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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 18, No. 6 pp , ISSN / eissn 제조물책임법에대응하기위한시스템구축에관한연구 - 중소기업을중심으로 - 한민석호서대학교인문융합대학 A Study on System Construction to the Product Liability Law-with focus on a small & medium business Min-Suk Han College of Humanities and Fusion, Hoseo University 요약 2002년제조물책임법 (PL) 을시행하여소비자가제조물을생산하고판매하는기업에대하여제품의결함에따른손해배상을청구할수있도록하는제도적장치를마련하였다. 그러나최근가습기살균제사건등으로인해기업의제조물책임강화와소비자피해구제를위한집단소송제도, 징벌적배상제도입을위하여제조물책임법개정안등현재, 12여건의관련법안이국회에발의되어있으나정작법안의이해당사자인중소기업의 62.6% 는이에대해잘알고있지못한것으로나타났다고하고있다. 많은기업들이 PL 방어대책 (Product Liability Defense : PLD) 으로문서작성 보관의적정화, 관련업자와의책임관계의명확화, PL 보험의가입또는배상자금의확보등으로대비하고있으나이와같은대비책은제품의설계와제품의안전성을고려한부분에대하여한계점을느끼게한다. 이에본연구는먼저 PL의명확한개념과대응방안에대해살펴보고 PL 시스템과개별경영시스템간의관련성을파악하고제조물책임법에대비한 PL 대응시스템을기업의개별경영시스템에통합하고보다제품의안전에중점을둔개별경영시스템모델을제시하고자한다. 이같은연구목적에따른결과는중소기업의 PL법대응을위한합리적대응방안으로평가받을것으로기대된다. Abstract In 2002, the government arranged an institutional strategy to make it possible for a consumers to make a claim for damages caused by product defects against a business that produces and sells a product by enforcing the Product Liability Law(hereinafter referred to as 'PL'). On the other hand, due to the recent humidifier sterilizer accident, approximately 12 cases of related bills, such as a revised bill for the product liability law, have been proposed to the National Assembly at present in an effort to introduce the group action system and punitive compensation system for the purpose of the strengthening of the corporate product liability, and consumer damage relief. Ironically, as much as 62.6% of small & medium businesses, which are actual interested parties to this bill, are unaware of this. Many companies are responding to PL with the rationalization of document preparation & storage, clarification of responsibility relations with related business operators, and PL insurance policy purchase, or securing compensation funds as a means of Product Liability Defense(PLD), but the methodsof preparation such asthis leave much room for limits on theconsiderations of product design and product safety. This paper presents the individual management system model with more focus on product safety by looking into the clear concept of PL and the countermeasures against it, grasping the relevancebetween the PL system and individual management system, and integrating the PL response system in preparation for the PL. It is hoped that the result of this research objective will be evaluated as a rational countermeasure for small & medium businesses to respond effectively to the PL. Keywords : Integrated Model, ISO Integrated Management System, Small & Medium Business, Punitive Damages, PL Law * Corresponding Author : Min-Suk Han(Hoseo Univ.) Tel: lawms1@naver.com Received March 2, 2017 Accepted June 9, 2017 Revised (1st April 21, 2017, 2nd May 1, 2017) Published June 30,

2 제조물책임법에대응하기위한시스템구축에관한연구 - 중소기업을중심으로 - 1. 서론기술의발전과소비자의다양한욕구는기업의제조기술력향상이란성과를이루어냈으나이러한복잡하고다양한제품은제품의잠재적결함과같은문제등으로인하여제조자와소비자사이의분쟁역시끊임없이발생하게되었다. 이에정부는 2002년 7월 1일제조물책임법 (PL) 을시행하여소비자가제조물을생산하고판매하는기업에대하여제품의결함에따른손해배상을청구할수있도록하는제도적장치를마련하였다. 그러나중소기업중앙회 [1] 는최근가습기살균제사건등으로인해기업의제조물책임강화와소비자피해구제를위한집단소송제도, 징벌적배상제도입을위하여제조물책임법개정안등현재, 12여건의관련법안이국회에발의되어있으나정작법안의이해당사자인중소기업의 62.6% 는이에대해잘알고있지못한것으로나타났다고하고있다. 또한중소기업중앙회가 2016년제조물책임단체보험에가입한중소기업 310개사를대상으로실시한 중소기업제조물책임 (PL) 대응실태및의견조사 결과에따르면, 제조물책임강화법안도입에대해조사업체의 19.4% 가 전혀모른다. 고응답하였고, 43.2% 는 들어본적은있으나잘모르겠다. 고응답하였다. 잘알고있다 고응답한비율은 5.2% 에불과하다는조사결과가발표되었다. 많은기업들이 PL 방어대책 (Product Liability Defense : PLD) 으로문서작성 보관의적정화, 관련업자와의책임관계의명확화, PL 보험의가입또는배상자금의확보등으로대비하고있으나이와같은대비책은제품의설계와제품의안전성을고려한부분에대하여한계점을느끼게한다. 그럼에도불구하고국내에서발표된다수의관련연구가있었다. 제조물책임에대한연구는주로기업대응방안과예방전략, 피해사례분석을중심으로이루어졌다 ( 서준혁 고복수 배성민 )[2]. 이후기업의제조물책임실태, 제조물책임의예방전략과피해사례분석에관한연구가이루어졌다고보았다. 통합경영시스템연구는이상훈 [3] 은 KS, QMS, EMS 통합경영시스템구축방법을제시하였고, 김연성 [4] 은 ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001의통합전략과효율적운영방안관계를규명하고실제통합방법이경영성과에미치는영향에대한규명을하였고, 김광수 임갑출 정순석 [5] 은 QMS, EMS, OHSAS, PL 시스템통합모형을제안하고이의운영방안을제시하였고, 최영훈 양진국 이상범 [6] 과서종석 [7], 송경준, 장준순 [8] 은 ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001, ISO 50001의통합및구축방안을제시하였다. 한편유왕진 [9], 김백환 [10] 은 ISO 9001, KS 및 PL 통합시스템의모형을설계하였고, 정규복 [11] 은 ISO 9001 절차서에 PL요구사항별대비표를만들어 ISO 9001 요구사항에추가하였다. 이에본연구는최근새로운규격으로개정된품질경영시스템 (ISO 9001) 을근간으로환경경영시스템 (ISO 14001), 에너지경영시스템 (ISO 5001), 안전보건경영시스템 (OHSAS 18001) 을통합하여개별시스템에 PL법의주요내용을추가하여통합시스템을구축함으로써제조물책임법에대한대책으로제품의설계시점부터제품의안전성을고려한통합모형을개발함으로써연구의차별성을기했다. 최근에와서일부제조물안전경영시스템에대한시스템을구축하고활용하고있으나경영시스템구축의근간인 ISO 9001 품질경영시스템이 2015년개정되었고개정이후관련된연구를찾아볼수없었다. 본연구의배경및목적은중소기업의실정에적합하고시스템구축시문서의양을감소시킬수있는통합모형의실제와운영을위한방안을제시하고, 구축된통합경영시스템에제조물책입법에따른기업이필요로하는통합모형의구축에대하여연구하는것을목적으로한다. 구체적으로는 ISO 9001 품질경영시스템을기초로, ISO 환경경영시스템, OHSAS 보건안전경영시스템의통합운영을시도하고, 최근주목되고있는에너지경영시스템 ISO 50001을통합한통합모형구축을통한기업의대응책에대하여연구하는것이다. 이와같은연구는통합모형과입법적제안을통해중소기업의경쟁력향상을위한정책방향에시사점을제공할수있을것이다. 2. 제조물책임법 2.1 제조물책임법의정의와선행연구제조물책임법 (PL : Product Liability) 은제조품의하자로인한소비자의피해시제조자등에게책임을부과하 597

3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 6 호, 2017 도록하는규정이다. 이를통하여소비자의피해구제를원활히하고소비자의권익을강화하는동시에제품의안전에대한인식을제고함으로써기업의경쟁력을향상시켜나가고자하는취지에서제정된법률이다. PL법은 2000 년 1 월 12 일공포되어 2002 년 7 월 1 일시행된후 2013년 5월 22일일부개정되었고 2016년 12월 12일일부개정법률안이발의되었다. PL법은제1조목적에서 제조물의결함으로발생한손해에대한제조업자등의손해배상책임을규정함으로써피해자보호를도모하고국민생활의안전향상과국민경제의건전한발전에이바지함을목적으로한다. 고규정함으로써제품의안전성제고를목표로하고있다. 위계찬 [17] 은 PL법시행전에는제품사용후피해를입은경우제조업자의고의나과실유무를고객이입증해야만배상을받을수있었으나, PL법시행이후에는제조자의고의나과실이라는사실을피해자가입증함이없이오직결함과손해사이의인과간계만을입증하면배상을받을수있게되었다고주장하고있다. 이같은 PL법의시행은피해자측면에서는간편하고단시간내에문제를해결할수있게되는효과가있다. 반면에기업 ( 제조자 ) 의측면에서는사전적제품안전의확보뿐만아니라사후적제조품책임방어의효과가있다. 즉, 제품의안전성확보를위한기업경영상의많은변화에능동적으로대처하기위한방법론으로서가치가있다. 여기서 PL법의주요내용을표로작성하면 Table 1과같다. Table 1. Product Liability Main Content Division Main Content Article 1 PL Purpose Article 2 PL Definitions Article 3 PL Product Liability Article 4 PL Exemptions Article 5 PL Joint and Several Liability Article 6 PL Restrictions on Special Agreement Concerning Exemption Article 7 PL Time Limitations, etc. Article 8 PL Application of Civil Act 2016년 12월 12일일부개정법률안의취지를살펴보면현행법상제조물의결함으로인한피해발생시제조물의결함으로손해를입은자가결함의존재및인과관계를입증하여야한다는부담을지고있으며제조물의결함으로발생한생명 신체상의중대한손해에대한가중 된배상책임등에대한별도의규정이없어제조업자의불법행위방지에한계를가지고있어제조물의결함의추정과정보제출명령규정을도입해인과관계에관한입증부담을경감하고, 중대한손해에대한가중된배상책임제도를도입하여피해자보호를도모하고자하였다. 이러한제조물책임에대비해서기업이강구할수있는대책으로는제조물책임예방 (PLP : Product Liability Prevention) 과제조물책임방어 (PLD : Product Liability Defence) 를들수있다. 제조물책임예방은 PL발생을사전에방지하기위한일련의제조물안전대책이다. 이는개발, 제조, 판매에서부터사용에이르기까지모든측면에서안전성을확보하고, 최고경영자에서부터제조, 설계, 판매에관여하는모든임직원에게제조물안전마인드를확산시키고, 결함유형에따른대책을마련하는체계적인시스템을갖추는것을말한다. 제조물책임방어는사고발생후의대책으로 PL사고에의해제품사고가발생할경우를사전에예상하여클레임대응체계를정비하고기업의손실을최소화하기위한대책을강구하는제반활동을말한다. Table 2. Response strategies of manufacturers Strategy Description Establishment of product safety management plan Establishment of preventive plan Establishment of product safety measure Installation of the PL Promotion Committee PL mind establishment of CEO Enhancement of participants product safety awareness Awareness of managers need for safety education PLP Adoption of PL education programs for ensuring product safety Record and storage of safety evaluation Sharing and distribution of PL awareness among participants Education of regulation and manual regarding product safety Cultivation of PL experts in companies Establishment of defensive measure Securing of Indemnification Funds Join a PL insurance Establishment of Joint Liabilities with Related Companies PLD Organizational maintenance on product safety Construction of Negotiation Ability to Solve Accidents Establishment of reporting process to CEO Securing risk management cost Securing investment cost for ensuring safety Evaluation of product safety Securing accident-cause-analysis techniques PS Securing appropriate process control techniques Secure product safety meeting the legal standard 598

4 제조물책임법에대응하기위한시스템구축에관한연구 - 중소기업을중심으로 - 서준혁, 배성민 [18] 에따르면제조업체대응전략을기업이사전에제조물사고를예방하는 (Product Liability Prevention; PLP) 대책, 제품안전 (Product Safety; PS) 대책, 발생할가능성이있는사고에대비하기위한방어대책 (Product Liability Defence; PLD) 측면으로구분하여 Table 2과같이설명하고있어중소기업의경쟁력향상을위하여시사해주는바가크다. 2.2 PL시스템제조물책임예방대책이란제조물의하자로인한안전사고에대한대책을총칭한다. S전선 [19] 에따르면제조물책임법의시행에따라제조물책임법에대응할수있는방안은적극적예방의측면에서제품의수명에관련된모든업무체계를사용자의안전에초점을맞추고각단계별즉, 조사, 분석, 안전설계, 안전부품확보, 검증, 제조 / 검사, 출하 / 판매, 폐기단계별로실시해야할중점업무를도출하며, 세부적인실행방법을단계별로세워야한다고한다. 이를자세히살펴보면다음과같다. 첫째, 기획, 개발, 설계단계의예방대책절차이다. 제품의좋고나쁨은 60 80% 가그설계에의해서좌우된다, 안전설계, 안전부품확인, 검증, 제조 / 검사, 출하판매, 폐기, 조사, 분석에이르기까지제품책임전반에걸친절차를정하고있다. 이는고유의기술측면과안전측면을모두고려하고있다. 둘째, 제조, 판매, 기타단계의예방대책절차이다. 제조상의결함을예방하기위해서는구입단계부터안전성확보가필요하다. 김종현 [20] 에의하면원재료또는부품을구입할때에는협력업체를선정단계에서부터협력업체의품질이곧당사의품질이라는사고위에협력업체를선정하고아울러협력업체를통해공급되는구매품의지속적인관리가필요하다고하고있다. 권상로와한도율 [21] 에의하면판매단계의고려사항으로판매직원에게안전및제품교육실시, 고객에게제품성능, 취급방법등정확한설명, 광고및취급설명서의적절성검토, PL소통및리콜사례를수집하여피드백, 리콜체계수립, 판매기록의유지 ( 추적성, 기타 ) 등을고려할것을강조하고있다. 제품책임예방대책절차는기존의경험노하우와교육을통해문제를줄여나가야한다. 3. 통합관리시스템의도출 3.1 ISO 경영시스템의고찰경영시스템이란 Ansoff. H. I[22] 에따르면기업경영의체계화에따른일정한규범화하는작업으로, 복잡한조직의목표달성과통제방법에대한제시라고말하고있다. ISO(International Organization for Standardization : 국제표준화기구 ) 에서는경영시스템을방침및목표를수립하고그목표를달성하기위해상호연관되거나상호작용하는요소의집합을의미한다고정의한다. 경영시스템의공통된특징은계획-실행-점검-조치의 PDCA사이클이다. 이는전체및각계층별로회전하여지속적인개선 향상을도모하는경영기법으로프로세스가상호유기적으로연계되어관리될수있도록하고필수요구사항을준수하도록규격화하고있다. 홍종인, 박지혁 [23] 은 1987년 ISO 9000으로시작된경영시스템국제표준은 2015년 7월현재약 20종에이른다. 이러한표준은주제만다를뿐본문내용상으로는그다지차이가없음에도불구하고조항의구성과본문의표현방식이각기달라혼선을빚고있다고했다. 이러한조항의구성과본문의표현방식의차이로시스템을통합하여운영하려는기업은어려움이많았다. 국제표준화기구 (ISO) 에서는이런구조를표준화하기위한방법으로개별표준보다상위의개념에서공통되는내용을정한 HLS(High Level Structure) 를제시하여국제표준의기본틀로정하고기존경영시스템중 HLS 규격과다른표준은개정하고이후제정되는모든표준은 HLS를따르기로하였다. ISO 9001, ISO 14001은 2015년개정판에서 HLS 규격을준수하여개정하였고, ISO 50001은개정시 HLS 규격을준수할예정이다. 아직정식 ISO로제정되지않은 OHSAS 18001은 HLS 규격에맞춰현재개발중이다 품질경영시스템 (ISO 9001) 품질경영시스템 (QMS : Quality Management System) 은고객요구사항및적용되는규제사항과고객만족을증진시키기위한조직의능력을검증하기위한요구사항의규정으로 1987년최초제정이후로 1994년에 2판, 2000년에 3판, 2008년에 4판, 2015년에 5판이 599

5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 6 호, 2017 개정되었다. 이표준은고객만족을증진시키기위해품질경영시스템의효과성을개발, 실행및개선할때프로세스접근방법을채택하도록권장한다. Fig. 1. PDCA Cycle 프로세스접근방법론은 PDCA 사이클로모든프로세스에대하여적용될수있다. P(Plan: 계획 ) 는고객요구사항및조직의방침에따라결과를도출하는데필요하고, D(Do: 실시 ) 는프로세스의실행을, C(Check: 체크 ) 는방침, 목표및제품요구사항에대하여프로세스및제품의모니터링, 측정및그결과의보고를, A(Act: 조치 ) 는프로세스성과를지속적으로개선하기위한계획과실행활동을말한다. PDCA 사이클에서이표준의구조를표현하면 Fig 1과같다. 품질경영시스템은고객중시, 리더십, 인원의적극참여, 프로세스접근법, 개선, 증거기반의사결정, 관계관리 / 관계경영요구사항인품질경영원칙을기반으로한다. 품질경영시스템의구성내용을살펴보면 Table 3와같다. Table 3. ISO 9001 Requirements 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions 4 Context of the 4.1 Understanding the and its context Understanding the needs and expectations of interested 4.2 parties 4.3 Determining the scope of the quality management system 4.4 Quality management system and its processes 5 Leadership 5.1 Leadership and commitment 5.2 Quality policy 5.3 Organizational roles, responsibilities and authorities 6 Planning 6.1 Actions to address risks and opportunities 6.2 Quality objectives and planning to achieve them 6.3 Planning of changes 7 Support 7.1 Resources 7.2 Competence 7.3 Awareness 7.4 Communication 7.5 Documented information 8 Operation 8.1 Operational planning and control 8.2 Requirements for products and services 8.3 Design and development of products and services 8.4 externally provided products and services 8.5 Production and service provision 8.6 Release of products and services 8.7 nonconforming outputs 9 Performance evaluation 9.1 Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation 9.2 Internal audit 9.3 Management review 10 Improvement 10.1 General 10.2 Nonconformity and corrective action 10.3 Continual improvement 환경경영시스템 (ISO 14001) 환경경영시스템 (EMS : Environmental Management System) 은조직의활동이환경에미치는영향을관리하기위해조직의활동, 제품이나서비스등을경영하는수단으로대표적인표준이다. 1996년환경경영에대한국제규격 ISO 시리즈를제정한이후 2004년에제1차개정이이루어졌고 2015년 2차개정이이루어졌다. ISO에서제정한모든시스템모델들은품질경영시스템과같은 PDCA 프로세스로이루어져있다. P(Plan) 은조직의환경방침에관련된결과를도출하기위한목표및프로세스를수립, D(Do) 는프로세스의실행, C(Check) 는환경방침, 목표, 세부목표, 법규및그밖의요구사항그리고결과보고에대한프로세스의모니터링및측정, A(Act) 는시스템의성과를지속적으로개선하기위한활동을의미한다. 환경경영시스템의구성내용은 Table 4 과같다. 600

6 제조물책임법에대응하기위한시스템구축에관한연구 - 중소기업을중심으로 - Table 4. ISO Requirements 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions 4 Context of the 4.1 Understanding the and its context 4.2 Understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties 4.3 Determining the scope of the environmental management system 4.4 Environmental management system 5 Leadership 5.1 Leadership and commitment 5.2 Environmental policy 5.3 Organizational roles, responsibilities and authorities 6 Planning 6.1 Actions to address risks and opportunities 6.2 Environmental objectives and planning to achieve them 7 Support 7.1 Resources 7.2 Competence 7.3 Awareness 7.4 Communication 7.5 Documented information 8 Operation 8.1 Operational planning and control 8.2 Emergency preparedness and response 9 Performance evaluation 9.1 Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation 9.2 Internal audit 9.3 Management review 10 Improvement 10.1 General 10.2 Nonconformity and corrective action 10.3 Continual improvement 에너지경영시스템 (ISO 50001) 에너지경영시스템 (EMS : Energy Management System) 은에너지방침및에너지목표를확립하는, 상호관련되었거나또는상호관련된요소의집합으로목적을달성하기위한프로세스및절차이다. 즉, 조직활동에필요한에너지를효율적으로이용하기위한경영을실행하는시스템이다. 이표준의목적은조직이에너지효율, 이용및사용량을포함한에너지성과의지속적개선을달성하기위하여조직이체계적으로접근하는것을가능하게한다 (KS A ISO 50001:2011). 에너지경영시스템의모델은앞서제시한다른경영시스템의모델과같이 PDCA 사이클에기초하여에너지경영을일상적, 주기적활동으로포함하여접근한다. ISO 50001은개발과정에서 ISO 14001과의정합성 이고려된만큼기본적인체계는동일하나 ISO 14001과차이점은 ISO 50001은에너지사용에중심을둔경영시스템으로기획단계에서에너지검토, 에너지베이스라인, 에너지성과지표라는세가지항목을설정하였고, 실시단계에서도운전관리, 설계, 에너지서비스 제품 장비및에너지구매의세가지항목을설정하여요구사항을규정하고있다. 에너지경영시스템의요구사항은 Table 5 와같다. Table 5. ISO Requirements 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions 4 Energy management system requirements 4.1 General requirements 4.2 Management responsibility Top management Management representative 4.3 Energy policy 4.4 Energy planning General Legal and other requirements Energy review Energy baseline Energy performance indicators Energy objectives, energy targets and energy management action plans 4.5 Implementation and operation General Competence, training and awareness Communication Documentation Operational control Design Procurement of energy services, products, equipment and energy 4.6 Checking Monitoring, measurement and analysis Evaluation of legal requirements and other requirements Internal audit of the EnMS Nonconformities, correction, corrective, and preventive action records 4.7 Management review General Input to management review Output from management review 안전보건경영시스템 (OHSAS 18001) 안전보건경영시스템 (OHSAS : Occupational Health & Safety Assessment System) 은정태휘와한성용 [24] 에따르면안전보건경영시스템은기업의산업재해예방과쾌적한작업환경조성을목적으로모든조직원및이해 601

7 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 6 호, 2017 관계자가참여하여근로자, 하청업자및방문자의안전및보건의유지, 증진을위한목표를수립하고, 이를달성하기위한조직, 책임, 절차를규정 ( 문서화 ) 하여조직내물적, 인적자원을효율적으로배분하여조직적으로관리하는경영시스템이라고하고있다. 직장보건안전경영시스템에대한국제적인증표준인 OHSAS 표준을제정공포하였고보건에대한정의가강화되어 2007년 7월 1일 2차개정판이공포되었다.( 서종석 ).[7] OHSAS 또한다른경영시스템과같이 PDCA 사이클로프로세스를구축하는것을기반으로하고있다. 현재 ISO 규격으로개발중이며향후국제규격으로제정되면 ISO 인증서로전환하여발급될예정에있다. Table 6에서볼수있듯이 OHSAS 18001과 ISO 14001은일정한형태의위험성평가를실시하고, 식별된위험을관리한다는점에서매우유사하다. 차이점은사고발생시안전경영시스템은사업장내의종업원 계약자에게해를입히는반면, 환경경영시스템은조직과직 Table 6. OHSAS Requirements 1 Scope 2 Reference publications 3 Terms and definitions 4 OH&S management system requirements 4.1 General requirements 4.2 OH&S policy 4.3 Planning Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, & Determining Controls Legal and Other Requirements Objectives and Programs 4.4 Implementation and Operation Resources, Roles, Responsibility, Accountability and Authority Competence, Training and Awareness Communication, Participation, and Consultation Documentation Documents Operational Control Emergency Preparedness and Response 4.5 Checking Performance Measurement and Monitoring Evaluation of Compliance Incident Investigation, Nonconformity, Corrective Action and Preventive Action Incident Investigation Nonconformity, Corrective and Preventive Action Records Internal Audit 4.6 Management Review 접적인관련이없는외부에도영향을미친다는점이다. 따라서 ISO 18001은안전위험성분석에필요한실태분석및위험성분석기법의적용이강조되고있다. 3.2 통합관리시스템의필요성과과제 통합모형구축의필요성각경영시스템은공통의요소로구성되어있음에도구조적차이로복수의경영시스템을운영하는조직에게혼란을가중시켜왔다. 이러한혼란을방지하기위하여개별경영시스템의공통 유사한부분을통합하여하나의시스템으로통합할필요가생겼다. 통합경영시스템 (IMS : Intergrated Management System) 이란김광수 임갑출 정순석 [5] 에따르면조직의모든서브시스템과모든경영요소를포함하는하나의포괄적인시스템 (Comprehensive Mansgement System) 으로정의된다. 조직갈등을해소하고시스템구성요소들이상호유기적으로결합함으로써외부환경변화에적극대응하기위한시스템이기도하다 ( 이상훈 ).[3] 사전적의미로통합 (Intergration) 은둘이상의조직이나기구를하나로합쳐다스리는것이라는의미를갖고있다. 따라서 IMS 는구성되는서브시스템상호간에모순이예상되는다양한제약조건가운데공통요소는통합조정하고, 개별요소는독립적으로그역할을할수있도록제작되게된다. PL에대응하기위하여개별시스템을결합하여구축한통합경영시스템에 PL 요구사항을추가하여통합모형을구축한다 구축방안먼저 HLS 규격을기준으로개정된 ISO 9001, ISO 14001을통합하고, 기본적인체계가동일한 ISO 50001, OHSAS 18001을통합하여시스템을구축한후 PL법의주요내용을추가하여 Fig 2와같이통합모형을구축하기로한다. Fig. 2. Interated Model 602

8 제조물책임법에대응하기위한시스템구축에관한연구 - 중소기업을중심으로 - Table 7. Quality Environment Integrated Management System Design Quality management system (ISO 9001) Environmental management system (ISO 14001) Process Context of the Understanding the and its context Understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties Determining the scope of the quality management system Quality management system and its processes Context of the Understanding the and its context Understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties Determining the scope of the environmental management system Environmental management system Manual Context of the Leadership Leadership and commitment Quality policy Organizational roles, responsibilities and authorities Leadership Leadership and commitment Environmental policy Organizational roles, responsibilities and authorities Administer an policy Planning Actions to address risks and opportunities Quality objectives and planning to achieve them Planning of changes Planning Actions to address risks and opportunities Environmental objectives and planning to achieve them Risk Management Management by objective Change Management Environmental effect appraisal Legal control Support Resources Competence Awareness Communication Documented information Support Resources Competence Awareness Communication Documented information human resources measuring devices manufacture equipment Work environment Communication documents records Operation Operational planning and control Requirements for products and services Design and development of products and services externally provided products and services Production and service provision Release of products and services nonconforming outputs Operation Operational planning and control Emergency preparedness and response Review customer requirements Design and development Purchasing Production Materials and Product nonconforming product Environmental operational control Emergency preparedness and response Performance evaluation Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation Internal audit Management review Performance evaluation Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation Internal audit Management review Monitoring and measurement customer complaints Internal audit Management review Improvement General Nonconformity and corrective action Continual improvement Improvement General Nonconformity and corrective action Continual improvement Corrective and preventive action improvement 603

9 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 6 호, 2017 Table 8. Energy Occupation Health & Safety Integrated Management System Design Energy Management System (ISO 50001) Occupational Health & Safety Assessment System (OHSAS 18001) 4.1 General requirements 4.1 General requirements Manual Management responsibility Top management Management representative Process Context of the 4.3 Policy 4.2 Policy policy Planning General Legal and other requirements Energy review Energy baseline Energy performance indicators Energy objectives, energy targets and energy management action plans Planning Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, & Determining Controls Legal and Other Requirements Objectives and Programs Energy baseline Energy assessments Risk assessments Risk Management Legal control Management by objective Implementation and operation General Competence, training and awareness Communication Documentation Operational control Design Procurement of energy services, products, equipment and energy Implementation and operation Resources, Roles, Responsibility, Accountability and Authority Competence, Training and Awareness Communication, Participation, and Consultation Documentation Documents Operational Control Emergency Preparedness and Response Administer an human resources documents Communication Operational control Design Purchasing Emergency preparedness and response Checking Monitoring, measurement and analysis Evaluation of legal requirements and other requirementsenms Internal audit of the EnMS Nonconformities, correction, corrective, and preventive action records Checking Performance Measurement and Monitoring Evaluation of Compliance Incident Investigation, Nonconformity, Corrective Action and Preventive Action Records Internal Audit Monitoring and measurement improvement records Internal audit Corrective and preventive action Management review General Input to management review Output from management review 4.6 Management review Management review 품질, 환경, 에너지, 안전보건경영시스템은요구사항이명시되어있다. 여기에 PL법의해석을토대로 PL법요구사항을추가하여통합모형의설계에반영한다 장단점품질 환경 에너지 안전보건 PL을통합한통합모형의운영효과를살펴보면다음의것으로요약된다. 첫째, 통합시스템적용후한조사에의하면피해보상건수는전년대비 11% 각감소되었고피해건수당소비자보상비용은 14% 가개선되어연간 8천만원의절감효과를보았다 ( 김광수 임갑출 정순석 ).[5] 둘째, 절차서및기록사항의공통부분을관리하고업무의효율성을증대하였다. 셋째, 중복업무를감소시켜직무분장을명확히할수있다. 넷째, 프로세스별로검토한후통합을추진하고여기에 PL을추가하여통합운영이가능하다. 4. PL대응을위한통합관리시스템구축품질 환경, 에너지 안전보건경영시스템의요구사항을 604

10 제조물책임법에대응하기위한시스템구축에관한연구 - 중소기업을중심으로 - Table 9. PL System Design Quality management system (ISO 9001) 4 Context of the 5 Leadership 6 Planning 7 Support 8 Operation PL System PL Policy Identify competitor technology Product information gathering Technical level survey Product Environment Survey PL Organization Responsibility and authority Provision of resources PL objectives planning legal and Requirements human resources Authorization Equipment, transport identification Work environment Sharing information Instruction Manual Warning labels Record retention period Identify product specifications Review customer requirements Product risk assessment Drawing verification Safety review Product safety verification Verify product validity Confirm specification change PL Identify items PL Specifying parts Item registration and verification Process FMEA Product History Management Identification and traceability Storage conditions Review required equipment Calibration Process Manual Context of the Administer an policy Management by objective Risk Management Legal control human resources measuring devices manufacture equipment Work environment Communication documents records Review customer requirements Design and development Purchasing Production Materials and Product nonconforming product 9 Performance evaluation PL Internal audit 10 Improvement Establish system to improve complaints Safety Product Defective Action Monitoring and measurement customer complaints Internal audit Management review Corrective and preventive action improvement 비교하여프로세스를도출한다. 프로세스는 ISO 9001을기준으로비교하는데이는 ISO 9001가근간이되도록설계되었고그것을바탕으로통합하는것이일반적이기때문이다. 4.1 품질 환경통합경영시스템설계품질경영시스템은조직이외부 ( 고객 ) 에제공하는제품과서비스의품질을유지하고제공함으로써고객만족 의향상이매우중요하므로 Table 7과같다. 8항의운용에해당되는요구사항은프로세스를보다더세분화시켰다. 즉, 고객요구사항검토를바탕으로설계및개발업무, 구매관리, 생산관리, 자재, 제품관리순서로프로세스를설계하였다. 환경경영시스템은기업의제조및업무과정에서환경관리능력확보하는것이주요내용이므로이를중심으로설계하였다. 605

11 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 6 호, 2017 Table 10. Integrated Model Design Integrated Management Process ISO 9001 ISO ISO OHSAS PL System Integrated management Manual Manual Manual Manual Manual Manual Context of the Administer an Context of the Administer an Context of the Administer an Context of the Administer an Administer an Context of the Administer an policy policy policy policy policy policy Risk Management Risk Management Risk Management Risk Management Risk Management Risk Management Management by objective Assessments Management by objective Change Management Management by objective Environmental effect appraisal Management by objective Energy baseline Energy assessments Management by objective Risk assessments Management by objective Legal control Legal control Legal control Legal control Legal control human resources human resources human resources human resources human resources human resources measuring devices manufacture equipment measuring devices manufacture equipment manufacture equipment measuring devices manufacture equipment Work environment Work environment Work environment Work environment Communication Communication Communication Communication Communication Communication Documents and records Review customer requirements Design and development documents records Review customer requirements Design and development documents records documents records Design documents records documents records Review customer requirements Design and development Purchasing Purchasing Purchasing Purchasing Production Production Production Materials and Product Materials and Product Materials and Product nonconforming product Operational control Emergency preparedness and response Monitoring and measurement nonconforming product Monitoring and measurement Environmental operational control Emergency preparedness and response Monitoring and measurement Operational control Monitoring and measurement Operational control Emergency preparedness and response Monitoring and measurement nonconforming product Monitoring and measurement Integrated Management Process ISO 9001 ISO ISO OHSAS PL System customer complaints customer complaints customer complaints Internal audit Internal audit Internal audit Internal audit Internal audit Internal audit Management review Management review Management review Management review Management review Management review Corrective and preventive action improvement Corrective and preventive action improvement Corrective and preventive action improvement Corrective and preventive action improvement Corrective and preventive action improvement Corrective and preventive action improvement 4.2 에너지 안전경영시스템설계에너지경영시스템은에너지검토, 에너지베이스라인, 에너지성과지표세가지항목이다른경영시스템과다르게요구사항에규정되어있어이를고려하여설계하였다. 안전보건경영시스템에서설비의개념이란안전모, 소방시설같은운영프로세스에속하는시설및장비가대부분으로이루어져있어생략하였다. 에너지 안전보건경영시스템설계에관하여는 Table 8과같이나타낼수있다. 606

12 제조물책임법에대응하기위한시스템구축에관한연구 - 중소기업을중심으로 PL시스템설계제조물책임의핵심은제품의결함이다. 결함을충분히이해하고예방할수있다면기업은제조물책임에서자유로울수있다. 통상결함은설계상의결함, 제조상의결함, 지시 경고상의결함으로분류되기때문에결함을중심으로 PL시스템을설계한다. Table 9은제조물책임법의주요내용을품질경영시스템을기반으로 PL 시스템을설계하였다. 4.4 통합모형구축먼저구축한 Table 7 품질 환경경영시스템설계와, Table 8 에너지 안전보건경영시스템설계에 Table 9 PL 시스템설계를통합하여통합모형을구축하면 Table 10 통합모형과같다. 기존의경영시스템으로구축되는 KS, ISO, PL 법규의내용은중소기업이보유하는기존의내용과관련된부분과개별적으로구축되는시스템의내용으로조직에서인식되는 4개의경영시스템은통합매뉴얼로나타내고절차와지침서는공동절차서및지침서와개별절차서와지침서로설계할수있다. 이같은통합모형은일관성있는업무의진행이가능하고업무숙련시간의감소, 품질향상으로인한비용절감, PL보험가입으로인한리스크저감등의효과를기할수있다. 5. 결론중소기업에서는지금까지서로상이하거나중복된시스템을 2중 3중으로구축하고유지함으로써자원낭비와시스템의운영효과가크게저하됨이문제점으로지적되어왔다. 이처럼중복적이고비효율적인경영시스템의구축과관리방식에서탈피하여효과적인시스템을통합하여관리하고운영함으로써중소기업의경쟁력제고를위한연구를진행하였는데그연구결과를요약하면다음과같다. 새로운규격으로개정된품질경영시스템, 환경경영시스템과에너지경영시스템, 안전보건경영시스템의요구사항과특성을파악하여시스템의통합을위한기본개념을정립하고, 비교분석테이터를구축하여통합모형을 제시하였다. 또한기존의선행연구를분석하여 ISO 통합경영시스템구축후 PL법에대비하기위해새롭게통합모형을구축하였다. 이논문이시사하는바는다음과같습니다. 그동안 ISO 통합경영시스템에관한연구가몇가지있었으나다수의 ISO 통합프로그램에더하여 PL법을결합시킨모델에관한연구는없었다. 이논문은이러한점에서 PL법을반영하고 ISO 통합경영시스템의발전방향을모색하였다는점에서시사하는바가크다. 또한제조물책임법이제정되고시행되는현재에서법리적경제학적연구와함께법률로부터조직이보호받을수있는시스템적운영방안이본격적으로이뤄져야할단계라판단된다. 따라서제조물책입법에서요구되는사항들을기업이적절하게이해하고, 대응하는시스템적연구와실행방안에대한연구의틀을제공했다는점에서의의가있다본연구의한계점으로는품질경영시템과환경경영시스템의개정이 2015년에이루어지고 2016년중순에 KS 규정으로등록, 배포되어아직까지적용하는기업이많이없고, 또한 2016년제조물책임법개정법률안이발의되어본통합모형을적용하고평가할수없어아쉬운점이있다. 향후시스템통합모형의적용및평가가필요하다. 따라서향후추가적연구과제는품질, 환경, 에너지, 안전보건이외의경영시스템의통합외에더기업이필요로하는다른경영시스템과의시스템통합에대한연구가추가적으로필요하다. References [1] Korea Federation of SMEs, Actual situation and opinion investigation of small & medium business product liability law K-BIZ, [2] J. H. Seo, B. S. Ko, S. M. Bae, "Extracting Priorities of Strategic Components of Product Liability Response System using AHP", J Korean Soc Qual Manag vol. 42, no. 2. pp , DOI: [3] S. H. Lee, "A Study on the Integrated Management Systems Establishment and Operation of the KS, QMS and EMS", M. A. dissertation graduate School, Chungju National University, [4] Y. S. Kim, "A strategy for the Integration of management system and the methodology of operational efficiency", M. A. dissertation graduate School, Kyonggi 607

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