89.3 90.1 3.0 5.3 3.8 4.0 1.8 6.6 100% (2,378) 100.0 (1,196) 100 (57) 100 (262) 100 (623) 100 (56) 100 (182) : (2003),,, 370.. 3 10 4. 4,. 4.
3 55 3 10 4 * * 70.2 54.4 16.0 53.8 35.7 15.9 29.2 42.1 83.2 44.9 62.5 83.5 0.6 3.5 0.8 1.3 1.8 0.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.3 61.4 17.2 64.2 41.1 17.6 17.5 35.1 82.4 35.5 55.4 81.9 0.3 3.5 0.4 0.3 3.6 0.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 68.2 50.9 16.4 52.6 37.5 13.2 27.2 40.4 79.8 43.8 57.1 83.5 4.6 8.8 3.8 3.5 5.4 3.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 63.8 49.1 16.0 44.5 35.7 11.5 29.4 40.4 79.4 48.5 57.1 85.2 6.7 10.5 4.6 7.1 7.1 3.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 : (2003),, 371. 3 11 4.,,. 4,,,
56.,,,, 50% 10%.,.. 3 11 / ( : %) 96.7 97.5 81.1 99.0 96.4 81.2 84.2 96.3 96.8 79.2 99.3 95.5 80.5 82.2 35.1 38.7 34.3 22.9 21.4 17.1 19.3 21.7 23.6 21.5 12.2 9.1 9.3 10.3 36.3 37.7 35.1 20.2 19.0 13.6 19.2 2.8 19.3 3.8 2.4 1.6 1.9 1.9 : (2005), :,, 13.,.,. 2002 36.2%, 2004 (1 9 ) 50.5%, 2002 6.0%, 2004 (1 9 ) 10.3% 18)
3 57.,,. 60%. 3 12, ( :, %) 90 45 315 42.23 431 57.77 746 100.00 100% 221 38.50 353 61.50 574 100.00 1 171 37.17 289 62.83 460 100.00 159 32.65 328 67.35 487 100.00 124 30.10 288 69.90 412 100.00 155 35.23 285 64.77 440 100.00, : (2003), 03-1, 78. 2004 4 6,,,,, 12 2,777... 18) (2003), 183 185 2002 25 34 48.3%.
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3 59. 1...,,., (Clark, 1996;, 2002),.,,.. ( ). (, )
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4 65 1,... (, 2005)... 1.... 4 1. 1970 38.5% 1980 41.6% 1990 47.0%. 1990., 1990 2004 2.7p,.
66. 4 1 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 75.1 74.5 73.6 72.3 73.9 76.5 75.2 74.0 74.2 74.8 74.6 74.9 38.5 39.6 41.6 41.9 47.0 48.3 47.0 48.0 49.2 49.7 48.9 49.7 :,, 4 1 20 40,., M. 1995 25 29 30 34, M 1990 9.9% 2004 7.4%.. 4 2 ( : %) 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 15 19 34.4 21.1 18.7 14.5 12.0 12.5 12.6 11.7 11.3 11.0 20 24 53.5 55.1 64.6 66.1 61.0 60.8 61.5 62.4 61.5 64.6 25 29 32.0 35.9 42.6 47.8 51.8 55.9 57.7 59.4 60.5 63.7 30 34 40.8 43.6 49.6 47.5 47.3 48.5 48.8 49.8 49.8 50.3 35 39 53.1 52.9 49.5 59.2 58.5 59.1 59.5 59.3 58.2 58.8 40 44 56.7 58.2 57.9 66.0 63.5 63.4 63.4 63.8 64.0 65.4 45 49 57.3 59.2 60.7 61.1 61.5 64.6 64.2 64.0 61.5 63.9 50 54 53.8 52.4 63.9 58.3 55.2 55.2 56.2 58.0 55.5 60.0 55 59 46.2 47.2 60.0 54.3 51.0 50.8 50.4 49.6 49.0 54.4 60 16.9 19.2 26.4 28.9 28.1 29.8 29.6 30.1 27.8 28.3 :,,
4 67 (2005) 2004. (30.7%), (25.2%), (23.1%). (33.7%), (30.6%). 4 3,. 1 36 2 12., 3 28 32.. 4 3 ( : : ) 5:14 6:34 0:05 6:26 3:28 0:32 6:25 0:31 8:42 7:06 6:30 6:57 :,, 2005, (49.1%), (23.0%) 72.1%..
68... 2 2 ( 2 3 ).. 1985 1980., 1990 35.4% 2003 42.4%. 2003 64.7%. 4.. 19),, 2005 9, 52.6%, 10 10 19) 2003 3 400 600,. (53.7%) (52.0%), (50.3%), (42.3%), (32.3%), (31.3%), (26.7%), (15.3%) (http://www.molab.go.kr).
4 69.. 4 1 ( : %) 100 80 60 1985 1990 1997 2002 100.0 80.0 60.0 40 40.0 20 20.0 0 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60+ 0.0 100 80 60 1985 1990 1997 2002 100.0 80.0 60.0 40 40.0 20 20.0 0 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60+ : ( / ) 100. ( / ) 100. : ( )., (2004) 0.0. 20) 10 40 50%
70 70%. 2005.... 2...... (, 2000). 20) 10. (,, ) 66.6%.
4 71...,.. 21).....,.,.,,,, 4 21).,,,2000;,, 1996;,,, 1999.
72.,.. (= ),.,. 3.,.,.,., 3 (,, ). 2005 5 31 3 2006 1 1 22) 22) ( 15 15 ) : 500, 300, 300, 300, 100 : ( 14 1 ).
4 73 90. 60 (135 ).. 16. ( )., 2001, 1 1 1. 23)...,.. 2005 10 1.9%.... 23) 2005 12 8 1 3.
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4 75.,.... ILO 165. 24).,.,,,..,.,,.,,,. 24) 2004 2,380 OECD. 2004. 1441 1742 1360 1570 1840 1920 1646 1812 2380 : OECD Employment Outlook 2005.
76.. 1,..,..,.. 1,,...,,, (,, )..,..., 1.
4 77. 45.2%, (, 2004). 2.,,,.. ( ),.,,.,,,.
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4 79....,,.,,...,.....,..,,...
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4 81.... (, 2005).. 1.5............ OECD.,.
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87, 2001, :,, 51 : pp188 209., 2000, :,, 6 1 : pp.21 37 (2003),, 03-1, 2003,,, 2000,, 3., 2005,,, 2005, :,, 2001, :,, :, 10 ( : ): pp.325 357, 2003,, 73,, 2004,, 93,, 2003,, 230-18., 2004,,., 2003,
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92 content=wsf2003&image=wsf2003 (2000),,. (1996),. (1999),. (2003),,.
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