절한자극을자연스럽게제공함으로써미숙아가그자극을인지하여의미를파악하고자신의경험으로확장시켜나갈수있도록도와주어야한다 (Blanchard, 1991). 대상자에대한중재중음악은선율, 리듬, 조화, 음색
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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Child Health Nurs Res, Vol.19, No.3, July 2013: ISSN(Print) ISSN(Online) 어머니의노래들려주기중재가저출생체중아의생리적반응과행동상태에미치는효과 박지선 1, 홍경자 1, 방경숙 2 1 서울대학교간호대학, 2 서울대학교간호대학 간호과학연구소 Effects of the Intervention - Mother s Song on Physical Response and Behavioral State of Low-Birth Weight Infants in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Ji-Sun Park 1, Kyung-Ja Hong 1, Kyung-Sook Bang 2 1 College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul; 2 College of Nursing & The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Purpose: This study was done to identify the effectiveness of the intervention - mother s recorded song on low-birth weight infants in an neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: This study was conducted with a nonequivalent control group pre-posttest quasi-experimental design and the participant group was low-birth weight infants who were admitted to the NICU. Forty-eight infants, 24 in each from two groups, the experimental and control group, participated in the study. Results: For physical response according to vital signs, there were no significant statistical differences in heart rate, respiration rate and pulse oximetry saturation between the experimental group and the control group. For behavioral state, there was a significant statistical difference between the experimental and control group. Conclusion: The study results indicate that the intervention using mother s song had some significance as a nursing intervention with positive impacts. Such an intervention can help pediatric nurses improve infants stabilization of their vital signs and behavioral states. By showing the effectiveness of such an intervention, the results of this study provide further evidence-based information in developing the practice of pediatric nursing. Key words: Mother, Low-birth weight infant, Intervention studies, Neonatal intensive care unit 연구의필요성 서론 고위험신생아인미숙아의빈도는사회 경제적여건과출생전간 호등에따라다르지만총출생의 4-8% 정도로나타난다. 출생시의체 중이 2,500 g 미만일때, 이를넓은의미로저출생체중아라고부른다. Corresponding author Kyung-Sook Bang College of Nursing, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul , Korea TEL FAX ksbang@snu.ac.kr * 이논문은제 1 저자박지선의석사학위논문의일부를발췌한것임. * This article is based on a part of the first author's master's thesis from Seoul National University. Key words 어머니, 저출생체중아, 중재연구, 신생아중환자실 투고일 2013/2/24 1 차수정 2013/4/2 게재확정일 2013/6/3 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non- Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 저출생체중아의약 2/3는미숙아이고, 나머지 1/3은산모, 태반및태아의여러가지원인으로재태기간에비하여체중이작은부당경량아 (small for gestational age) 이다 (Hong, 2007). 국내의출생통계에의하면 2009년도전체출생아중출생시체중 2,500 g 미만의저출생체중아는 4.9% 를차지하는데, 이는 2001년의 4.0% 보다더높은것으로꾸준히증가하는경향을보이고있다 (Statistics Korea, 2010). 재태연령과체중의부족으로신생아중환자실에입원하는것은어머니의자궁내환경과는많이다르기때문에, 정상적인성장발달을방해하는스트레스요인이된다. 지금까지신생아중환자실의환경은이러한영아의발달요구를실현하기에적합하지않다고알려졌으며, 그로인해중요한신경발달장애를가지고생존하는비율이증가하고있다 (D Agostino & Clifford, 1998). 저출생체중아에게나타날수있는발달장애를감소시키고, 삶의질을높이며정상아로성장할수있도록신생아중환자실의환경을중요하게고려해야하고출생초기부터규칙적인간호중재를제공해야하는데, 그들의상태와능력에알맞은적 198 Copyright 2013 Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing
2 절한자극을자연스럽게제공함으로써미숙아가그자극을인지하여의미를파악하고자신의경험으로확장시켜나갈수있도록도와주어야한다 (Blanchard, 1991). 대상자에대한중재중음악은선율, 리듬, 조화, 음색, 형태와스타일, 그리고동시에또는연속적으로표현되는특징과같은많은구성요소를가지는청각자극으로음악을듣는대상자에게다른자극보다유쾌하고흥미를주며, 진정시킬뿐아니라신경학적조직발달을촉진시킨다 (Wagner, 1994). 따라서국외여러선행연구에서는긍정적인청각자극으로서음악의효과를검증하는많은연구들이수행되었으며 (Cassidy & Standley, 1995; Coleman, Pratt, Stoddard, Gerstmann, & Abel, 1997; Flowers, McCain, & Hilker, 1999; Standley, 1998, 2000; Standley & Moore, 1995), 그동안우리나라에서도음악을활용하여저출생체중아에게심장박동음과한국의전통동요, 자장가등을들려주고그효과를측정한연구들이이루어졌다. 음악요법은저출생체중아의체중증가에효과가있었으며, 심박동수감소와활력징후가더안정되는모습을보였고, 행동상태도안정되었다 (Chou & Choi, 2006; Yeum, Ahn, Seo, & Jun, 2010). 최근에외국에서연구된사례들을살펴보면다양한특성의음악이저출생체중아에게제공되고있을뿐아니라 (Arnon et al., 2006; Chou, Wang, Chen, & Pai, 2003), 직접불러주는음악과어머니의목소리를통한음악의효과를보는연구도시행되고있다 (Blumenfeld & Eisenfeld, 2006; Johnston, Filion, & Nuyt, 2007; Standley & Moore, 1995). 실제로다양한자극과함께직접불러주는음악은발달에효과적이며, 모-아상호작용에영향을준다고보고되었다 (Whipple, 2000). 특히태아기에어머니의목소리를듣게하는것은이후의뇌와언어발달에중요한요인으로작용하며 (Moon & Fifer, 2000), 음악은저출생체중아에게정보를중계하기위한매우효과적인투입방법으로, 어머니또는여성이부르는자장가는평온을주고동시에언어발달을촉진시킨다. 영아가반복적으로노래를듣게되면억양, 음절의박자또는패턴을인지하게되고, 이는영아의인식작용에중요하며반응을일어나게하는것이다 (DeCasper, Lecanuet, Busnel, GranierDeferre, & Maugeais, 1994). 또한어머니의목소리를통한노래부르기는영아의상태를조절해주고, 긍정적인감정을담은메시지를전달한다고알려져있다 (Rock, Trainor, & Addison, 1999). 그럼에도불구하고, 저출생체중아에게어머니가직접노래를불러주는것에대한연구는외국의경우도매우부족하며국내에서는찾아보기어렵다. 따라서본연구에서는어머니의노래들려주기중재를제공하였을때신생아중환자실에입원한저출생체중아의생리적반응및행동상태에미치는영향을확인하고자한다. 연구가설본연구에서는다음의 2가지가설을설정하였다. 가설 1) 어머니의노래들려주기중재를제공받은실험군과대조군의생리적반응 ( 심박동수, 호흡수, 산소포화도 ) 은시간에따른변화에유의한차이가있을것이다. 가설 2) 어머니의노래들려주기중재를제공받은실험군은대조군보다행동상태점수가유의하게감소할것이다. 연구방법 연구설계본연구는어머니의노래들려주기중재가저출생체중아의심박동수, 호흡수와산소포화도및행동상태에미치는효과를확인하기위한유사실험연구로서, 비동등성대조군전후설계 (nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design) 로설계하였다. 연구대상본연구는서울시내소재의일개 3차종합병원신생아중환자실에입원하여치료를받고있는영아중출생시체중 500-2,000 g, 연구시작시교정주수가 30주이상이고유전적문제나염색체이상, 선천성기형이없으며심박동수나호흡수의생리적반응에영향을줄수있는약물이투여되지않는동안의영아라는선정기준에부합하고, 연구의참여에동의한어머니와저출생체중아를대상으로임의표출하였다. 쌍생아의경우는동질성을위하여각각을실험군과대조군으로배정하였으며, 대조군역시동일한기준을만족하는저출생체중아로선정하였다. 실험군과대조군은자료수집진행에따라순위배정하였으며, 대조군으로배정된영아는대조군자료수집이후에어머니의노래들려주기중재를적용하였다. 표본수는두집단비교에서유의수준 α =.05, 효과크기 f = 0.80, 검정력 0.80으로산출하여실험군, 대조군각각 26명씩총 52명을선정하여자료수집을수행하였으며 (Lee, Lim, & Park, 1998), 이중실험군 2명, 대조군 2명이호흡기계치료방식의변경, 갑작스러운금식과퇴원등의이유로탈락하여각군당 24명으로총 48명이최종분석대상이되었다. 연구도구생리적반응측정본연구에서생리적반응이란심박동수와호흡수, 산소포화도를의미하는데어머니의노래들려주기중재시행전과시행후 5분, 10분, 15분, 20분에측정하여매일의시행마다 5회씩측정하였다. 연구가이루어진해당병원의신생아중환자실에서는 GE Healthcare (General Electric Company, USA) 에서생산된 Solar 8000i GE Neonatal monitoring system 을사용하여영아의활력징후를측정한다. 이는심전도 박지선, 홍경자, 방경숙 199
3 Child Health Nurs Res, Vol.19, No.3, July 2013: (electrocardiogram, ECG), 비침습적혈압측정 (noninvasive blood pressure, NIBP), 말초산소포화도 (saturation by pulse oximetry, SpO 2) 등을감시할수있으며본연구에서는 ECG를통해측정되는심박동수와호흡수, 산소포화도세가지항목의측정된수치를기록하였다. 행동상태측정도구본연구에서행동상태는 Lester와 Tronick (2004b) 이고안한 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Network Neurobehavioral Scale에서영아의 state를관찰하는항목을사용하여측정하였다. 이행동상태관찰도구는신생아의행동상태를깊은수면상태 (1점 ), 가벼운수면상태 (2점), 졸린상태 (3점), 민활한상태 (4점), 움직임이많은상태 (5점), 울음상태 (6점) 의총 6단계로분류한다. 전체적인도구의검사-재검사신뢰도는미국과인도에서의지속된 2가지연구에서 34주, 40주, 44주재태연령에서의저출생체중아에대한연속된 3번의시험을거쳐 의통계적으로유의한상관관계를보고하였다 (Lester & Tronick, 2004a). 본연구에서는도구에대해충분히습득한본연구자가제1관찰자, 보조연구자가제2관찰자가되어두명의관찰자가동시에한명의대상자에게어머니의노래들려주기중재시행전과시행후 5분, 10분, 15분, 20분에회당 10-15초의관찰을통해측정된점수를기록하였다. 이두값의평균을대상자의행동상태점수로기록하였으며, 점수가낮을수록저출생체중아의행동이안정됨을의미한다. 도구의신뢰도는관찰자간신뢰도인 Kappa 계수로예비연구에서.89, 본연구에서는.87로나타나두관찰자사이에비교적높은일치도를보였다. 자료수집절차해당기관간호부와병동의승인을받은후다음의절차에따라자료수집을진행하였다. 자료수집기간은 2008년 6월 15일부터 9월 15일까지 3개월이었다. 본연구는예비연구의과정을통해어머니의노래들려주기간호중재를구성하는첫번째단계와이를적용하고효과를평가하는두번째단계로진행되었다. 간호중재의구성어머니의노래들려주기중재구성및예비조사본연구가시작되기전에초기연구설계에따라예비연구를시행하였는데, 초기의연구설계는 어머니의노래불러주기중재 로구성하여, 신생아중환자실의저녁면회시간에영아의수유가마무리되고난후 15분동안영아의어머니가준비된노래를직접부르도록하였다. 중재는시작한날부터매일, 같은시간에연속 5일동안지속되었다. 연구대상자 3명을선정하여비디오촬영과함께어머니의노래불러주기중재를시행하였으나분석결과연속된 5일이라하더라도어머니가매일같은시간에면회를올수없다는한계점이있었고, 어머니의노 래불러주기중재가 15분동안일관성있게제공되기어려웠기때문에중재효과를파악하는데어려움이있었다. 따라서어머니의노래를녹음해서들려주는 어머니의노래들려주기중재 로수정 보완하였으며, 실험군 3명, 대조군 3명총 6명을대상으로다시예비연구를시행한결과초기연구설계에비해일관성있고지속적인중재의제공이가능하여본조사의중재방법으로선택하였다. 또한중재기간 5일은중재효과를파악하기에부족하다고판단되어 7일로늘리고, 중재지속시간역시 15분에서 20분으로연장하기로하였다. 음악중재의순서, 지속시간, 빈도등에대한증거기반의명확한적용가이드라인은없으나비교적짧은기간의진정효과를얻기위해서는매회마다 분정도의음악에노출시키는것이적당하다는연구결과에근거하였다 (Stouffer, Shirk, & Polomano, 2007). 본연구의모든절차는연구자에의해구성되었으며, 각영아에게들려주는노래는그어머니의자장가로만한정시켰고, 소리의크기는모든영아에게동일하게제공되도록조절하였다. 노래의선정및녹음노래는원곡인모차르트의자장가에한글로가사를붙인자장가를이용하였다. 이자장가는 잘자라우리아가앞뜰과뒷동산에 로시작되는것으로대부분의자장가와마찬가지로 6/8박자로듣기좋고따라부르기쉬운특성을가졌으며, 예비연구에서어머니들의선호도가높아선택하였다. 선정된연구대상어머니에게중재에대한설명과함께노래를익힐수있도록음악파일을제공한후어머니가편한시간으로약속을정하여상담실에서연구자가직접녹음하였다. 녹음하기전에미리안내된모차르트의자장가를일정한크기와빠르기로들려주면서어머니에게준비한노래를생각하며편안한마음으로앉아있도록격려하였다. 노래의녹음은모차르트의자장가 1절을총 2회반복하도록하였는데 1회녹음후어머니로하여금반복청취하게하여, 떨림이있거나어머니가원하는경우다시녹음하도록하였다. 상담실내소음은최소화하였으며어머니가원하는경우노래를부르는동안상담실내에아버지나다른보호자가동반하는것을허락하였다. 간호중재의적용및효과평가대상자선정및사전조사연구대상자의선정기준에맞는영아를선정하여면회시간의개별면담을통해보호자에게연구목적과어머니의노래들려주기중재에대한정보를제공한후참여의사를확인하였다. 연구대상자가선정되면어머니의노래들려주기중재에대한구체적인정보제공과함께중재를수행하기위한준비를진행하였다. 저출생체중아에대한일반적인특성인성별, 재태기간, 출생시체중, 연구시작시교정주수와 200 어머니의노래들려주기중재가저출생체중아에게미치는효과
4 체중, Apgar score (1분, 5분 ), 현재수유형태, 수유방법과경구영양시작경과일, 인공호흡기치료유 무, 치료기간과어머니에대한일반적특성인 ( 만 ) 연령, 분만형태, 교육정도는보호자의동의를얻어전자의무기록 (Electronic Medical Record, EMR) 에서정보를얻었다. 영아의수유및준비매일저녁면회시간인 7시에서 7시 30분까지수유시간에어머니를수유과정에참여시키고, 경관수유는담당간호사가수유의과정을전담한다. 모든수유의과정은 30분이내로종료하도록하였다. 수유가종료되는 7시 30분부터 5분동안중재를위해영아를준비하였다. 모든영아는앙와위 (supine position) 로누워옷은한벌만입고있는상태로어머니의노래를잘들리게하고, 행동상태를관찰하기위해얼굴아래쪽으로아기포를한벌덮어주었다. 어머니의노래들려주기중재가시행되는동안아기는신생아모니터를통해심박동수와호흡수, 산소포화도가측정될수있는심전도전극과산소포화도측정기가부착되어있다 (Figure 1). 어머니의노래들려주기중재어머니의노래들려주기중재는준비된어머니의자장가를통해 7시 35분부터 55분까지 20분동안영아에게들려주었다. 모든녹음된어머니의자장가는총길이가 1-2분으로구성되었으며이노래를 mp3와연결된스피커를통해반복적으로재생하였다. 모든영아에있어 mp3와스피커는영아의머리에서 20 cm 거리에위치시켰으며, 중재가제공되는동안자장가의크기는 db 정도의일관성을유지시켰다. 각영 아마다제공된노래의크기에차이가없도록하기위해중재를시작하는첫날소음측정기를이용하여영아의귀근처에서측정되는소리의크기가 db이되도록 mp3의음량설정을조절하였다. 이것은 Standley (2002) 의연구에서저출생체중아에게추천되는음악의강도는 70 db을초과해서는안되며, 실제로 db 사이의음악적자극이가장듣기좋은음악의크기로추천된것에기인하였다 (Stouffer et al., 2007). 중재효과평가매회의어머니의노래들려주기중재시행직전, 중재가제공되는동안 5분, 10분, 15분의매시간과중재를마칠때영아의생리적반응과행동상태를측정하였다. 중재의제공이후 7시 55분부터 8시까지의나머지 5분동안중재를제공받은영아는휴식과안정을취하게하였으며, 그동안연구자는측정된자료를정리하고마무리하였다. 자료분석방법수집된모든자료는 SPSS 통계프로그램을이용하여분석하였다. 저출생체중아와관련된일반적특성, 그어머니와관련된일반적특성은실수, 백분율, 평균등의기술통계를사용하였고, 일반적특성에관한실험군과대조군의동질성검정은 t-test 와 Chi-square 검정을이용하였다. 어머니의노래들려주기중재적용후실험군과대조군의생리적반응 ( 심박동수와호흡수, 산소포화도 ) 과행동상태에대한시간에따른차이는 repeated measure ANOVA 를이용하였고, 행동상태의관찰에있어서두명의관찰자간의신뢰도는 Kappa 계수를구하여확인하였다. 연구결과 Figure 1. Intervention of mother s song. 대상자의일반적인특성대상자의성별은실험군에서남아가 54.2%, 여아가 45.8% 였으며, 대조군에서는남아가 62.5%, 여아가 37.5% 였고, 출생시평균재태기간은실험군 28.57± 3.36주, 대조군 ± 3.22주, 연구시작시점에서실험군의교정주수는 35.67±4.99주, 대조군은 ± 3.94주로유의한차이가없었다. 출생시체중은실험군이평균 1.10 ± 0.53 kg, 대조군이평균 1.20 ± 0.41 kg이었으며, 연구시작시점의체중도실험군에서 2.05 ± 0.70 kg, 대조군이 1.69 ± 0.53 kg이었고두군모두 Apgar score, 분만형태, 호흡기치료를받고있는대상자의수와기간및형태, 수유형태와방법, 경구수유를시작한경과일등에서통계적으로유의한차이가없는것으로나타났다. 연구대상산모의나이는두군모두 30-34세가 50% 이상의높은비율을보였다 (Table 1). 박지선, 홍경자, 방경숙 201
5 Child Health Nurs Res, Vol.19, No.3, July 2013: Table 1. Homogeneity between Two Groups in General Characteristics (N=48) Variables Categories Experimental (n=24) n (%) or Mean ± SD Control (n=24) n (%) or Mean ± SD χ 2 or t p Gender Male 13 (54.2) 15 (62.5) Female 11 (45.8) 9 (37.5) Gestational age (week) (20.8) 2 (8.3) (41.7) 10 (41.7) 30 9 (37.5) 12 (50.0) Corrected age (week) (54.2) 14 (58.3) (45.8) 10 (41.7) Birth weight (kg) (58.3) 8 (33.3) (12.5) 10 (41.7) (29.2) 6 (25.0) Current weight (kg) (45.8) 16 (66.7) (54.2) 8 (33.3) Apgar score 1min 4.54± ± min 6.83 ± ± Type of delivery Premature 6 (25.0) 9 (37.5) spontaneous delivery Caesarean section 13 (54.2) 13 (54.2) Others 5 (20.8) 2 (8.3) Ventilator care Yes 6 (25.0) 6 (25.0) >.999 No 18 (75.0) 18 (75.0) Ventilator care days 37.52± ± Type of feeding Mother's milk 17 (70.8) 14 (58.4) Powdered milk 3 (12.5) 5 (20.8) Mixed 4 (16.7) 5 (20.8) Feeding method Oral 8 (33.3) 7 (29.2) Gavage 8 (33.3) 12 (50.0) Mixed 8 (33.4) 5 (20.8) Oral feeding days 8.71± ± Mother's age (year) 29 4 (16.7) 6 (25.0) (54.1) 14 (58.4) 35 7 (29.2) 4 (16.6) Table 2. Homogeneity Test of Vital Signs and Behavioral State between Experimental and Control Groups (N=48) Variables Experimental (n=24) Mean ± SD Control (n=24) Mean ± SD Heart rate ± ± Respiratory rate 49.06± ± Saturation by ± ± pulse oximetry Behavioral state 2.09± ± 어머니의노래들려주기중재전실험군, 대조군의동질성검정 어머니의노래들려주기중재전실험군과대조군의안정시활력징 후를살펴본결과심박동수의평균은실험군 ± 8.83 회, 대조군 ±9.20 회였으며, 산소포화도의평균은실험군 95.92±3.11%, 대조 군 ± 2.91% 로두군간에통계적으로유의한차이가없는것으로 나타났다. 하지만호흡수는실험군에서평균 ± 6.77 회, 대조군에 t p 서는 ± 9.79회로두군간통계적으로유의한차이를보였다 (p <.05). 중재제공전실험군과대조군의행동상태점수는실험군 2.09 ± 0.55점, 대조군 2.21 ± 0.36점으로두군이동질한것으로분석되었다 (Table 2). 어머니의노래들려주기중재가생리적반응, 행동상태에미치는영향어머니의노래들려주기중재를제공한후생리적반응으로측정된심박동수, 호흡수, 산소포화도의시간에따른반복측정분산분석결과에따르면두군간에통계적으로유의한차이는없는것으로나타났다. 두군모두시간에따른심박동수의변화는통계적으로유의한차이를보였으나 (F =3.00, p <.05) 집단간통계적으로유의한차이를확인할수없었으며, 집단과시간에따른상호작용의효과도유의하지않았다. 202 어머니의노래들려주기중재가저출생체중아에게미치는효과
6 Table 3. Comparison of the Vital Signs between Experimental and Control Groups Variables Period Experimental (n=24) Mean ± SD Control (n=24) Mean ± SD Source F p Heart rate Onset ± ±9.20 Group After 5min ± ±9.71 Time After 10min ± ±8.27 Group Time After 15min ± ±8.98 After 20min ± ±7.22 total ± ± 8.68 Respiratory rate Onset 49.06± ±8.79 Group After 5min 49.79± ±9.24 Time After 10min 48.58± ±10.11 Group Time After 15min 47.65± ±7.80 After 20min 47.13± ±9.22 Total ± ± 9.03 Saturation by pulse oximetry Onset 95.92± ±2.91 Group After 5min 95.86± ±2.90 Time After 10min 96.22± ±2.76 Group Time After 15min 96.35± ±2.83 After 20min 96.21± ±3.01 Total ± ± 2.88 Behavioral state Onset 2.09± ±0.36 Group <.001 After 5min 1.67± ±0.39 Time <.001 After 10min 1.43± ±0.36 Group*Time <.001 After 15min 1.29± ±0.44 After 20min 1.20± ±0.40 Total 1.53 ± ± 0.39 (N=48) 행동상태관찰도구를이용한행동상태점수에대한반복측정분산분석결과는두집단간에통계적으로유의한차이가있었으며 (F = , p <.001), 실험군과대조군에서각각측정시기별유의한차이를보였고 (F = 9.613, p <.001), 집단과시간에따른상호작용의효과도통계적으로유의하였다 (F = , p <.001). 즉, 시간이지남에따라행동상태점수가증가하는대조군에비해어머니의노래들려주기중재를적용한실험군은행동상태점수가유의하게감소하는경향을보였다 (Table 3). 논의 의료와과학기술전반의발전으로저출생체중아에대한관심과우려의목소리가높은가운데많은신생아중환자실에서는단지저출생체중아의생존에관한문제뿐만아니라, 그들을얼마나잘키워낼수있을것인가가주요이슈가되면서신생아중환자실내환경의개선과더불어저출생체중아에게제공할수있는다양한감각자극을활용한중재들이이루어지고있다. 따라서본연구에서는임상에서직접제공하고활용할수있는긍정적인청각자극으로써어머니의노래를녹음하여저출생체중아에게들려주는중재를통하여저출생체중아의생 리적반응과행동상태에미치는영향을측정하고자하였다. 본연구에서어머니의노래들려주기중재를제공받은실험군은대조군에비하여시간에따른심박동수가감소하였지만두집단간통계적으로유의한차이는없었다. 연구결과에서심박동수의경우중재를시작한후 5분까지는실험군과대조군이유사한반응을보이지만, 5분이후중재를종료하는시점까지실험군은비교적안정화되는경향을보이는반면에대조군은심박동수가지속적으로증가하는양상을보였다. 하지만 5분이후측정된기저값이실험군이대조군에비해전반적으로높은경향이있어반복측정분산분석에서집단간, 집단과시간에따른상호작용은유의한차이가나타나지않은것으로추정된다. 녹음된어머니의목소리를수유후와발뒤꿈치천자후에적용한 Johnston 등 (2007) 은저출생체중아에서심박동수가증가하고, 산소포화도가감소하는반응을측정함으로써중재적용후통계적으로유의한차이를발견하지못하였고, 중재적용의결과를통하여저출생체중아의활력징후가민감하게반응하며빈번하게변화하는점을지적하였다. 이는본연구에서도유사하게나타났다. 또다른생리적반응지표인호흡수와산소포화도에서도유의한효과를나타내지못하였는데호흡수역시중재를시작한후 5분까지는실험군과대조군에있어유사하게증가하는반응을보이지만, 5분이 박지선, 홍경자, 방경숙 203
7 Child Health Nurs Res, Vol.19, No.3, July 2013: 후중재의종료시점까지대조군은시간에따라증가와감소를반복하는변화경향을보였다. Blumenfeld와 Eisenfeld (2006) 의연구에서도영아의수유시어머니의노래가미치는영향을측정하고자심박동수와함께호흡수를측정하였으나통계적으로유의한차이가나타나지않은결과와유사하였다. 하지만본연구에서실험군은지속적으로안정화되는양상을보임으로써반복측정분산분석을통한집단과시간의흐름에따른상호작용에있어.10의수준에서는유의한차이를나타내생리적안정효과에대한기대를갖게하였다. 산소포화도는중재의시작에서마칠때까지두집단모두높아졌다낮아졌다변화하는경향을보였으며두군간통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 저출생체중아의경우인공호흡기치료를받고있거나호흡기를적용받고있지않더라도최소한의산소요법들을통해치료를유지하고있는경우가대부분이므로이러한변수가대상자의말초산소포화도에미치는영향을배제할수없을것으로사료된다. Standley 와 Moore (1995) 는 20명의저출생체중아에게매일 20분씩연속된 3일동안음악을제공한결과 1일은산소포화도가증가하였으나 2-3일에는산소포화도가감소하였으며, 중재후에도산소포화도가감소하는결과를얻었다. Lai 등 (2005) 도캥거루케어를받는동안저출생체중아에게자장가를들려주면서생리적반응을측정한결과, 심박동수, 호흡수와산소포화도모두정상범위내에있었으나통계적으로유의한차이는밝혀내지못하였다. 이러한결과는저출생체중아에게음악요법을제공한국내연구와도유사한것이다 (Chou & Choi, 2006; Yeum et al., 2010). 이미언급한바있듯이많은선행연구들에서저출생체중아에게음악요법을제공하였을때생리적반응을측정하였으며, 본연구자가시행한어머니의노래들려주기중재에서도여러연구들과유사한결과를보였고저출생체중아의생리적반응을측정하는데있어서의어려움을확인할수있었다. 그이유는비록중재를시행하였지만신생아중환자실내에서집중적인치료를받고있는저출생체중아의생리적반응의측정값이대부분정상범위내에존재하기때문에측정한생리적반응중심박동수를제외한다른생리적반응에서민감한통계적유의성을확인하기에는어려움이있었던것으로추정된다. 그러나대표적인생리적반응인호흡수에있어일부의통계적유의성을확인한것은결국어머니의노래들려주기중재가저출생체중아의생리적반응의안정화에효과의가능성이있음을보여주는것이라할수있다. 본연구에서어머니의노래들려주기중재는직접의사표현을할수없는저출생체중아에게있어중재를시작하여마칠때까지행동상태관찰점수가유의하게감소하는것으로나타나행동상태를안정화시키는효과가있음을확인하였다. 노래불러주기중재를적용하는시점의대상자가모두수유를마친후였기때문에중재적용전에는두집단모두가벼운수면상태를나타냈다. 하지만중재적용후실험군은 1.20 ± 0.24점의깊은수면상태로접어들었으며, 대조군은 2.46 ± 0.40점으로중재시작시보다더가벼운수면상태로전환하였다. 중재의적용이후 5분마다관찰시점의측정값에있어서도실험군과대조군사이에실험군은유의하게감소하고대조군은유의하게증가하는차이를나타내었다. 이러한영아의안정적인행동상태의연구결과는 Chou 와 Choi (2006) 의연구와동일하였고, 자장가를들려준집단에서조용한수면과덜우는상태가증가한 Lai 등 (2005) 의연구와도동일한것이다. 청각자극의중요성을인지한 Strauch, Brandt와 Edwards-Beckett (1993) 의연구에서저출생체중아에게소음을통제한조용한시간이라는중재를제공한결과영아의행동상태에서가벼운수면과깊은수면이 33.9% 에서 84.5% 로유의하게증가하였으며울음의상태가 14.3% 에서 2.4% 로감소하였다는결과와도유사한결과이다. 본연구에서저출생체중아에게적용한어머니의노래들려주기중재는생리적반응에있어서는그효과를입증하기어려웠으나행동적안정을꾀하는데도움을줄수있는중재로나타나향후신생아중환자실에서적극적으로적용해볼수있는중재라고생각된다. 일개병원에입원해있는일부저출생체중아만을대상으로했다는것은본연구의제한점이므로이후대상자를확대하여다양한노래들려주기중재를활용한간호중재의효과를추후검증하는연구가필요할것이다. 또한저출생체중아역시다른신생아와마찬가지로태아기동안어머니의행동에영향을받는점을고려하여반복적인중재연구를통하여미숙아각개인의자극수용력을고려한효과적인중재를개발해나가야할것이다. 본연구의중재는간호실무현장에서의적용가능성이높다는데의의가있으며, 이러한중재가효과적으로활용될수있도록임상의의료인들에대한충분한교육제공과동시에중재를적용할수있도록인력과시설의보완등환경개선이이루어지기를제언한다. 결론 본연구는신생아중환자실에입원해있는저출생체중아를대상으로어머니의노래들려주기중재의효과를규명하기위한실험연구이다. 적절한중재를제공하기위해국내 외문헌을기반으로절차및방법을계획하였고, 사전에예비연구를실시하여나타난결과를토대로중재를수정및보완하였다. 연구대상자는서울시내에소재하는일개대학병원의신생아중환자실에입원한영아중대상자의선정기준에부합하고, 사전에부모로부터연구참여의동의가이루어진실험군 24명, 대조군 24명을대상으로하여연구를수행하였다. 연구결과중재를제공받은저출생체중아는시간의흐름에따라행동상태가안정되는결과를보여대조군과유의한차이를나타냈다. 이와같은결과는신생아중환자실에서오랜기간치료를받아야하는저출생체중아를위한긍정적인청각자극으로서어머니의노래들려주기중재를활 204 어머니의노래들려주기중재가저출생체중아에게미치는효과
8 용할수있는객관적인근거자료가되며, 재원기간동안저출생체중아의돌봄에어머니의참여를제공할수있을뿐만아니라영아와부모사이에이른상호작용을높이는기회를제공할수있어아동간호실무의발전에기여할수있을것이다. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. 요약 목적본연구는신생아중환자실에입원해있는저출생체중아를대상으로 어머니의노래들려주기중재 의효과를규명하기위해수행되었다. 방법서울시내에소재하는일개대학병원의신생아중환자실에입원한대상자를임의표출하여비동등성대조군전후설계로총 48명의영아중실험군 24명, 대조군 24명을대상으로하여본연구를수행하였다. 결과어머니의노래들려주기중재를제공받은저출생체중아는활력징후의생리적반응인심박동수, 호흡수와산소포화도에서실험군과대조군사이에통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 행동상태점수는두집단간통계적으로유의한차이가검증되었다. 즉, 노래들려주기중재를제공받은저출생체중아는행동상태가안정되는결과를보였다. 결론본연구를통해신생아중환자실에서오랜기간치료를받아야하는저출생체중아를위한긍정적인청각자극으로서어머니의노래들려주기중재를활용할수있는객관적인근거자료를마련하였다는데의의가있다. 또한이러한중재를통해재원기간동안저출생체중아의돌봄에어머니의참여를독려할수있을뿐만아니라영아와부모사이의이른상호작용을증진시키는기회를제공할수있다는점에서아동간호실무의발전에기여할수있을것이다. 참고문헌 Arnon, S., Shapsa, A., Forman, L., Reqev, R., Bauer, S., Litmanovitz, I., et al. (2006). Live music is beneficial to preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit environment. Birth, 33(2), org/ /j x Blanchard, Y. (1991). Early intervention and stimulation of hospitalized premature infant. Infant and Children, 4(2), Blumenfeld, H., & Eisenfeld, L. (2006). Does a mother singing to her premature baby affect feeding in the neonatal intensive care unit? Clinical Pediatrics, 45(1), rg/ / Cassidy, J. W., & Standley, J. M. (1995). The effect of music listening on physiological responses of premature infants in the NICU. Journal of music therapy, 32(4), Chou, L. L., Wang, R. H., Chen, S. J., & Pai, L. (2003). Effects of music therapy on oxygen saturation in premature infants receiving endotracheal suctioning. Journal of Nursing Research, 11(3), dx.doi.org/ /01.jnr ec Chou, S. J., & Choi, S. H. (2006). The effect of music therapy on the heart rate and behavioral state of premature infants. Korean Journal of Child Health Nursing, 12(1), Coleman, J. M., Pratt, R. R., Stoddard, R. A., Gerstmann, D. R., & Abel, H. (1997). The effects of the male and female singing and speaking voices on selected physiological and behavioral measures of premature infants in the intensive care unit. International Journal of Arts Medicine, 5(2), D Agostino, J. A., & Clifford, P. (1998). Neurodevelopmental consequences associated with the premature neonate. AACN Clinical Issues, 9, DeCasper, A. J., Lecanuet, J. P., Busnel, M. C., GranierDeferre, C., & Maugeais, C. (1994). Fetal reactions to recurrent maternal speech. Infant Behavioral Development, 17, (94) Flowers, A. L., McCain, A. P., & Hilker, K. A. (1999). The effects of music listening on premature infants. Albuquerque, NM: Presented at the Biennial Meeting, Society for Research in Child Development. Hong, C. U. (2007). Pediatrics (9th ed.). Seoul: Daehangyogwaseo. Johnston, C. C., Filion, F., & Nuyt, A. M. (2007). Recorded maternal voice for preterm neonates undergoing heel lance. Advances in Neonatal Care, 7(5), / /01.ANC Lai, H. L., Chen, C. J., Peng, T. C., Chang, F. M., Hsieh, M. J., Huang, H. Y., et al. (2006). Randomized controlled trial of music during kangaroo care on maternal state anxiety and preterm infants responses. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43, /j.ijnurstu 박지선, 홍경자, 방경숙 205
9 Child Health Nurs Res, Vol.19, No.3, July 2013: Lee, E. O., Lim, N. Y., & Park, H. A. (1998). Nursing Medical research & statistic analysis (3rd ed.). Seoul: Soomoonsa. Lester, B. M., & Tronick, E. Z. (2004a). History and description of the neonatal intensive care unit network neurobehavioral scale. Pediatrics, 113, Lester, B. M., & Tronick, E. Z. (2004b). The neonatal intensive care unit network neurobehavioral scale procedures. Pediatrics, 113, Moon, C., & Fifer, W. P. (2000). Evidence of transnatal auditory learning. Journal of Perinatology, 20, S Rock, A. M. L., Trainor, L. J., & Addison, T. L. (1999). Distinctive messages in infant- directed lullabies and play songs. Developmental Psychology, 35, Standley, J. M. (1998). The effect of music and multimodal stimulation on physiological and developmental responses of premature infants in neonatal intensive care. Pediatric Nursing, 24(6), Standley, J. M. (2000). The effect of contingent music to increase non-nutritive sucking of premature infants. Pediatric Nursing, 26(5), Standley, J. M. (2002). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of music therapy for premature infants. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 17(2), dx.doi.org/ /jpdn Standley, J. M., & Moore, R. S. (1995). Therapeutic effects of music and mother s voice on premature infants. Pediatric Nursing, 21(6), Statistics Korea. (2010). Birth Statistics Retrieved March 9, 2013, from Stouffer, J. W., Shirk, B. J., & Polomano, R. C. (2007). Practice guidelines for music interventions with hospitalized pediatric patients. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 22(6), Strauch, C., Brandt, S., & Edwards-Beckett, J. (1993). Implementation of a quiet hour: Effect on noise levels and infant sleep states. Neonatal Network, 12, Wagner, M. (1994). Introductory musical acoustics. Raleigh, NC: Contemporary Publishing. Whipple, J. (2000). The effect of parent training in music and multimodal stimulation on parent-neonate interactions in the neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Music Therapy, 37(4), Yeum, M. K., Ahn, Y. M., Seo, H. S., & Jun, Y. H. (2010). The effects of maternal heart sound on the weight, physiologic responses and behavioral states of premature infants. Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 16(3), /jkachn 어머니의노래들려주기중재가저출생체중아에게미치는효과
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