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1 The Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering Vol. 49, No. 6 (2012) pp ISSN (print) eissn (Online) 연구논문 소형루프형해양전자탐사시스템의무인잠수정을이용한실해역현장적용가능성고찰 고휘철 1,5) 이성곤 1,5) * 박인화 1) 조성준 2) IJ Won 3) Frank Funak 3) 김현섭 4) Feasibility Study of ROV-Towed Marine Loop Electromagnetic System through Off-Shore Experiment Hwicheol Ko, Seong Kon Lee*, In Hwa Park, Seong-Jun Cho, IJ Won, Frank Funak and Hyunsub Kim Abstract : We performed an off-shore experiment with a new marine small loop electromagnetic (EM) survey system, which was developed primarily for exploration of seafloor hydrothermal deposits. The system is a multi-frequency loop EM system designed to endure high pressure in deep sea up to 2000 m. In order to maintain altitude of the system from the seafloor in rough seafloor topography condition, the system was connected rigidly to ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) which tows the system. We performed a test with the new loop EM system by keeping altitude of ROV 2 m above from the seafloor at a depth of 300 m near Tonga off-shore. The ROV position and attitude while moving (pitch, roll, yaw) and CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) data are also recorded simultaneously with electromagnetic responses. Experimental results showed that electromagnetic anomaly was clearly identified at the location of metallic object, and the pattern of the EM responses matches well with the theoretical responses from a 3-D integral equation EM modeling code. With the test in Tonga offshore, we confirmed that the method of operation of the EM survey system by ROV was readily feasible, and the system could detect actual seafloor hydrothermal deposits in the highly conductive seafloor environment. Key words : Marine electromagnetic survey, Seafloor hydrothermal deposit, Electrical conductivity, ROV 요약 : 해저에존재하는해저열수광상을탐사하기위하여개발된소형루프형해양전자탐사시스템의현장적용성실험을실해역에서수행하였다. 이시스템은다중주파수전자탐사시스템으로심해고압환경에견딜수있도록설계되었으며탐사대상지역의험한지형적상황에서해저면과일정한고도를유지하며탐사할수있도록 ROV(Remotely Operated Vehicle) 에탐사장비를강성연결 (rigid connection) 하는운용방법을선택하였다. 통가해역수심약 300 m 지점에서금속이상체를투하한후해저면과탐사장비사이의간격을 2 m로유지하며전자기반응을획득하는실험을진행하였으며실험시 ROV 위치, ROV 움직임 ( 피치, 롤, 요 ), CTD(conductivity, temperature, depth) 등의자료를동시에획득하여자료처리에이용하였다. 실험결과각주파수에서전자기이상반응이뚜렷하게획득되었으며이는 3차원적분방정식코드를이용한모델링결과와비슷한양상을보여주었다. 이번실해역실험을통하여새로이개발한해양전자탐사시스템이해양환경에서 ROV를통한운용이가능함과동시에금속체에의한전자기이상반응의획득을통해본래목적인전기전도도가높은해저열수광상탐사에대한가능성을확인하였다. 주요어 : 해양전자탐사, 해저열수광상, 전기전도도, ROV 2012 년 8 월 30 일접수, 2012 년 11 월 23 일심사완료 2012 년 12 월 13 일게재확정 1) 한국지질자원연구원지열자원연구팀 2) 한국지질자원연구원자원탐사개발연구실 3) Geophex, Ltd. 4) 한국해양과학기술원심해자원연구부 5) 과학기술연합대학원대학교물리탐사공학전공 *Corresponding Author( 이성곤 ) ; seongkon@kigam.re.kr Address; 124 Gwahang-no, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon , KOREA 서론우리나라의 2011년금속광물자원의수입의존도는약 99%(Kim, 2011) 로국제광물자원가격이국가경제에미치는영향은매우크다. 우리나라는이러한광물자원의높은해외의존도에서벗어나자주적인광물자원확보를위해해외광물자원개발에대한투자를활발히하고있으며, 육상에존재하는광상만이아닌심해저 766
2 소형루프형해양전자탐사시스템의무인잠수정을이용한실해역현장적용가능성고찰 767 에존재하는광상을개발하기위한사업도진행하고있다. 특히, 최근에는태평양판이인도 -호주판에섭입되는판경계후배호분지 (back-arc basin) 인라우분지 (Lau basin) 해저화산지역에서해저열수광상개발을위한탐사및매장량평가를위한시추조사등이진행중이며 (Kim et al., 2008), 이와더불어남서태평양및인도양등에서도해양광물자원개발 (Kim et al., 2008) 을위한각종탐사를추진할계획인것으로보고되고있다. 해저열수광상은해저에괴상의황화광물형태로존재하여 SMS(submarine massive sulfide) 라고불리우며이는육상에존재하는 VMS(volcanogenic massive sulfide) 광상의원형모델로여겨진다 (Kowalczyk, 2009). 기존의연구결과해저발산경계에존재하는해저열수광상은황동석 (Chalcopyrite, CuFeS 2), 황철석 (Pyrite, FeS 2), 섬아연석 (Sphalerite,(Zn,Fe)S) 등의고농도황화광물을함유하고있음이알려져있다 (Rona, 1984). 해저열수광상사업단의연구대상지역인라우분지에분포하는해저열수광상에서도 Zn, Cd, As, Pb 등의유용금속원소의함유량이높은것으로알려져있으며 (Fouquet et al., 1991), 또한이지역해저산일대에서채취한시료들을분석한결과모암변질과정에서 Ag, Au, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, V, Zn 등의원소들의함유량도현저히상승되었음 (Yoo et al., 2011) 이확인되었다. 한편, Kowalczyk (2009) 에의하면파푸아뉴기니의 Solwara 1 지역내에존재하는해저열수광상에서도고품위의 Cu, Au가함유되어있음이확인되었다. 일반적으로 VMS 광상의경우모암에비해높은전기전도도 (electrical conductivity) 를나타내어 (Ford et al., 2007) 이같은지구물리적특성을이용한여러물리탐사방법들이수행되어왔다 (Craven et al., 1985; Ford et al., 2007; Morgan, 2012). 이와마찬가지로해저열수광상내의황화광물도섬아연석을제외한대부분은높은전기전도도를갖는것으로알려져있으며 (Schon, 1996), Lee and Lee (2010) 은실내실험을통해통가및북피지해저열수광상주변에서채취된시료를대한분석한결과, 금속광물이매우높게농집되어있어모암의전기전도도에비해침니 (chimney) 시료의전기전도도가약 390~1020배정도로높음을밝힌바있다. 또한, 이러한높은전기전도도특징이외에해저열수광상에서는 black smoke, white smoke 등의형태로열수가분출되어침니모양으로성장하게되는데이후주변으로무너지면서열수의분출구를막음으로써구릉 (mound) 형태혹은렌즈형태의광상을이루게되어 (Evans, 1993) 해저광상이해저면근처에넓게얕은심도로분포하는 경향을보이는특징을가지고있다. 따라서, 이러한해저열수광상의높은전기전도도및광상분포특징은전기전도도가매우높은해양환경내의유가스전을탐지하기위해개발된고출력의해양전자탐사 (marine CSEM) 방법보다는저출력이지만간단한루프- 루프형태의전자탐사방법이훨씬효율적으로적용될수있는환경을제공하고있다. 해저열수광상탐사에해양전자탐사방법이적용된첫번째사례는 Nautilus Minerals Inc. 에의하여파푸아뉴기니의 Sowala 1 해저열수광구에서해양전자탐사를실시한것이며, 이결과해저면의전기전도도의상대적분포를영상화한바있다 (Nautilus Minerals, 2009). 이때사용된장비는하나의전기장송신루프와전기장측정전극으로구성된매우간단한단일주파수전자탐사방법으로, 루프전류원송신에따른전기장의크기변화만을측정하여탐사를수행하였다. 최근에는 Nakayama and Saito(2011) 등이시간영역해양전자탐사기기를개발하고일본내해저열수광상에적용한바있으며, Swidinsky et al.(2012) 은모델연구를통하여시간영역에서해양전자탐사의적용성연구를수행한바있다. 국내의해저열수광상탐사를위한해양지구물리학적인접근방법으로서는열수에의한저자화이상대를파악하기위하여심해견인및표층자력탐사를이용하는방법 (Kwak et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2008) 이나심해 3성분자력계를 ROV(Remotely Operated Vehicle) 에부착하여운용하는삼성분자력탐사 (Kim and Park, 2011) 를시도한바있으나, 아직해양전자탐사를적용한사례는보고된바없다. 본연구에서는해저면근처에구릉형태로넓게분포하는 SMS 광상의연장성을탐사하는데적합한소형루프형해양전자탐사의본격적인현장적용을위한전단계로서, ROV를이용한소형루프형다중주파수전자탐사의해저열수광상탐사에대한적용성을고찰하고자현장해역에서실험연구를수행하였다. 이를위해새로이개발된해양전자탐사기기를 ROV에부착하고해양전자탐사기기를해저면으로부터일정고도를유지하여운용함으로써탐사모선, ROV 및해양전자탐사기의연결이나응용등해양전자탐사현장자료획득방법을점검하였으며, 또한수심약 300 m 지점에금속체를설치하고해저면에서일정고도를유지하여수평탐사실험을수행하여전도성바다내에서의금속체에대한반응을살펴봄으로써소형루프형다중주파수전자탐사방법의해저열수광상탐지를위한현장적용성을살펴보았다. 제 49 권제 6 호
3 768 고휘철 이성곤 박인화 조성준 IJ Won Frank Funak 김현섭 해양전자탐사장비 일반적인전자탐사는송신기에서발생된 1 차전자기장 (primary field) 이지하내부의전기비저항이상대에서유도전류를발생시키고이에따른 2 차전자기장 (secondary field) 을수신기로측정하는원리를이용한다. 이러한전자탐사장비는송신기와수신기가일정거리이격하여배치한 bistatic 구조와송신기내부에수신기를동심원 (concentric configuration) 구조로배치한 monostatic 구조가있을수있는데, 본실험에서는새로이개발된 monostatic 구조의전자탐사장비를사용하였다. monostatic 구조의전자탐사장비는송신기와수신기가같은위치에서움직임에따라송수신기의공간적인왜곡에따른반응이상의우려가줄어든다. 또한이로인하여높은공간분해능을가질수있는장점을지니며 (Swidinsky et al., 2012; Won et al., 1997), 또한송신루프모멘트의증가를통한고출력탐사가가능하다 (Choi, 2012). 실험에사용된 monostatic 형태의전자탐사장비는송신원내수신원이존재하는구조이므로장비를실제적으로적용하기위해서는상대적으로매우큰 1 차전자기장에의한영향을최소한으로줄여야만 2 차전자기장의수신감도를높일수있다. 이와같은문제를해결하는방법에는일반적으로시간영역에서일차장을보내고단락 (off) 시킨직후부터 2 차장을수신하는방법을취하나 (Nakayama and Saito, 2011; Swidinsky et al., 2012) 본연구에서사용된장비는주파수영역에서소위 ʻbuckingʼ 개념 (Müller et al., 2012; Won et al., 1997) 을이용하고있다. 즉, Fig. 1 에서와같이송신코일 (Tx1) 안쪽에송신코일과반대방향의전류가흐르는버킹코일 (bucking coil, Tx2) 이위치하고이를통하여수신코일 (Rx) 은 1 차장이없는무자기장공간 (magnetic null space) 상태에서전자기반응을획득할수있다. 실험에사용된탐사장비는다중주파수전자탐사기로서여러주파수의신호를합성하여일정한송신파형을지속적으로송신하고이에의한지하에서오는반사신호를원하는특정주파수에서수신하게된다. 송신파형을구현하기위하여주파수에따라일정한순서로배열된 ʻbit streamʼ 을이용하여 H-bridge(a set of digital switches) 의스위치를 on-off 시킴으로써샘플링간격 (1/30 혹은 1/25 초 ) 의정수배에해당하는 7-9 개주파수의송신신호를합성하여발생시키게되는것이다 (Müller et al., 2012; Won et al., 1997). 또한, 송신된전자기파로인해유도되는 2 차장은수신기에서감지되며소프트웨어에서출력되는전자기반응값은 2 차장의값을 1 차장의값으로나눈후 10 6 을곱해준 ppm 값이다. 여기서 1 차장은참조코일 (reference coil) 에서측정되는값으로, 이코일은 1 차장을측정하는동시에 1 차장에대한 2 차장의비를계산할때전원부의전력변화에의한 1 차장변화량을상쇄하기위한역할도한다. 식 (1) 은반무한공간에서사각루프형태의송신기에서발생한송신원에대한 ppm 단위반응값을나타내고있다 (Won et al., 1997). 여기서 m 은송신원의세로길이, n 은송신원의가로길이, h 는장비와해저면사이의간격, ω 는각주파수 (angular frequency), μ 는투자율 (magnetic permeability), σ 는전기전도도 (conductivity) 를나타낸다. (1) Fig. 1. Conceptual scheme of a monostatic electromagnetic survey equipment to countervail primary field (Tx1) by using bucking coil (Tx2). A receiver (Rx) is located in the bucking coil where the primary electric field is removed. 본연구에서사용된장비는이러한기본개념을해양전자탐사를위하여구현된것으로 Fig. 2(a) 와같이육상장비에비해고출력을얻기위해서루프크기가다소큰가로 210 cm, 세로 304 cm 사각루프를이용하였으며, 재질은매우단단한유리섬유 (fiberglass) 로이루어져있다. 코일을포함한무게는약 100 kg 로비중이 1.5 임을감안하면물속에서의무게는약 30 kg 정도로예측된다. 또한본시스템은수심 2000 m 이내의심해환경에부존가능성이있는해저열수광상을탐사하기위하여개발하였기때문에고압환경인심해에서시스템이작동할수있도록 Fig. 2(b) 와같이탐사장비의제어부를수심 3000 m 까지보호가능한내압용기 (pressure housing) 를이용하여보호하였다. 한국지구시스템공학회지
4 소형루프형해양전자탐사시스템의무인잠수정을이용한실해역현장적용가능성고찰 769 (a) (b) Fig. 2. (a) Assembled marine small loop electromagnetic survey equipment (KIGAM-GEM3). The Rx, Tx, Bx and Ref are receiver, transmitter, bucking and reference coils. (b) Pressure housing of control unit in the KIGAM-GEM3 system. 자료획득을위한탐사시스템구성 소형루프형전자탐사장비를해양에서운용하는방법은탐사하는해양환경에따라달라진다. 수심이깊지않고해저면지형의굴곡이심하지않는환경에서는장비를탐사모선에매단채로이동하며탐사를수행할수도있다. Muller et al. (2011, 2012) 은퇴적물이쌓여있는평평한해저면환경에서장비를바닥에서끄는방법으로탐사를수행하였다. 그러나해저열수광상탐사현장과같이수심이깊고또한침니와해저협곡으로인한복잡한지형적기복을가지는곳에서는시스템을안정하게견인하는것이매우어렵게된다. 따라서, 본연구에서는현장에서해저면과탐사장비사이의일정한간격을유지하는안정적인운용을위해 ROV와탐사장비를강성연결 (rigid connection) 하여운용하는방법을선택하였다. Fig. 3과같이탐사장비를유리섬유재질의 I-beam 2 개를이용하여 ROV의중앙하부와연결하고로프를통해센서의중앙과양끝모서리부분을잡아주어바다속에서진동에의한탐사장비의수직변위를최소한으로줄이고자하였으며 pressure housing된탐사장비의제어부는 ROV 하단에부착하였다. 탐사의순서는 1) ROV 진수 2) 탐사라인설정 3) ROV 조종을통한탐사 4) ROV 인양으로진행되었다. 해상에서는파도때문에배의상하운동이계속적으로일어나게되며이로인하여윈치에연결된 ROV 역시배의운동으로인한영향을받을우려가있다. 이와같은영향을제거하기위하여부력제를로프에 2~3 m 간격씩 22개를설치하여 70~100 m 의완충효과를주었다. (a) (b) Fig. 3. Schematics of rigid connection between ROV and KIGAM-GEM3. (a) Side view and (b) plan view. 실험운용에사용된 ROV 는많은부분이금속재질이며, 또한프로펠러에의한잡음이되기때문에해양전자탐사반응에잡음요소로작용할가능성이있다. 그러나, ROV 와탐사장비는강성연결되어있기때문에상대적인기하학적위치는변하지않으므로 ROV 의금속성분에의한영향은고정된배경영향, 즉정적성분 (static effect) 으로간주할수있다. 또한이동시프로펠러의회전에의한영향은그주파수가탐사장비의전자기파주파수대역에비해훨씬높은것으로알려져있어자료획득시영향은매우작은것으로판단되었다. Fig. 4 는본탐사에서응용된전체적인자료획득흐름과시스템연결상태를나타내며그림에서볼수있듯이 KIGAM-GEM3 센서의제어부는내압용기에의해 pressure housing 되 제 49 권제 6 호
5 770 고휘철 이성곤 박인화 조성준 IJ Won Frank Funak 김현섭 Fig. 4. Conceptual diagram of data stream and physical connections. Fig. 5. Map near offshore Tonga. Red dot indicates study area Fig. 6. Metal target consisting of aluminium rod and massive iron object 어 ROV 의윈치시스템전원및광섬유통신포트와연결되어있다. 그리고이연결은 ROV 윈치시스템및 Dry lab 내의멀티플렉서를거쳐제어컴퓨터와연결되어해양전자탐사자료획득소프트웨어에연결된다 년 1 월 16 일부터 30 일까지의탐사기간중 1 월 28, 29 일에걸쳐독일연구선 R/V SONNE 호와캐나다의 ROPOS ROV 를이용하여통가인근해역인 Fig. 5 의연구지역에서해양전자탐사시스템실해역실험을진 행하였다. 총 2 가지의실험을수행하였으며, 실험의주목적은시스템의금속체에대한이상반응을확인하여센서고도에따른반응양상을살펴봄으로써실해역에서해양전자탐사자료획득방법을검증하는것이다. 이를위하여먼저알루미늄봉과금속판을이용하여만든 Fig. 6 의금속이상체를실험현장해저면으로투하하였다. 그후 Fig. 7(a) 와같이해저면의이상체를중심으로가로세로 10 m 의탐사공간을설정하고측선간격 1 m 한국지구시스템공학회지
6 소형루프형해양전자탐사시스템의무인잠수정을이용한실해역현장적용가능성고찰 771 (a) Fig. 8. Data acquisition program of KIGAM-GEM3. The upper panel shows ppm data over time at four frequencies (90, 570, 3330, and Hz) and the lower panel displays ppm data at the measuring moment for those responses. (b) Fig. 7. (a) Survey lines in test 1. The red dot represents the metal target and the distance between seafloor and ROV is 2 m. (b) Scheme representing test 2. Position of ROV above the target is changed up and down. 인탐사측선을정하였다. 이때해저면과탐사장비사이의거리를약 2 m 로유지하며설정된측선을따라 ROV 를조종하며남북으로이동하며실험 1 을수행하였다. 또한, 센서및이상체사이의거리에따른전자기반응의변화양상을알아보기위해 Fig. 7(b) 와같이이상체위로 ROV 의고도를변화시키며전자기반응을획득하는실험 2 를수행하였다. 실험자료획득 시스템은다중주파수송신원을사용하는것이특징이며탐사에사용된주파수는 4 개로 90, 570, 3330, Hz 이다. 4 개의주파수는 1/30s 의샘플링간격의정수배 가되는것으로로그스케일에서동일한간격을가진다. 자료취득소프트웨어는시간경과에따라주파수별로 2 차장의값을 1 차장값으로나눠준 ppm 단위의반응값의실수부 (in-phase) 와허수부 (quadrature) 를기록하며 Fig. 8 의상부의그래프에서가로축은시간, 세로축은 ppm 단위값이며, 하부의그래프는측정하는당시의각주파수에서실수부, 허수부의 ppm 단위값을나타낸다. 전자기반응값획득시 DGPS 를이용한 ROV 의위치값, gyro 를통한 ROV 의움직임 ( 피치, 롤, 요 ), CTD (Conductivity, Depth, Temperature) 를이용하여해수의염도, 온도, 깊이를동시에기록하며최종적으로시간경과와위치변화에따른전자기반응값, ROV 좌표및움직임, CTD 자료가 3 가지의파일로저장된다. 실험 1 에서획득된전자기반응을 Fig. 9 와같이주파수별로실수부와허수부를나누어 10 개측선에대한결과값을 mapping 하여나타내었다. 결과를보면각각의주파수에서금속이상체가위치한부근에전자기이상반응이나타남을확인할수있다. 특히 90 Hz 보다큰주파수에서는전자기이상반응이두갈래로나뉘어져서나타나는데이와같은결과가발생하는이유를수치적모델링결과와비교해보기위하여 3 차원적분방정식코드 (Hursan and Zhdanov, 2002; Zhdanov et al., 2006) 를이용하여 3 차원모델링하였다. 모델은본실험과유사한환경을모사하기위하여 Fig. 10 과같이해수, 해저면의전기비저항이 0.33, 1 ohm m 이고수심 300 m 환경에서전기비저항이 0.05 ohm m 인세로 1 m, 가로 20 cm, 높이 20 m 의금속이상체를설정한후가로세로 10 m 의공간에서 1 m 간격으로탐사라인을설계하고해저 제 49 권제 6 호
7 772 고휘철 이성곤 박인화 조성준 IJ Won Frank Funak 김현섭 Fig. 9. In-phase and quadrature components of magnetic responses from KIGAM-GEM3 at four frequencies: 90, 570, 3330, and Hz. 한국지구시스템공학회지
8 소형루프형해양전자탐사시스템의무인잠수정을이용한실해역현장적용가능성고찰 773 (a) (b) Fig 10. Model setup for 3-D integral equation modleing. Metal target is located in the center of grid. (a) Plan view and (b) depth section. Fig 11. Results of 3-D modeling by using the integral equation code developed by Zhdanov et al. (2006) at four frequencies: 90, 570, 3330, and Hz. 제 49 권제 6 호
9 774 고휘철 이성곤 박인화 조성준 IJ Won Frank Funak 김현섭 면과시스템사이의거리를 2 m 로설정하였다. Fig. 11 에나타난모델링결과에서동상, 이상성분모두현장실험결과와비슷한양상으로사용된모든주파수에서반응들이두갈래로나뉘어짐을확인할수있다. 이런양상이일어나는이유는금속이상체가막대모양의형태를띄고있음으로인하여하나의 dipole 과같은방사페턴 (radiation pattern) 이나타남에의한것으로생각되며모델링결과와다른현장에서의 90 Hz 에서의반응양상은상대적으로긴파장으로인한분해능의감소로인한 결과로생각된다. Fig. 12 는실험 2 의반응값을깊이에따른함수로표현한것이다. 실험결과에서알수있듯이 ROV 가금속이상체에서가까워질수록급격하게반응값이변화하며일정간격이상이격되면값이거의변화하지않는다. 이와같은결과는전도성매질의바다에서급격한전자기장의감쇄로인하여해저면과장비사이의일정간격이상에서 2 차장이획득되지못함을시사하는것이며이는해저열수광상탐사시해저면과탐사장비사이의간격을일정간격이내로하는것이성공적 Fig 12. Responses with the variation of the altitude of the system obtained through the test 2. One can see rapid change of responses due to change in the depth of ROV 한국지구시스템공학회지
10 소형루프형해양전자탐사시스템의무인잠수정을이용한실해역현장적용가능성고찰 775 인탐사를위한기준임을보여준다고할수있다. 결 해저열수광상을탐사하기위하여새로이개발된소형루프형전자탐사시스템의본격적인현장적용이전단계로통가인근해역수심약 300 m 지점에서실해역현장실험을수행하였다. 이실험의목적은탐사선및 ROV 를이용한소형루프형전자탐사기기의운용방법을점검하고전도성이높은해양환경에서금속광상탐사에대한적용성을살펴보기위함이다. 해저열수광상의복잡한지형적기복및수심을고려하여 ROV 을이용하여해양전자탐사시스템을강성연결하여운용하였고금속체에대한전자기반응의민감도를분석하기위하여금속이상체를해저에투하하여전자기반응을획득하였다. ROV 를일정한고도로운용하는실험 1 의결과 ROV 와의연결을통한시스템의현장운용이성공적으로이루어졌으며 10 개측선의전자기반응값을 mapping 한결과뚜렷하게금속이상체에대한이상반응이획득됨을확인하였다. 또한획득된금속이상체에의한전자기이상반응의양상은 3 차원적분방정식을이용한수치적모델링결과와유사하게나타났으며이를통해시스템의현장실험결과가성공적임을확인하였다. 또한 ROV 를상하로운용하는실험 2 를통하여해저열수광상탐사시전도성해양환경에서의센서와해저면사이의거리에대한기준의적절한지침도추정할수있었다. 해저열수광상에존재하는광물들은육상광상에비해높은집적도로인하여비교적높은전기전도도의특성을가지고있을것으로추정되며이는전자탐사를통한광상탐사가가능함을시사한다. 본실험결과매우작은금속이상체에대한전자기이상반응이뚜렷이획득됨이확인되었고이를통하여상대적으로큰규모와높은전기전도도의특성을가지는실제해저열수광상에새로이개발한본시스템을적용하였을때성공적인탐사가이루어질가능성을확인할수있었다. 그러나, 현장실해역탐사시비교적큰해양전자탐사기기를안정적으로진수및인양, 견인등에좀더개선된방법이필요함을알수있었으며, 또한이와동시에획득된실해역자료에대한정밀해석 ( 잡음제거, 자료처리, 역산등 ) 방법등에대한연구가필요함을알수있었다. 론 감사의글 본연구는국토해양부산하한국해양과학기술진흥원의국토해양기술연구개발사업인 통가해저열수광상개 발사업단 의협동과제로서수행되었으며이에감사드립니다. 아울러, 현장실험시 ROV 운용에도움을준캐나다의 CSSF(Canadian Scientific Submersible Facility) 관계자께도감사드립니다. 참고문헌 Choi J.H, 2012, Small-loop EM application for exploration of marine hydrothermal deposits and the data analysis, Ph.D Thesis, Seoul National University, Seoul. Craven, B. L., Hayden, W. B. and Smith, M. J., 1985, A comparison of electromagnetic prospecting results at the Scuddles Cu?Zn massive sulphide deposit Golden Grove area Western Australia, Exploration Geophysics, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp Evans, A.M., 1993, Ore geology and industrial minerals: An introduction, 3th ed., Wiley, pp Fouquet, Y., Stackelberg, U., Charlou, J. L., Donval, J. P., Foucher, J. P., Erzinger, J., Herzig, P., Mühe, R., Wiedicke, M., Soakai, S. and Whitechurch, H., 1991, Hydrothermal activity in the Lau back-arc basin:sulfides and water chemistry, Geology, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp Ford, K., Keating, P. and Thomas, M. D., 2007, Overview of geophysical signatures associated with Canadian ore deposits: exploration methods, Geological Association of Canada, v. Mineral Deposits Division, Special Publication 5, pp Hursan, Gabor. and Zhdanov, Michael S., 2002, Contraction integral equation method in three-dimensional electromagnetic modeling, Radio Science, Vol. 37, No.6, pp Kim C. H. and Chan Hong Park, 2011, Deep Sea Three Components magnetomerter Survey using ROV, Jigu-Mulliwa-mulli-Tamsa, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 298~304. Kim D. H., 2011, The 4 th National program for Overseas Resources Development, Journal of Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp Kim H. S., Mee-Sook Jung, Chang Hwan Kim, Jonguk Kim and Kteong-Yong Lee, 2008, The Exploration Methodology of Massive Sulfide Deposit by Use of Marine geophysical Investigation, Mulli-Tamsa, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp Kowalczyk, P., 2009, The geophysical exploration of SMS deposits - a case study of the Solwara 1 submarine massive sulfide deposit, Proceedings of the 9 th SEGJ International Symposium -Imaging and Interpretation, Sapporo, Japan, October Kwak J. Y., Joong Sun Won, Chan Hong park, Chang Hwan Kim and Young Tak Ko, 2008, The Study of Hydrothermal Vent and Ocean Crustral Structure of North-eastern Lau Basin Using Deep-tow and Surface-tow Magnetic data, 제 49 권제 6 호
11 776 고휘철 이성곤 박인화 조성준 IJ Won Frank Funak 김현섭 Econ. Environ. Geol., Vol. 41, No 1, pp Lee S.K. and Seong Kon Lee, 2010, The Prototype study of resistivity and Porosity Measurement for the samples Collected Near Marine hydrothermal Deposit, Jigu-Mulliwa-mulli-Tamsa, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp Morgan, 2012, Geophysical characteristics of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in volcanogenic massive sulfide occurrence model, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report C chap. 7, p. 16. Müller, H., T. v. D.,, C. H.,, B. S., Rey, D. and a. B. R., 2012, Mapping the magnetic susceptibility and electric conductivity of marine surficial sediments by benthic EM profiling, Geophysics, Vol. 77, No. 1, pp Müller, H., von Dobeneck, T., Nehmiz, W. and Hamer, K., 2011, Near-surface electromagnetic, rock magnetic, and geochemical fingerprinting of submarine freshwater seepage at Eckernförde Bay (SW Baltic Sea), Geo-Marine Letters, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp Nakayama, K. and Saito, A., 2011, Marine time-domain electromagnetic technologies using ROV, BUTSYRI-TANSA, Vol. 64, No. 4, pp Nautilus Minerals, 2009, Electromagnetic survey results outline continuity and extensions at Solwara, nautilusminerals.com/s/media-newsreleases.asp?reportid = Rona, P. A., 1984, Hydrothermal mineralization at seafloor spreading centers, Earth-Science Reviews, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp Schon, J., 1996, Physical properties of rocks: fundamentals and principles of petrophysics, Handbook of geophysical exploration-seismic exploration, Vol. 18, Elsevier, pp Swidinsky, A., Hölz, S. and Jegen, M., 2012, On mapping seafloor mineral deposits with central loop transient electromagnetics, Geophysics, Vol. 77, No. 3, pp Yoo B. C., Hunsoo Choi, Sang-Mo Koh, 2011, Alement Dispersion and Walleock Alteration of TA26 Seamount, Tonga arc, Econ. Environ. Geol, Vol. 44, No 5, pp Won, I. J., Keiswetter, D. A., Hanson, D. R., Novikova, E. and Hall, T. M., 1997, GEM-3: A Monostatic Broadband Electromagnetic Induction Sensor, Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp Zhdanov, Michael S., Lee, Seong Kon. and Yoshioka, Ken., 2006, integral equation method for 3D modeling of electromagnetic fields in complex structures with inhomogeneous background conductivity, Geophysics, Vol.71, No.6, pp 한국지구시스템공학회지
12 소형루프형해양전자탐사시스템의무인잠수정을이용한실해역현장적용가능성고찰 777 고휘철 현재과학기술연합대학원대학교물리탐사공학석사과정 ( 本學會誌第 48 券第 6 号參照 ) 이성곤 1991 년서울대학교자원공학과학사 1993 년서울대학교자원공학과석사 1998 년서울대학교자원공학과박사 박인화 2005 년대전대학교지구시스템공학과석사 현재한국지질자원연구원지구환경연구본부지열자원구팀책임연구원과학기술연합대학원대학교물리탐사공학전공 ( ; seongkon@kigam.re.kr) 현재한국지질자원연구원지구환경연구본부지열자원연구팀선임기술원 ( ; pih@kigam.re.kr) 조성준 1991 년서울대학교자원공학과학사 1993 년서울대학교자원공학과석사 2000 년서울대학교자원공학과박사 IJ Won 1967 Seoul national University, Korea, B. Eng Columbia University, New York, Geophysics M. Eng Columbia University, New York, Geophysics Ph.D 현재한국지질자원연구원광물자원연구본부자원탐사개발연구팀책임연구원 ( ; mac@kigam.re.kr) Chief Scientist, Geophex, Ltd. ( ; ijwon@geophex.com) 김현섭 Frank Funak Senior Software Engineer Senior Scientist in Physics 1990 년서울대학교자원공학과학사 1992 년서울대학교자원공학과석사 2007 년서울대학교자원공학과박사 Geophex, Ltd., USA ( ; funak@geophex.com) 현재한국해양과학기술원심해저자원연구부책임연구원 ( ; hyskim@kiost.ac) 제 49 권제 6 호
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