Growth Pattern and Spatial Distribution of One-person Households by Socio-Economic Demographic Characteristicsc Hee Yeon Lee* Noh Seung Chul** Choi Eun Young Abstract This paper aims to describe the rapid growth of the one-person households in terms of the socio-economic demographic perspectives during the period of 1995-2005 and to analyze the spatial distribution patterns based on different characteristics of one-person households. The increase in the divorce ratio in the middle-aged, the growth of unmarried people the young generation, and the increase of life expectancy in the old generation are explanatory factors for the rise and diversification of one-person households in Korea. The rapid increase of one-person households is accompanied by a diversification in their age, gender, marital status, education level. Uneven distribution of oneperson households depends on their age, level of education and dwelling type. Highly educated young adults residing in their own apartment are generally concentrated in major cities, whereas senior citizen with their own single house who lives alone are mostly in rural area. One-person households of the highly educated young adults are significantly polarized in the light of their the living standards. In particular, metropolitan area or big cities are mixed with those (Professor, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University), leehyn@snu.ac.kr (Ph.D Student, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University), goonise@snu.ac.kr (deputy director, Statistical Research Institute), choiey@korea.kr 480
who have their own apartment and are financially capacity and with those who rent in a detached single house. As such, one-person households have considerably heterogeneous characteristics. Therefore, each local government will face different economic and social problems based on which group of one-person households are increasing and where they are concentrated in. To this extent, the local government should have differentiated welfare policy according to its own respect. : one-person households, spatial distribution, growth pattern, socio-economic demographic characteristics 20 1 1 1970 3 7 1985 6 9 1995 12 7 2005 20 2000 1 1 2010 1 404 23 3 10 81 6 4 1 1996 1 1 54 2006 2 26 10 33 100 12 11 8 1 1 38 5 37 5 33 40 1 45 2008 1 1980 1990 1 (Hall et al., 1997; Kaufman, 1994; Koesoebjono, 1984; Kramarow, 1995; Wall, 1989; Witte & Lahmann, 1988) 1 2007 2008 2000 1 1 1 1 1 2006 156 2009 170 3 9 1 1 481
300 2006 5 94 2009 7 95 2 1 2009 2008 1 20 30 30 40 40 50 60 1 1 30 40 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 20 1 1 1) 1995 2005 1 1 2005 1 1 1 1 30 1 1980 90 1 1 Koesoebjono(1984) 1960 81 1 1 (Kaufman, 1994) 1 (Witte & Lahmann, 1988) 1 (Hall et al., 1997) 1 1 (Beland, 1987; Kendig & McCallum, 1986; Kramarow, 1995) 482
1 (Haurin et al., 1997; Young, 1987) 1 (Glick, 1994) 2000 1 Wulff(2001) 1 1 1 Ogden & Hall(2000) 1 Hall & Ogden(2003) 1 1 (Banks, et al., 2009; Bennelt & Dizon, 2006;, Chandler et al., 2004; Quintan et al., 2006) 1 1 (Gram-Hassen et al., 2009; Williams, 2007) 1 1 (co-housing, collaborative housing) 1 1 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 1 20 1 1 1 1 2002 2004 1 2007 1 2010 1 2009 1 2010 1 1 2007 1 2007 1 1 1 2005 2001 1 2006 2008 1 2010 1 2007 1 1 1 1 1 483
1 1995 164 12 7 1 2005 317 20 10 1995 2005 1 93 1 22 6 4 1 1 1 268 5 1 88 1 85 1 72 1 1 66 1 41 1 1 1 10 1 27 1 17 8 1995 1 6 2 2005 11 8 1 2005 45 1995 1 2005 31 6 10 1 1 1 2005 1 40 1 1 40 2005 42 1 38 6 2010 45 41 1 1 60 Table 1. The growth of one-person households and change of the proportion by marital status (1 ) Source: Statistics, Population Census (unit; thousand households, %) household households marriage status year all one-person proportion unmarried divorced widowed married 1995 12,958 1,642 12.7 46.2 6.2 35.5 12.1 2000 14,312 2,224 15.5 43.0 9.8 35.1 12.0 2005 15,887 3,171 20.0 45.0 11.8 31.6 11.6 1995- growth 2,929 1,529 668 272 419 169 1995-2005 growth 2005 22.6% 93.1% - 88.0% 268.5% 71.8% 85.0% rate rate 484
Fig 1. Population pyramid of one-person households with marital status by gender and age, 2005 (, 1, 2005 ) 1 60 1995 31 6 2005 34 4 1 40 1 1 1 10 1 30 40 1 30 33 2 40 31 30 40 10 1 42 10 1 80 240 45 49 214 2 30 40 1 30 1 1995 2005 30 1 33 2 1 89 3 29 6 40 44 1 15 1 51 2 71 4 40 2 1 10 1 485
Fig.2. Growth trend of one-person households by gender and age, 1995-2005 ( 1,, 1995-2005 ) Table 2. The proportion of the unmarried in the growth of one-person households by age, 1995-2005 ( 1 1, 1995-2005 ) growth Note 1): The proportion of unmarried households in one-person household growth by age in 1995-2005. 1995 2005 1 1 2) The proportion of male household in one person household growth by age in 1995-2005. 1995 2005 1 growth (unit: households, %) age all unmarried unmarried male(%) 2) age all unmarried unmarried male (%) 1) (%) 1) (%) 2) 20-24 73,475 32,742 44.6 13.7 55-59 72,644 10,469 14.4 53.2 25-29 130,386 128,778 98.8 34.4 60-64 63,827 5,660 8.9 49.3 30-34 190,338 178,576 93.8 65.4 65-69 99,621 3,552 3.6 41.4 35-39 141,759 117,955 83.2 72.2 70-74 126,004 1,989 1.6 34.5 40-44 147,756 76,023 51.5 71.4 75-79 115,148 989 0.9 23.8 45-49 162,319 46,807 28.8 65.1 80-84 67,012 455 0.7 23.1 50-54 109,991 21,094 19.2 57.3 above 85 25,903 166 0.6 27.7 3 25 50 1 30 1 40 50 1 65 486
10 1 40 50 1995 2005 1 1 4 1 20 50 1 70 1 60 1 1 40 1 (%) (%) M F Fig.3 The changing trend of proportion of one-person households by sex and age, 1995-2005 (, 1, 1995-2005 ) (%) male(dong) male(eup, myeon) female(dong) female(eup, myeon) Fig.4. The comparison of age distribution of one-person households in urban and rural area, 2005 (, 1, 2005 ) 487
70 1 1 10 1 1 3 1 10 64 41 6 1 1995 1 20 2005 32 8 2005 1 10 3 2005 1 Table 3. The growth of one-person households by education levels, 1995-2005 (1, 1995-2005 ) 995 2005 1995-2005 (Unit: household, %) household proportion household proportion growth growth rate share uneducated 343,663 20.9 477,704 15.1 134,041 39.0 8.8 elementary 269,416 16.4 489,709 15.4 220,293 81.8 14.4 middle sch. 171,431 10.4 292,853 9.2 121,422 70.8 7.9 high sch. 528,561 32.2 870,155 27.4 341,594 64.6 22.4 university 307,363 18.7 942,899 29.7 635,536 206.8 41.6 graduated 21,942 1.3 97,355 3.1 75,413 343.7 4.9 total 1,642,376 100 3,170,675 100.0 1,528,299 93.1 100.0 Fig.5. Population pyramid of one-person households with education levels, 2005 (, 1, 2005 ) 488
Table 4. The change of home-ownership type in one-person households, 1995-2005 (1, 1995~2005 ) (Unit: household, %) 1995 2005 households ratio households ratio owner 538,378 (32.8) 985,764 (31.1) lease 510,476 (31.1) 762,482 (24.0) rent 513,350 (31.3) 1,269,520 (40.0) free 80,202 (4.9) 152,813 (4.8) total 1,642,406 (100) 3,170,759 (100) 5 40 1 50 1 1 70 5 2005 1 64 8 21 1 44 5 41 7 1 20 20 1 6 1 1 1 67 6 1 18 63 9 35 44 70 1 10 1995 2005 1 4 1 1995 2005 31 1 1 40 55 6 19 24 5 21 1 1 10 Table 5. The change of housing type in one-person households, 1995-2005(1,1995~2005 ) detached house 1995 2005 (Unit: household, %) households ratio households ratio 1,265,633 77.1 2,056,011 64.8 apartment 186,851 11.4 668,058 21.1 multi-units house efficiency apartment 86,129 5.2 233,048 7.3 13,290 0.8 131,199 4.2 non-residential 90,503 5.5 82,263 2.6 total 1,642,406 100 3,170,579 100 489
1 1 66 6 53 3 45 54 45 9 1 70 1 1 25 44 25 44 1 11 36 68 67 65 Table 6. The ratio of housing type by home-ownership according to the education level and age of one-person households, 2005 (1, 2005) (Unit: %, household) owner rent detached APT multi-unit detached others total APT multi-unit house house house house others total family households 34.3 51.4 12.8 1.5 7,759,220 46.9 40.9 9.4 2.8 4,323,233 under 25 26.4 39.5 29.7 4.5 2,618 76.5 8.3 5.7 9.5 60,798 25-34 20.2 51.0 25.5 3.3 25,207 71.7 13.5 7.0 7.8 249,550 under under 35-44 29.1 47.2 20.5 3.2 50,582 72.3 14.7 6.3 6.7 261,976 high 45-54 45.4 35.8 15.1 3.7 92,149 71.2 16.7 5.4 6.7 233,420 school 55-64 63.5 23.3 10.7 2.5 171,290 67.8 21.3 5.6 5.4 151,812 65+ 80.0 13.9 4.9 1.2 487,888 66.7 25.1 5.6 2.6 228,689 oneperson Total 67.6 21.5 8.9 2.0 829,734 70.5 17.4 6.0 6.1 1,186,245 under 25 18.6 54.5 19.2 7.7 8,447 78.3 6.9 5.2 9.7 189,566 25-34 12.2 66.1 16.0 5.6 50,017 62.7 17.4 7.4 12.5 418,740 over over 35-44 12.6 70.1 12.4 4.8 39,733 51.5 29.0 7.3 12.2 125,524 univer 45-54 21.2 63.9 9.1 5.8 26,527 49.2 32.8 6.7 11.3 47,594 -sity -sity 55-64 30.8 54.8 8.9 5.4 15,465 50.6 33.5 6.5 9.5 14,825 65+ 33.7 54.0 8.3 4.0 14,021 49.0 37.9 6.5 6.6 8,175 Total 18.0 63.9 12.7 5.4 154,210 63.5 18.1 6.8 11.6 804,424 490
Table 7. The ratio of housing type by rent status according to education level and age of one-person households, 2005 ( 1, 2005) lease rent (Unit: %, household) detached APT multi-unit detached others Total APT multi-unit others Total house house house house family households 42.6 43.2 12.0 2.1 2,725,999 54.3 36.8 5.0 3.9 1,597,234 one- under under 25 71.7 12.8 9.7 5.8 14,049 78.0 7.0 4.4 10.6 46,749 oneperson high 25-34 63.6 19.4 11.6 5.4 80,719 75.6 10.6 4.8 9.0 168,831 school under 35-44 64.2 20.5 11.2 4.1 83,559 76.0 12.0 4.0 7.9 178,417 high 45-54 65.9 19.8 10.2 4.0 71,892 73.6 15.3 3.3 7.8 161,528 school 55-64 68.0 18.8 10.0 3.1 58,512 67.6 22.8 2.8 6.8 93,300 65+ 69.8 19.7 8.9 1.7 112,731 63.7 30.5 2.4 3.4 115,958 Total 66.6 19.5 10.3 3.6 421,462 72.6 16.2 3.7 7.5 764,783 over under 25 68.3 13.2 8.3 10.1 50,570 81.9 4.5 4.1 9.5 138,996 univer 25-34 55.2 23.7 9.7 11.4 194,313 69.3 12.0 5.3 13.5 224,427 -sity over 35-44 41.4 39.7 9.8 9.1 57,701 60.2 19.8 5.2 14.8 67,823 univer 45-54 37.1 45.9 9.0 7.9 20,774 58.6 22.6 4.9 13.9 26,820 -sity 55-64 40.8 43.8 9.1 6.4 6,700 58.6 25.0 4.3 12.1 8,125 65+ 44.4 41.9 9.1 4.6 4,247 54.0 33.6 3.7 8.7 3,928 Total 53.3 26.9 9.5 10.4 334,305 70.8 11.9 4.9 12.5 470,119 65 1 84 16 1 2005 1 20 1 1 35 6 32 4 30 1 32 6 32 6 30 9 28 2 1 1 1 20 39 1 65 1 20 39 1 491
65 1 6 20 39 1 65 1 0 95 1 20 39 1 1 1 75 8 8 1 65 1 70 1 1 1 25 44 1 65 1 9 4 1 2 1 4 0 58 Table 8. Comparison of top 10 regions in the proportion of one-person households aged 20-39 and above 65 (20-39 1 65 1 10, 2005 ) rank region proportionof proportion of above age age 20-39(%) rank region one-person (%) one-person(%) 65 (%) 1 Gwanak-gu 32.6 75.8 1 Imsil-gun 30.1 70.5 2 Gangnam-gu 27.2 69.0 2 Gokseong-gun 29.9 70.2 3 Yuseong-gu 23.4 65.6 3 Boseong-gun 31.3 69.6 4 Siheung-shi 21.7 64.4 4 Damyang-gun 26.4 69.4 5 Gwangjin-gu 22.2 64.1 5 Hapcheon-gun 32.4 69.0 6 Mapo-gu 25.4 63.1 6 Hampyeong-gun 30.9 68.9 7 Osan-shi 19.7 62.4 7 Uiryeong-gun 35.6 68.7 8 Suwon-shi 20.5 62.2 8 Namhae-gun 30.2 68.4 9 Seocho-gu 19.5 62.1 9 Jangseong-gun 26.6 68.2 10 Seo-gu in Daejeon 20.0 61.0 10 Suncheon-gun 30.4 68.1 492
29-39 agede (%) above 65 (%) <10 10-20 20-40 40-60 >60 <10 10-20 20-40 40-60 >60 Fig 6. Spatial distribution of the proportion of one-person households aged 20-39 and above 65. (20-39 1 65 1, 2005 ) 2 4 0 45 1 2 4 3 3 2 4 53 1 4 78 4 5 08 3 5 15 2 3 2 232 10 23 2 48 7 30 69 83 3 10 26 5 30 60 80 20 1 Table 9. Grouping of one-person households by socio-economic demographic characteristics (1 ) group group 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 characteristics(age, education level, ownership, housing type) age 25-44, university, owner, APT age 25-44, university, rent, detached house above 65, under high-school, owner, detached house above 65, under high-school, rent, detached house 493
25 44 1 1 1 1 10 25 44 2 1 2 10 23 10 1 65 3 3 65 4 3 4 1 1 10 10 1 10 6 4 23 3 3 1 1 1 4 2 10 25 9 2 15 6 25 34 1 1 4 1 1 23 1 2 9 1 1 2 1 3 10 66 3 23 57 6 30 69 35 6 4 10 10 2 7 0 10 23 10 4 16 10 8 4 494
25-44 aged group group 1 (households) 250~350 251~500 501~750 751~1,000 1,001~1,636 group 2 (households) 900~1,200 1,201~1,500 1,501~2,500 2,501~4,000 4,001~17,139 above 65 aged group group 3 (households) 1,400~2,000 2,000~2,500 2,501~3,000 3,001~4,000 4,001~6,191 group 4 (households) 250~350 251~500 501~750 751~1,000 1,001~1,437 Fig.7. Comparison of spatial distribution patterns of one-person households by groups, 2005 ( 1, 2005 ) 495
a number of one-person proportion of one-person rank 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 group rank 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Nowon Gwanak Gyeongju Busanjin Gwanak Gokseong Gangseo 1 Nowon-gu -gu -gu shi -gu -gu gun -gu Goyang Gangnam Goheung Gyerong Gangnam Boseong Jung-gu Jeju shi 2 shi -gu gun shi -gu gun in DG Suwon Suwon Sangju Yuseong Uiryeong Gijang Masan shi 3 Yongin shi shi shi shi -gu gun gun Yongin Cheongju Pohang Dong-gu Dongjak Hampyeong Seo-gu 4 Gunpo shi shi shi shi in DG -gu gun in DG Gangnam- Seo-gu Seongnam Seo-gu Gwangjin Namhae Seogwipo Naju shi 5 gu in DJ shi in GJ -gu gun shi Cheonan Dongjak Jeongeup Seo-gu Namyangju Gyeongsan Ulleung 6 Imsil gun shi -gu gun in DG shi shi gun Jeonju shi Mapo-gu Haenam Suwon Buk-gu Sunchang Dong-gu 7 Seocho-gu gun shi in US gun in DG Buk-gu Gwangjin Buk-gu Seo-gu Hapcheon Miryang shi 8 Seocho-gu in GJ -gu in DG in DJ gun Jinhae shi Anyang Seongnam Gwangju Nam-gu Gangjin Dong-gu Gimje shi Pohang shi 9 shi shi shi in US gun in BS Cheongju Changwon Suncheon Dalseo Dobong Nam-gu Damyang Jung-gu 10 shi shi gun -gu -gu in DG gun in US Seongnam Jeonju Geumjeong Gyeyang Changwon Goheung Geumjeong Jinju shi 11 shi shi -gu -gu shi gun -gu 12 Seocho-gu 13 14 Ansan An-dong Dongdae Anyang Sancheong Dongnae 12 Mapo-gu shi shi mun-gu shi gun -gu Bucheon Gyeongsan Uiseong gun Haeundae 13 Jung-gu Jindo gun Busanjin Dalse-gu shi shi -gu in DG -gu Seo-gu Hapcheon Jeonju Goyang Suseong Yecheon Seocho-gu 14 in DJ gun shi shi -gu gun 15 Dalseo-gu Cheonan Jeju shi 16 17 18 19 Table 10. The number and proportion of one-person households of highest 10% by groups, 2005 ( 1 10%, 2005 ) Nam-gu Nma-gu Dong-gu 15 in DG in GJ in GJ Sinan gun Yeonje-gu Jeju shi Seo-gu Bucheon Buk-gu Chuncheon Jangheung Nam-gu Goyang shi Iksan shi 16 in GJ shi in GJ shi gun in DG Haeundae- Gimcheon Yeongde Haeundae Seo-gu Uiseong Seo-gu Dalseo-gu 17 gu shi ungpo-gu -gu in GJ gun in BS Buk-gu Dongdae Changnye Gyeongju Gwacheon Jeonju Jangseong Yeongdo 18 in DG mun-gu ong gun shi shi shi gun -gu Gangseo Nam-gu Boseong Suseong Seodae 19 Gimpo shi -gu in US gun -gu mun-gu Jangsu gun Sasang-gu 496
a number of one-person proportion of one-person rank 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 group rank 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 group 20 Yeongde Songpa Yeosu Dongnae Yangsan Gwacheon Cheongdo Masan shi 20 ungpo-gu -gu shi -gu -gu shi gun 21 Songpa Buk-gu Yeongcheon Sasang Uiwang Hamyang Dongdu 21 Dalseo-gu -gu in GJ shi -gu shi gun cheon shi 22 Bupyeong Seodae Gochang Jinju shi Seo-gu Gochang Yeongju 22 Gumi shi -gu mun-gu gun in IC gun shi 23 Mapo-gu Chuncheon Nonsan Gimhae Buk-gu Hanam 23 Yeonsu-gu Gunwi gun shi shi shi in DG shi highest 23,269 95,564 103,454 21,202 range range of proportion of proportion of cites of in cites highest in highest 10% 10% 10% (38.2%) (48.7%) (26.5%) (29.5%) range 6.4~3.0 25.9~9.1 66.3~57.6 10.2~4.1 highest 46,965 163,448 235,312 47,983 range range of proportion of proportion of cites of in cites highest in highest 30% 30% 30% (77.1%) (83.3%) (60.3%) (65.0%) range 6.4~2.1 25.9~5.2 66.3~35.6 10.2~2.8 Total 60,911 196,289 390,108 73,874 mean 1.4% 4.0% 23.4% 2.4% Note. SE-Seoul, BS-Busan, DG-Daegu,IC-Incheon, GJ-Gwangju, DJ-daejeon, US-Ulsan 1 1 10 1 1 1 30 40 10 1 42 30 40 1 30 40 1 1 10 80 240 1 1 20 39 1 65 1 0 95 1 1 2 2 25 44 1 25 44 2 497
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