THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 28, no. 1, Jan (multipactor). RF 2, RF.,, RF, [1]., RF,, ( ).

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THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2017 Jan.; 28(1), 49 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2017.28.1.49 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) X- A Study on High-Power Handling Capability of X-Band Circular Waveguide Cavity Filter 이선익 김중표 임원규 김상구 이필용 장진백 Sun-Ik Lee Joong-Pyo Kim Won-Gyu Lim Sang-Goo Kim Pil-Yong Lee* Jin-Baek Jang 요약 (120 W ) X-,. 6,,. (SEM) (VMF) (multipactor)., VMF. VMF (ECSS) ( 8 db), (ESA) 540 W RF. X-. Abstract In this paper, we presented the result of the study on high-power handling capability of the X-band circular waveguide cavity filter configured at the output of high power amplifier(120 W) for geostationary satellites. The dual mode circular waveguide cavity filter with 6th order is selected and the physical model of the filter is designed after determination of the size of resonator from mode chart. Multipactor margin analysis is performed by the SEM method and the VMF method. The result shows that the VMF method predicts lower multipactor breakdown thresholds than the SEM method. Evaluating the multipactor margin obtained by the VMF method to ECSS criteria, we could decide to perform multipactor test. The multipactor test conducted in ESA facility shows that multipactor did not occur even until the RF power increased up to 540 W. In consequence, by both analysis and test, we could verify that the X-band circular waveguide cavity filter has the sufficient high-power handling capability to operate on orbit. Key words: Circular Waveguide Cavity Filter, Multipactor, Voltage Magnification Factor, Secondary Electrons Model. 서론 RF (COACH). (Korea Aerospace Research Institute) * (PILAS) Manuscript received August 25, 2016 ; Revised October 5, 2016 ; Accepted January 18, 2017. (ID No. 20160825-093) Corresponding Author: Sun-Ik Lee (e-mail: leesunik@kari.re.kr) 49

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 28, no. 1, Jan. 2017. (multipactor). RF 2, RF.,, RF, [1]., RF,, ( ). [2]. RF.,. [3], (VMF) [4] [8], (SEM) [9],[10]., VMF SEM., VMF, critical gap critical gap. SEM,. SEM (ESA) [10]. 100 W SEM VMF,. SEM, FEST3D, (, CST).,. VMF, CST, VMF., ESA. X-,.. X- 대역원통형도파관캐비티필터설계 1. (down- load channel) (relay channel). (TWTA) X, 그림 1. Fig.1. Block diagram of an geostationary communication network. 50

X-. 1 X-, waffle iron type. (15 16 GHz, 22 24 Ghz, 31 32 GHz). download channel X-, 8.3 GHz, 62.2 MHz. X- (rejection mask) 2. Rejection mask co-location 2 download channel( : 8.3 GHz, 8.2 GHz) 1 TWTA ( : 8.07 GHz, : 25 MHz). (S 21 ),. X- 0.6 db, (insertion loss variation) 0.6 dbpp. 2-1 공진기크기결정 ( ). TE nml, TM mnl [11]. (D) (L), 3 (mode chart).. (dominant mode) TE 111, TM 010 [11], TE, TE 111, TE 113, TE 115, TE 11x. (x), Q(Quality Factor),.,, (spurious) TE 113. 3 TE 113, Y, X Y (D, L). TE 113 Y 167, 그림 2. Download channel Fig. 2. Near band rejection mask for download channel. 그림 3. Fig. 3. Mode chart for cylindrical cavity. 51

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 28, no. 1, Jan. 2017. D L 39.55 mm, 64.15 mm. 2-2 필터의형상설계및전기적성능 (filter order), ( 2) 6, 3. (top wall cascaded inline filter) [12],., (canonical) [13]. FEST3D 4. WR112,,, 3., TE 113,.,. 2., 4. 2 1, 2.5 mm, 2.5 mm 2.6 mm, 0.5 mm. FEST3D,. 5. 5(a) 4, 2.6 mm., 2.6 mm. (S 11 ) 5 13.7400 mm 13.6226 mm 6... (a) (a) Geometrical model not representing surface (b) (b) External structure of the filter 그림 4. X- Fig. 4. Topology of X-band circular waveguide cavity filter. 그림 5. Fig. 5. Geometrical model of the filter. 52

X- 표 1. SEM Table 1. Multipactor breakdown threshold and margin obtained by SEM method. Items 8.27 GHz 8.30 GHz 8.33 GHz Iris 1 NB 7,687 W [18.1 db] Iris 2 NB NB Iris 3 4,219 W [15.5 db] NB NB 51,498 W [26.3 db] 60,498 W [27.0 db] Iris 4 NB NB NB 그림 6. FEST3D Fig. 6. Electrical performance of the filter designed using FEST3D.. 멀티팩터분석및시험 3-1 전자수진화시뮬레이션 (SEM) 에의한해석 [10]., 2.22, 500, 500 W. 8.27 GHz, 8.30 GHz, 8.33 GHz. 300,000 W, (NB: No Breakdown). 1 7. (8.30 GHz) Iris 1 7,687 W, worst 8.27 GHz 3 4,219 W. 1 120 W. (ECSS) [14] (single carrier), 8 db.. 3-2 전압배율인자 (VMF) 방법에의한해석 f (waveguide WR112), critical gap, critical gap (1) [4],[5],[8]. (1) critical gap. (2). WR112 wave impedance. VMF (CST) X-. 8 9. 2.5 mm, 0.5 mm FEST3D, 1 2 13.40 mm, 8.68 mm (2) 53

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 28, no. 1, Jan. 2017. (a) 8.30 GHz 1 (breakdown : 7,687 W) (a) Breakdown voltage(7,687 W) for Iris 1 at 8.30 GHz (b) 8.27 GHz 3 (breakdown : 4,219 W) (b) Breakdown voltage(4,219 W) for Iris 3 at 8.27 GHz (c) 8.33 GHz 2 (breakdown : 51,498 W) (c) Breakdown voltage(51,498 W) for Iris 2 at 8.33 GHz 그림 7. Fig. 7. Graphs of multipactor analysis results by SEM method. 54

X- 그림 8. X- Fig. 8. Physical model of X-band circular waveguide cavity filter designed. (a) (CST frequency domain ) (a) Filter response(frequency domain analysis in CST). 9 (b) 20 db 8.284 8.285 GHz, 8.322 8.324 GHz, 8.333 8.334 GHz VMF 1.5 1.8. WR112 wave impedance CST 487. ESA [14] critical gap 1,307 V. VMF (2) 2. VMF 1.8 8 db., VMF VMF breakdown., VMF worst. 3-3 멀티팩터시험 [11] (single carrier) (b) (CST time domain ) (b) Filter response(time domain analysis in CST) 그림 9. Fig. 9. Electrical performance of the filter.. VMF time domain 9. 9(a) 20 db. (8.3 GHz) 1 2 VMF 10 그림 10. 1 2 VMF Fig. 10. VMF in Iris 1 and Iris 2. 표 2. VMF Table. 2. Multipactor analysis result obtained by VMF. VMF (W) (db) 1.5 779.5 8.1 1.8 541.3 6.5 55

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 28, no. 1, Jan. 2017. 우, 멀티팩터 분석 마진이 8 db 이하의 경우에는 시험을 통하여 검증하도록 정하고 있다. VMF 방법으로 계산한 멀티팩터 마진은 8 db 이하의 값을 포함하므로 이 기준에 따라 시험이 필요한 것으로 판단하였다. 시험에 사용된 필터는 그림 11과 같이 원통형 도파관 캐비티 필터(BPF) 에 저역통과 필터가 결합된 형태이다. 실제 제작된 도파관 캐비티 필터에서는 공진기별로 튜 닝 스크류를 5개로 두어 정교한 튜닝이 가능하도록 하였 다. 멀티팩터 시험은 그림 12와 같이 ESA 시설에서 이루 어졌다. 해당 필터는 그림 13과 같이 열진공 챔버안에 설 치되었고, 1.5 10 mbar 이하의 고진공 상태에서 시험되 었다. 멀티팩터 발생 여부 모니터링을 위하여 3차 하모닉, 널링(nulling), 전자 발생 감시 장치 및 광학 장치들이 설 치되었다. Electrometer와 Photomultimeter를 통하여 관측된 자료 는 그림 14와 그림 15에서와 같이 정상적인 반응을 보인 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 멀티팩터 시험 결과, 540 W까지 멀티팩터 breakdwon이 발생하지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. 5 열진공 챔버 안에 설치된 필터 그림 13. Fig. 13. The filter installed in thermal vacuum chamber. 3-4 토 의 방법으로 분석하면 SEM 방법에 비해 더 낮은 값 의 멀티팩터 마진이 얻어진다. 이러한 이유는 VMF 방법 이 필터 내부의 전압을 계산하는 반면에, 전자수 진화 시 뮬레이션은 전자의 궤적에 따른 이차 전자의 수를 계산하 기 때문에 보다 현실적인 값을 예측하는 것으로 판단된 다. 따라서 개발 heritage 없이 새로 개발하는 부품의 경우, 멀티팩터 능력을 검증하고자 할 때는 보수적으로 VMF 방법으로 분석하는 것이 시험 여부를 판단하는데 유리하 다고 판단된다. 유럽표준에 따르면 qualification test의 경우, 멀티팩터 마진으로 6 db를 기준하고 있고, unit acceptance test의 경우는 3 db는 확보되어야 하는 것으로 기술하고 있 다. 본 시험에서는 최소 3 db 또는 6 db 이상의 마진이 확인되었고, 한편 RF 출력을 높게 생성하는데도 제약이 있으므로 멀티팩터가 발생하는 임계전력까지 시험은 수 행되지 않은 대신에 6 db보다 조금 높은 540 W까지 시험 이 이루어졌다. 따라서 본 시험을 통하여 멀티팩터가 발 생하는 임계전력에까지 확인은 되지 않았지만, 이 필터가 궤도에서 운용될 경우, 충분한 고출력 핸들링 능력을 지니 고 있음이 확인되었다. 멀티팩터 방전의 임계전력을 계산하는 식 (2)에서 WR112 의 입력 임피던스로서 wave impedance로 사용하였는데, characteristic impedance를 적용할 가능성도 있다. 구형 도 파관의 경우, 기본모드(TE )에서 characteristic impedance 는 3가지(Z, Z, Z )가 있는데 WR112에 대하여 계산 해 본 결과, 각각 339 오옴, 431 오옴, 266 오옴으로 산출 VMF [11] 대역 출력 필터 그림 11. XFig. 11. X-band output filter. 유럽우주기구의 시험 설비 그림 12. RF breakdown Fig. 12. ESA facility for RF breakdown test. 56 10 [12] VI PV PI

X- 그림 14. ( ) Fig. 14. Electrometer response(nominal). 그림 15. ( ) Fig. 15. Photomultimeter response(nominal)..,. wave impedance worst, Z PV. wave impedance 57

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