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6 : A B S T RA CT iii -

7 < > 10 < > 23 < > 25 < > < > 7 < > 8 < > 17 < > 1 18 < > 20 < > 27 < > 29 < > 32 < > 34 < > 35 < > < > 1 44 < > 44 < > 47 < > < > 50 < > 51 - iv -

8 < > 52 < > 53 < > ( ) 56 < > 57 < > 58 < > 60 < > 66 < > 69 - v -

9 - 1 -., ( ).,..,.,.... ( ). -., - v i -

10 .,..,.,..,.,. :,,,,,,, 1,, - v ii -

11 1 1 -.,,.,.,,.,.... (, 1997;, 1997; Jacob s, 1985)

12 1. (, 1997; M acfarquhar, 1980; M allaby, 1998).,.,., 1,. 2 1.,..,.,

13 ,.., -. 1,.,.., 1. 1,,...,.,,, 1,

14 ,.,. 3 1., , 55 -,

15 1.,

16 2 1., (1964: 93) (T he Milit ary as Con stitutional Caret aker ) (T he Military as Spearhead of Reform of Rev olution ), (T h e Military as Backer of Civilian Gov erm ent )., (Caretaker ).,,,,.., (Spearhead ) - 6 -

17 ,,.., (Backer ). < > * :, 1993,,, p. 178 (1977: 21),,.,.,. 2. (1962: 87). 1) - 7 -

18 , 2), 3),,, 4. 4, 4.,.,.,.,.,. < >,.,. 1, 2., 1-8 -

19 . 2,. (, 1994).. Jacob s. 1). 1. (1981),.,.,, 1) Jacobs. (, 1992)

20 . 2) < > / ( ) ( ) :, 1982,,,, p. 365,, (W eber, 1981)., (),.. 2. B.C ) Weber (, 1996: 199)

21 (, 1993: 53). ( ),. (, 1992: 367)..,, (, 1996: 203). (, 1992: 381).. (Chen, 1999). ( ) ( ) (, 1996), () (, 1990: 16).,... 3) 3) ,.,,

22 3. Mills (1979),.,. Mills , (, 1992: 343), (T illy, 1990: 5). ( ).... (, 1989)

23 . 4) 4. -, (, 1996).,., (, 1992: 384).,, (, 1991).., 4)....,,

24 (W eber, 1981).,. -, - (W eber, 1981)

25 3 1,.., (, 1993).,. 1. (Old - Professionalism ) (New - Profes sion alism ). 5), 5) (Huntington, 1960),. (Stepan, 1971)

26 . 6) (1993: 68).,. 7) (, 1993)., )., ,,,., (, 1995: 134). 7). (, 1991;, 1984)..,

27 ,. (, 1993;, 1993;, 1994;, 1995)., ,. < >, 1. (1982)

28 , < > 1 1 * :, 1993,,, p. 259., (, 1992: 317).,

29 (, 1993). (1993) 1, 1. - W eber., (Crouch, 1986). 2. (Garcia, 1978)(Junt as ),. (Mills, 1979),. 8) 8),.., 1 1, ( )

30 ,,, 9). (1991) ( ) 5 16,. (1968),, < > (% ) * :, 1999,,, p. 43,,,.,,. (1998),. (1999) ( ) (Mills, 1979: 263). 9),, (Garcia, 1978: 47)

31 . (1998: 127),. (Crouch, 1986 ;, 1992: 317).,. 3.,,. Py e (1985). H alpern (1963),,,..,. 10),,, 10) 10 (, 1963: 193)

32 (, 1992).. 11). (1990)., (1992),.,.,, ( ), (1997) T illy (1994),, 11) ,.,, (, 1992: 213)

33 . (, 1993)..,, (, 1993). < >,,.,,. (, 1994)

34 .,. 2. 1,. (Crou ch, 1986)., (W iliam e, 1972: 2). ( ). - (W eber, 1981),., 1 -, (1992: 382),

35 .,. < >.,,,,

36 4 1 1.,,.,. 1, 1. 1: ,,

37 , (, 1996).. < > ( ) :, 1993,,, p , 12) 12),

38 (, 1993).. 13),. (Keiser, 1994).. (, 1994) , ,,.,.., (, 1996: 210). 13) Huntington (, 1993).,

39 ., (Keiser, 1978).,. 36, (1993: 11).,. (1960: 257) ( ) ( ). < >,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 1993,,, p

40 ,., -. -., ,., (, 1991: 278). (, 1988: 9). (, 1999: 20). (, 1998: 187), (, 1971: 42;, 1994: 210)

41 , (, 1996),,. (, 1987: 149)., (Cum ing s, 1990) ) 14) (, 1991) ,,

42 , , (, 1991). < > / ,,, , 1, * :, 1993,, p. 371., 6.,, , 1 20(,,,,,

43 , 1991: 202). (, 1991;, 1984) , (N ational Defen ce) (Intern al S ecurity ). 15), (, 1984) , ,,. (, 1991) ) (Archer L. Lerch) (, 1991)

44 (, 1991). ( ) 60 20, 20, 20,. < > : 13 : 68 : 6 : 21 : 2 23 : : : 6 : 19 : 16 : 4 : 4 : 17, : 16 : 13 : 9 : 4 : 4 : 78 : 22 : 10 :, 1984,,, p , ,, 5 8., ),, 16) 1 (, 1995: 209)

45 ., 6 (, 1991). < > ( ) 7 ( ) 8 8 ( 1) 8 ( 2) 8 ( 3) 8 ( 4) :, 1984,,, pp ),. 18) 17) , ,300 (, 1993).,,,, (, 1990). 18),,.,,, (, 1993: 241)..,

46 .., (, 1985). 3.,.. (1996) , (, 1994;, 1991).,.. 19), 80 6 (, 1990). 19). Civilian ' (, 1991)

47 (, 1991: 16;, 1980: 180). (, 1991).,. < > 5 16 / / 62% 19.2% 11.8% 5.4% 1.6% - 100% 34.5% 13.8% 6.9% 6.9% 6.9% 31% 100% 50% 20% 10% 10% 10% - 100%

48 . (1993: 429) 1960,,.,. < > , 5 16., 90%.,. 98.4%18.4%.., % , 48.,.,

49 .,, (, 1996). (),. (, 1993; 37).,., 5 ()(,

50 1993: 169) : 1 2/ 3, 6. 7, 8. 7, 8 3/ 4 10 : 1, (, 1984). (, 1993) : (1984),,,.,. - ( 1997: 364)

51 , 1.,, 8 (1949, 6. 26) 5 10.,, (, 1997: 312).,, (, 1985). 2. (1997).,., (, 1993: 171) ,

52 , (, 1993;, 1994;, 1993;, 1995)., 2, (, 1993). (, 1988;, 1986;, 1993), ) (, 1997)., (, 1986: 156).,,,. 20) 7 11, (, 1986: 94)

53 ,. 21). UN, UN (, 1988) ( ) , 45 UN (, 1987).,,, (, 1993;, 1988).,..,, 21),., (, 1986)

54 1 (, 1993).,. < > % 56.2% 54.1% :, 1971, , 48 52,,., 1952, 3. < > 3 1,2,4 2 7, % - 2 5, % 2 6, , % % 43% 29% 14% 14% 100% % % 2 1, ,6,7 72% 29% 29% - 42% 100% :, 1991,/,, pp

55 ., 115. (, 1993).,,. 53, UN.,., (, 1989: 134)

56 ,, : 1. 1.,.. (Hut chcroft, 1998; Rem m er, 1989)., (, 1988)., (, 1999: 413)

57 (, 1996: 67). ( ), (, 1991: 113)., (, 1993: 143). (, 1999:11),,,, (, 1960: 257)., 1 (, 1994). < > ( ) ( ),,, ( ), :, 1993,,, p

58 ( ) (, 1992),.,.,, 10 20, (, 1993) ().. - (, 1996: 66; Hut ch croft, 1998). < > (% ) :, 1990,,, p

59 , 85% (, 2000: 143).,. - (, 1993,, 1995).,,.,, , 3, , (, 2000: 228). 60 (, 1994)., 1, 10 (, 1993).,.,

60 (, 1993). < > / % % % % % % % ( : 10 ) / % % % % % 88.5 % % 77.5 % :, 1994,, p. 59., (, 1994)., (, 1988).,

61 .,. 2. 1,.,,.,,., (H ender son, 1968),. < > :, 1990,,, p

62 , 1881 (, 1996).,.,. (, 1992: 239), ( )., (, 1990;, 1998). < > ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) :, 1995, (),, p ( 3-2) < >. (, 1989).,

63 ., 2040 (, 1995).. (, 1998: 54). (, 1997). < > % 56 % 23.9 % % 58.5 % 45.3 % :, 1996,, (1 )- (5),, p. 23,, 1998,,, p. 47, (, 1985: 264) ), 2), 3), 4)

64 , 5), 6) (, 1993: 10),. (1993: 38) 1952.,,. -.,

65 2-1. 1, 1.,, (, 1993: 148).., 53 (, 1985) ICA, UNKRA. ICA UN KRA. (, 1985) KPA ( ), (, 1962: 126)

66 .,. < > ( ) ( : ) ( : ) ICA UN KRA () , , , , , , ,478 3, ,664 2,379 1, ,268 2,076 5, , ,431 1,750 82,437 21,291 4, ,67 2 2, , , , ,634 2, ,049 22, ,483 2, ,268 14,103 22, ,368 2, ,629 7,747 24, ,031 1, ,297 2,471 18, ,812 2, , ,518 2, ,319 :, 1985, 40 I,, pp , 55 (, 2000)

67 , (, 1991) < > :, 1993,,, p. 471, 50., (, 1993)

68 .,. 55, (, 1993) , (, 2000: 496). < > ( ) 5, 8 :, 1991,/,, pp

69 ( ), (, 1985: 165).,,,.,,., , (, 1995: 201).,.,,, (, 1993: 174) ,

70 ., 60 (, 1994). < > : ,038 1,193 1,751 1,080 1,402 1,076 1,357 1,569 N.a ,129 1, / :, 1994,,, p. 171 < > ,.,,,.., (, 1960: 263).,,

71 , (, 1988).,. (, 1989)., (, 1993: 148).,, 1959 (, 1985: 190).,,. (, 1982)

72 ,. (1991: 141),. (, 1993;, 1993;, 1994:, 1995)., 3 15., (S.E. F in er ),,. < >

73 4 19, ,. (, 1993).,., , (, 1992: 221,, 1995: 208)., (1988: 151),,.,,. 4 19,

74 , (, 1995: 201)... (), (, 2000: 272)., 17 (, 1994: 213;, 1985: 258). (, 1993: 458)., (, 1985: 264).,, 10%

75 , 10 4 (, 1993) ,., - (, 1996: 67) ,. (, 1995: 208), (, 1995: 202). < > (, 1997: 218)., 2.,,

76 (, 1992: 222;, 1996). < > 1 2 / 5 16, 2 (, 1993). (, 2000: 6) , (, 1991: 348)., ( 1992: 241)

77 ,

78 6 1. : , 1.,.,.,. 1,.,,.,. 4 19,

79 .,.,,.,.,. 1,,. < > : < >

80 .,,. 2..,, (, 1993: 134)., (, 1993: 134;, 1996: 319;, 1990: 146;, 1989: 132)., 1.,,. 1.,..,

81 . (, 1991: 113)., ( ).,

82 , 1986,,, 1982,,, 1991, /,, 1981,,, 1980,,,, 1961, 3, 5, 1962, 13, 1995,,, 1996,,, 1993,, 2 4, 1994,,, 1994,,, 19,, 1995,,, 1978,,, 1995, (),, 1998,,, 1991,, 25 1, 1988,,, 1993,, 17, 1985,,, 1992,,,, 1995,,, 1997,,

83 , 1992,,,,, 1981,,, 1990,,, 1994,,,, 1988, 1952, 22 2, 1986a,, 1:,, 1986b,, 2:,, 1981,,,, 1997,, 1,, 1991, : ( ), 13,, 1996,,, 21, 1996, :, ,, 1992,,,,, 1999,,, 1999,, 19, 1995,,, 1998,,, 1996, 2,, 1990,, 9, 1998,,, 1986,,,, 1985, 40 I,, 1993, 3,

84 , 1990,,, 11, 1986,,, 1993, :, 27 2, 1996, :, 36 1, 1997,, 37 2, 1990,,,, 1996,, (1 ) - (3),, 1994,,, 1960,, 12, 1991,,,, 1992,,, 1997,,, 1997, :,, 1998,,,, 1999,, II,, 1987,,, 1993,,, 1992,, 17,, 1993,, 21,

85 , 1998,,, 1971,:, 6, 1982,,, 1990,,, 1960, =,6, 1996,,, 1996,, (1 )- (5),, 1962,,, 2000a, 1,, 2000b, 2,, 1998,, 32, 1998,,,, 37, 1999,,, 1989, 6.25, 5, 1991,,, 1995,,, 1991,,,, 1992,,,,, 1996, :,, 1989,,, 1988,,, 1984,,

86 , 1988,,, 1982,,, 1995,,, 1993,,., 1999,, 53, 1989,,,, 1971,, 1997, -, 1997,,, 1996,,, 1992,,, 1995,,, 1994, :, A., 1991,,,, 1995,, 1990,,,, 1993,,,, 1963, 1 ( ), 1996,,,, 65,, 1997,, 97, 1988, 1:, 5,, 1990, I: 1,,,, 1996, II: 3,,,, 1996,,

87 , 1984,,, 1993,,, 1993,,, 1993,, Coulborn, Ru sht on, 1956, F eu dalism In Hist ory, Prin cet on : Prin cet on Univ ersity P ress (, 1990,, ) Cum in g s, Bru ce, 1981, T h e Origin s of the Korean W ar Vol.1 : Lib eration and th e em erg ence of S eperate Regim e, , Princet on : Prin cet on Univ. Press (, 1990,, ) F red R. Von der M ehden,, 1981,, H en derson, Greg ory, 1968, Korea : T h e P olitics of the V ort ex, Harv ard Univ ersity Pres s, Cam bridge, M assachu sett s. (, 2000,, ) Mills, C. W right, 1956, T he P ow er Elite, Lon don : Oxford Univ er sity Press (, 1979,, ) Keijer. Nico, 1978, Milit ary Obedience, Sijth off & N oordh off Int ernational P ublisher s B.V., Alphen aan den Rijn, T he N etherlands (, 1994,, ) P arkin, F rank, 1982, M ax W eber, Elis Horw ood Lim it ed : Chich est er, Su s sex (, 1985,, ) Sm ith. Louis, 1951, Am erican dem ocracy and m ilitary pow er : a study of civil control of the m ilitary pow er in th e Unit ed St at es, Chicag o : Univ er sity of Chicago Press. (, 1955,,.)

88 T illy, Charles, 1990, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD , Ba sil Blackw ell. (, 1994,, ) A zar, Edw ard E. & M oon, Chun g - in, 1988, National S ecurity in th e T hird W orld, Center for Intern ational Dev elopm ent and Conflict M anag em ent, Univ er sity of M arylan d Bayley, David H., 1975, T h e P olice and P olitical Dev elopm ent in Europe, Chrles T illy (ed ) Coercion, Capital, an d European St at es, AD , Basil Blackw ell Ch en, H. Y. Albert., 1999, Ligit ation, M ediation an d Ju stice : Confu sian Reflection In a M odern Liberal S ociety, T he S econd Intern ational Conference On Lib er al, S ocial, and Confucian Dem ocracy Crouch, H arold, 1986, P atrim onialism an d Military Rule in Indon esia, Atul Kohli(ed ) T h e St ate and Dev elopm ent in T h e T hird W orld, Prin cet on : Princet on Univ er sity Press Don g - no, Kim, 1990, T he T ran sform ation of F amilism In M odern Korean S ociety : F orm Cooperation t o Com petition, Int ernation al S ociology Vol. 5 F in er, S am uel E., 1975, State- an d Nation - Buildin g in Europ : T h e Role of the Milit ary, Chrles T illy (ed ) Coercion, Capit al, and European St at es, AD , Basil Blackw ell F ukuyama, Fransis. 1995, Social Capital & T he Global Economy, F oreign Affairs 74(5) Garcia, Jose Z., 1978, "Milit ary F ation s an d Military Int erv ention in Latin Am erica", in Sheldon W. Sim on (ed ) T he Milit ary and S ecurity in T he T hird W orld, W estview press. In c. Halpern, Manfred, 1963, "Middle- Eastern Armies and the New Middle- Class", in

89 John Johnson (ed) T he Role of the military in T he Underdeveloped Countries, Princeton, N.J.:Prin cet on Univ er sity Pres s Huntin gt on, S am u el. P., 1960, T he S oldier s an d State,Cam bridge : Harv ard Univ er sity Pres s Hutch croft, P aul. D, 1998, Booty Capitalism : T h e P olitics of Bankin g In th e Philippines, At en o de M anila Univ er sity Press Jacobs, Norman, 1985, T he Korean Road to Modernization and Development, Urbana an d Chicag o: Univ er sity of Illinois P ress, 1989, P atrim onialism Recon sidered In T he Indian Cont ex t, p a t r im o n i a l Int erpret ation of In dian S ociety, Delhi: Chan aky a Publication s. John son, John, 1964, Military an d S ociety in Latin A m erica, Stanford, Calif.:St anford Univ er sity Press. Lan g, Kurt, 1974, "T h e M ilit ary ", Int ernation al En cy clopedia of S ocial S cience, V ol. 10, N ew York : M acm illan Co, M acfarquhqr, Roderick. 1980, T he P ost Confu cian Challen ge, T he Economist feb. 9 M allaby, S eb a st ian. 1998, In A sia ' s M irr or : F rom Com m odore P erry t o T h e IM F T h e National Int erest summ er. P y e, Lu cian W.,1985, "Arm ies in the Process of P olitical Dev elopm ent ", in John John son (ed ) T h e Role of the m ilit ary in T he Un derdev eloped Countries, Prin cet on, N.J.:Princet on Univ er sity Press Rem m er, Karen. L, 1989, Neopatrim onialism : T he P olitics of Milit ary Rule

90 In Chile, , Com parativ e P olitics 1989 Janu ary. S ohn, Jae- S ouk, 1968, "P olitical Dom in an ce an d P olitical F ailure: T he Role of th e Milit ary in Republic of Korea", in Henry Bien en (ed ) T he Milit ary Int erv ention : Ca se Stu dies in P olitical Dev elopm ent, N ew York : Ru s sell S ag e F oundation., 1971, Civ il- Milit ary Relation s In Korea : A Hist orical Rev iew ", 5 St ein, H arold, 1963, Introduction, in S.P Huntingt on (ed ), Am erican Civil- Milit ary Relation s : A Book of Case Studies, Birm in gh am : Univ er sity of Alab am a Press. Stepan, Alfred, 1971, T he Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil, Princet on Univ Pres s, Prin cet on, N ew Jersey., 1973, Auth oritarian Brazil: Origin s, P olicies an d F uture, New H av en : Yale Univ ersity Press. W elch, Claude E. Jr., 1980, T he foreign policies of M ajor W est African St at es w ith special focu s on pr ospect s for political and econ om ic relation s w ith th e Republic of Korea ; Civil- m ilit ary relation s in dev elopin g countries S eoul : In stitut e of F oreign Affair s an d N ation al S ecurity W illam e, Jean - Clauded, 1972, P atrim onialism an d P olitical Chan ge in T h e Cong o, St anford Univ er sity Press : St anford California

91 A B S T RA CT Stu dy on the Trait of Koreaa Civil-Military Relations - With the Emphasis on the First Repub lic Kim In-Soo D ept. of Sociology The Graduate Shool Yonsei University It is believed that military intervention should not be allowed. But, the military was a device of governance in all over the premodern societies. What made our attitude be changed? If w e have not experienced this change, Why the military should not intervene in the politics? In the Korean traditional Society, T he ruler controled the military by weakening their capabilities. Military officer s could not be appointed for the commander but also they should serve his ruler only as an assistant. Consequently, T he military could not help being subordinated to ruler. On the other hand, in the western society military function was fostered as an independent function separated with politics. T he role of the military was limited to a response against military threat from the outside. M ost of stu dies on the Korean Civil- Milit ary relation s hav e focu sed on the reason w hy the m ilit ary int erv en e the politics. And they in sist ed that the Korean m ilit ary didn 't h av e stron g w ill t o keep political neutralization so they int erv ened politics. But, althou gh th ese argum ent s are based on th e presum ption th at the m ilitary function w as separat ed from political fun ction, they could n ot show u s th e proof th at ther e w as th e independent milit ary in the Korean society. T he fir st aim of this dissert ation is to point out the im portan ce of gov ern ance stru cture for the an aly sis relat ed t o Civil- Military relation s. T h e Gov ernan ce stru cture prescribe the relation bet w een ruler an d the m ilitary. Becau se the w estern and asian society couldn 't h av e th e sam e gov ernance structure, Different types of Civ il- Milit ary relation s hav e been dev eloped. Con sequ ently, th e trait of Korean Civil- Milit ary relation s can ' t help bein g

92 sim ilar w ith n ot w est ern Civil- m ilit ary relation s but chin ese Civil- m ilit ary relation s. Durin g the fir st republic, T he president, bureau and the police com bin ed w ith patron - client relation s by ex chan ging protection of v est ed interest s w ith political support. It result ed in g ov ern ance stru ctur e ruled by only on e m an. Un der such an stru cture the president kept the control again st th e m ilit ary throu gh political m anipulation an d w at ch. Con sequ ently, a little of Generals dev ot ed him self for th e pr esident a s a m ean s of gov ern ance and it m ade th e m ilit ary th e object of political m obilization. T he military intervention to the domain of politics was only a means to keep close relation s w ith the president. S o alth ou gh th e president depen ded m uch on the m ilit ary, the m ilitary couldn ' t affect the president ' s decision. But, w hen ev er th e president ' s ruling capability ov er society, the milit ary could reject priv at e loy alty to th e president. It resulted in collapse of the first republic. T he m ilit ary elit e is n ot the subject w ho are w holly separat ed from the structural features of society. Becau se the stru ctural features of Korean pr em odern society still affect th e individual action s in the m odern society, the Korean Civil- m ilit ary relation s could not be an aly sed w ith theories confirm ed in th e w est ern society. S o the trait of Korean Civil- m ilit ary relation s can b e un der st ood m ore clearly n ot by political attitu de of the m ilitary but by structural feature of the Korean society. Key W ord : P atrim onialism, Civil- milit ary relation s, T h e F ir st Republic, P olitical Interv ention, New Professionalism, Old Professionalism, P atron - Client Relation s. P olitical Culture

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2 ๅคง ้Ÿ“ ๆ”ฟ ๆฒป ๅญธ ๆœƒ ๅ ฑ ( ็ฌฌ 18 ่ผฏ 1 ่™Ÿ ) ๊ณผ์˜ ์†Œํ†ต๋ถ€์žฌ ์†์— ์—ฌ๋‹น๊ณผ ๊ตญํšŒ๋„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ถ™์ด๊ธฐ์‹ ๊ตญ์ •์šด์˜์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์šด์˜์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜

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