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4 iii iii iv I II (Pluralism ) 8 2. (Corporatism ) III : IV 45 i
5 : : V V I A BST RA CT 97 ii
6 < 1 > 27 < 2 > 50 < 1 > GNP 31 < 2 > 32 < 3 > ( ) ( ) 33 < 4 > 34 < 5 > 35 < 6 > 42 < 7 > 45 < 8 > : 52 < 8 1 > : 53 < 9 > 63 < 10 > 64 < 11 > 64 < 12 > 65 < 13 > 70 < 14 > 74 iii
7 :,,,, iv
8 :,,,,,,,,,,,, v
9 I 1.. 1). (, 1991;, 1991;, 1991) (, 1986).,.., 2).,, (, 1997: 56). 1) 2),. 1
10 ...,..,... 60,.,..,
11 ....,,, ,.,....,. ( ). 3
12 ,,, ).,. 2, ,. 3) North,. North,
13 . 3..,.,...,.,.,. 4...,..,
14 ., )., ,..,. 4), , , 1932, , , , , (8 ), , , 4423, 4433, , , 4819, , 5211, , 5453, 5454, , 5591,
15 , , ( ), ( ),,,, ( ).,.....,. 7
16 II 1 20.,.,. 1. (P lurali s m ) (1)..,.,..,. 8
17 ., (, 1987: ).,,,... (2). (ICA )..,. (1988). 9
18 .,.,...,.. 5). 5). (1991),,,,,., (1991),,,,,,,. (1987),,,,,,,,.. 10
19 . (, 1985: 28). 6)....,.,., ),,. 11
20 ,,.. 2. (Corporat i s m ) (1) ( ), (, 1988: 144).,, 7). 8). 9), 7).,,..,.,.,.. 8),,,,,,, 1500 (, 1991). 9) 12
21 , (, 1996: 70).,....,.,, 10). 11). (, 1986).,.,,,., (S chm itter, 1979: 13 14). 12). 10) ). 12) 13
22 ,, (, 1986: 34).. (, 1988). (2) 80 (, 1988) ).. (, 1983: 13 14). 13) 14
23 14)...,....,..,,.,,,,,.. 14),,. 15
24 ).,.. 16)17) 18) 15),,,, (Max Weber, Politics as Vocation, in H.H. Gerth and C.W.Mills (eds), From Max Weber (New York : Oxford University Press, 1972): 78 79)...,,. 16
25 ..? 19) , ( ).,.. (, 1992: 134). 16)., ) (populism )... (,, ) 18)... 19) (, 1992: 134). (,, ). 17
26 2 1..,. (Property Right s approach ) (T ran saction Cost Econom ics ). 20),. ( hierarchy )., (N orth, 1981, 1990) 21). 20).,,,.. (Coase, 1960: 114) 21). (,,.) 18
27 . (N orth, 1990).., 22).., (S om er s, 1993: ).. (P ath depen dency ), ).,. 19
28 . 2. (1) 90 23) (, 1997, 1998)...., ) (Herman Kahn).,,,, (, 1999: 263). 20
29 (, 1997).. 24)... ( ). (, 2000: 192). ( ),., 24).,,
30 (, 2000: 192).,,, (, 2000: 189).., (. 2000: 189)... (, 2000: 187).,..,.,... 22
31 .,. (2), (, 1999: 147).,.,. (W illiam son, 1985)'. (rent seekin g )'..., (, 1997: 84). (, 23
32 1997: 92)..,,.,, 80..,..,,,...,.. 24
33 .,...., (, 1999: 138). 3 25
34 , ,,..,, (, ). 1961, 1988., 6 29., (, ).. 26
35 < 1 > < 1> ,... 27
36 ,,,...,
37 .., ,
38 III..,,.,. 1 1.,.,.,.. 30
39 .,.,,...,.. (, ). GNP < 1>. < 1 > GNP GNP : 10 (%) , (21.1%) 26,512.9(78.9) , (16.3%) 38,193.4(83.7) , ,660.5(8.0%) 178,789.3(92.0) , ,986.5(6.7%) 237,718.4(93.3),, 2000:
40 , < 2> , %. < 2 > : (%) (A ) (B) (%) B/ A (%) ,, 1986 : 78,, 2000 : 252,.. < 3>. 32
41 < 3 > ( ) ( ) : (%) ,700,000 14,509, ,435,000 14,421, ,123,775 10,826, ,499,674 6,660, ,429,817 4,400, ,.,. GNP,..,., (Burm eist er, 1988: 28).,.,. (, 1991). 33
42 ,., ,..... < 4>, < 5>. < 4 > : Kim, Chul Kyoo, 1993 p132 34
43 < 4>.,,,,.,,. 25).,, ( ),,.., (, 1991: 161).. < 5 > : 25).,, 1, 2,
44 CCC , ,108 3, ,719 1, , ,239 3,108 14,172 2, ,389 1,392 10,350 5, ,834 10,736 11,751 42,600 < 5>.., ) GAT T BOP 27) (, 1999: 225). ( ). UR 26).. 27) 36
45 .,., (, 1991: 123).?,,., > > (, 1988: 415)., 2 3,.. 28),. GNP,,.,, (, 1991). 28) 37
46 1988, , 7 8, 16, ,,, 6 10,,, 2 13,,, )..,,,,,, (, 1996: 141) (, 1996: 447).,, 29) 3 12%,,, ,,. 38
47 (, 1999: 205). (, 1999: 204) ,,, (, 1988)... W T O UR. 2 :... (, 1979, 1989;. 1990b ; 1990)., ( 39
48 ). 30),... 31)..,,..., (, 1993), (, 1986: 33)., (, 1988a ). 30) (, 1993; Kim and Koh, 1972).,, (, 1990) 31), (, 1990a) 40
49 ,. (, 1993).,,,,,,..,. 15, (, ). < 6>.., 32). 4 16,, ,., ) < 6> ( ).,,. 41
50 ..,., (,, ). < 6 > ) 2) 3) 42
51 , 13, 14, 15, 16., ,..?.,. 43
52 ...?. `..,., ( ).. 44
53 IV 1 1. : (ICA 33) ).,.. < 7> , 1995.,. < 7 > :, % 33) ICA (International Cooperative Alliance: ) ICA,,,., 1963, 1979,
54 ,126 5, ,927 6,802 4,585 1,591 15, ,053(100) 831(100) 8,320(100) 20,270(100) 3,224(100) 34,236(100) 502,702(100) ,538(146) 4,171(502) 5,893(71) 30,291(149) 682( 21) 42,575(124) 670,637(133) ,489(236) 1,591(191) 13,635(164) 50,191(248) 2,078(64) 69,984(200) 905,390(180).,,, ,... (, 1985),,,.. 46
55 .., (, 1984: 2 4).,., (, 1992)...,.. (1),,. 2.,,,. 47
56 (, 1987)..,. ( ) (,, 1998)..,..,, ( ),,. ( ). 34).,. 35). 34) 1 35),,.,. 48
57 ..,,,,..,. 1,., 1..,,,,.. < 2>..,,.. (,, 1998). 49
58 (,, ) < 2 > 1988.,,.,. 50
59 .,.,....,,,.... (2) / ,.. 3. ( ) 51
60 < 8>. < 8 > : , ,, , ,,,, , ,,,,, , ,,,, 8,, , 1,, ,..,... 52
61 ., (, 1994).. < 8 1> : ~94, ~ ~, 8, < 8 1> , ) ,,,, 36) 1 ( ~ ), 2 ( ~ ), 3 ( ~ ) 53
62 . (, 1999: 305)..,...,..,.... (3),,,,. 54
63 ... (, 1999: 27).. (, 1999: 28).,,,...,,,.,. (, 1999)..,,,
64 2,. (, 1994). ( 2 4 ), (5 ). ( 6 )..,. 149,.. 6, ( ). ( 9 ),, ( 16 ), ( 133 ), ( 153 ), ( ) ( 160 ) 37) (,,,, 37) %. 56
65 ), ( 161 )..,.,,.. 1 ( 28 ) ( ) 2 ( 11 ) 1 ( 12 ) %. ( 51 )., 12 57
66 , ,. 80, 1988.,, ,... 58
67 ,. 38). ( )., ), ) ), 5, 59
68 , (, 1999: 308) , , ,
69 .. 2..,. 1. :,..,,.,, 61
70 (, 1994). 2.,.. < 9>. 62
71 , (,, ).,.,,.. < 9>,,,,.,,. < 9 > : %( ) 63
72 (7.7) 76(5.8) 181(3.5) 1,551(5.0) 1,461(2.4) 2,005(0.8) 106(90.6) 1,089(83.8) 3,583(68.9) 14,986(48.7) 27,112(44.4) 97,309(39.5) 2(1.7) 41(3.1) 123(2.4) 2,570(8.3) 4,843(7.9) 16,281(6.6) 66(5.1) 708(13.6) 11,633(37.8) 27,674(45.3) 123,132(50.0) 94(7.2) 607(11.7) 38(0.1) 62(0.1) 7,220(2.9) (A ) 117(100) 1,300(100) 5,202(100) 30,779(100) 61,115(100) 246,031(100) ,434 5, , ,194 5,719 14, ,978 2, ,937 5, ,392 CCC ,350 5, ,834 10,736 11,751 42,600 (B) 427 2,259 8,036 41,515 72, ,631 : A/ B (%) , < 10>, < 11>. < 10 > :, % (57.1) 100(42.9) 616(58.4) 438(41.6) 1,969(62.3) 1,072(37.7) 8,726(73.9) 3,087(26.1) 20,878(73.1) 7,664(26.9) 53,119(65.5) 27,809(34.4) 233(100) 1,054(100) 2,841(100) 11,815(100) 28,542(100) 90,925(100),, 64
73 < 10> 60%,.. < 11 > : ( % ) (89.6) 123(82.4) 245(81.8) 842(56.8) 4,122(57.8) 3,932(51.8) 5,078(60.0) 8(8.7) 2(1.9) 20(13.1) 7(4.5) 42(13.9) 13(4.3) 640(42.9) 5(0.3) 2,626(36.8) 387(5.4) 3,654(48.2) (?) 7,614(40.0) (?) 94(100.0) 149(100.0) 300(100.0) 1,480(100.0) 7,135(100.0) 7,586(100.0) 12,682(100.0),, < 11> 60%...,
74 < 12 > : % ( ) (A ) (B) (A B)% 1464(100.0) 27,518 2,755 24,763(100.0) 46,523 7,575 38,948(100.0) 55,353 10,527 44,826(100.0) 97,309 16,521 80,788(100.0) 5,660 9,010 11,353 21,253, 1,890 2,779 4,728 6,740, 4,161(16.8) 8,030(20.6) 10,083(22.5) 24,500(30.3) 11,711(47.3) 19,819(50.9) 26,164(58.4) 42,493(65.0) :746 :718 7,301 33, ,716 4, ,938 5, ,840 17,135 7, , (100) 13,052(52.7) 19,129(49.1) 19,662(41.6) 28,295(35.0)., < 12>. 3.,.,. < 12>,.,.. 66
75 ,,.....,... 67
76 ., ).,... 40), , , 1932, , , , , (8 ), , , 4423, 4433, , , 4819, , 5211, , 5453, 5454, , 5591,
77 V, , , ,
78 < 13> %. < 13 > :, % (82.7) 86(55.9) 413(7.7) 889(8.8) 932(7.8) 735(3.1) 19(17.3) 900(53.3) 68(44.1) 356(100) 787(46.7) 2,000(20.0) 3,000(25.0) 4,976(92.3) 7,111(71.1) 10768(89.7) 5,300(22.1) 17,965(74.8) 110(100) 154(100) 356(100) 1,687(100) 5,398(100) 10,000(100) 12,000(100) 24,000(100),, < 13>,. 70
79 , % ( ) ( ).....,
80 .. 41). 80,...,....,,... 41), 1985,, 72
81 ....,...., (, 1997)
82 .?.. < 14 > : % ( ) (7.7) 106(90.6) 2(1.7) 76(5.8) 1,089(83.8) 41(3.1) 66(5.1) 94(7.2) 181(3.5) 3,583(68.9) 123(2.4) 708(13.6) 607(11.7) 1,551(5.0) 14,986(48.7) 2,570(8.3) 11,633(37.8) 38(0.1) 1,461(2.4) 27,112(44.4) 4,843(7.9) 27,674(45.3) 62(0.1) 2,005(0.8) 97,309(39.5) 16,281(6.6) 123,132(50.0) 7,220(2.9) (A ) 117(100) 1,300(100) 5,202(100) 30,779(100) 61,115(100) 246,031(100).,....,. 60,,... 74
83 ,. (, 1994)..,
84 )., 43) )... 43). 76
85 % 3 2.,. (2) < 15 > : (%) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , < 15> , 10.6%, 2.5% %, 11.3%. 77
86 ,,.. < 16 > : , ,899 3,753 5,080 12,889 6,910 15,221 11,477 20,259 84(100) 382(98.7) 3,497(99.9) 6,652(97.4) 17,969(99.5) 22,131(85.6) 31,736(96.7) 2, , (100) 387(100) 3,499(100) 6,827(100) 18,059(100) 25,847(100) 32,814(100) 1,560(44.6) 4,276(62.6) 11,202(62.7) 17,448(67.5) 23,967(73.0) , ,067 2,626 4,643 3, (17.9) 65(16.8) 624(17.8) 1,223(17.9) 3,961(22.2) 4,944(19.1) 7,129(21.7) 69(82.1) 322(83.2) 1,315(37.6) 1,328(19.5) 2,531(14.1) 3,456(13.4) 1,719(5.2) 185(1.0) 84(100) 387(100) 3,499(100) 6,827(100) 17,879(100) 25,848(100) 32,815(100),, < 16>,., 44),., 44),,,.. 78
87 90%, 60 70%.,. < 16>,, 20%.,. 3..,..,..,...,
88 ..,, , (, 1990)., ( ). 45). 45). ( 80
89 1,,, (, 1996) ,..,.,.. 3 )..,
90 ,., % 1. < 17 > 13,812 12, % % : < 17>, 90%...,,.,,,, 82
91 < 18>. < 18 > (,, ) 1 1 : : :,, :, * : Scharrs, Marvin A. 1971, Cooperatives. Principles and Practices 1457 Cooperative Extension Programs, University of Wiscomsim, Mandison, p.11 ( :, 1990 ),. (Goldsm ith, 1980: 431),.. 83
92 ,.,.., ,..,.. 84
93 V I ,,.,...,,.,. ( ).,
94 , ,.,,.. 80.,.. 86
95 .,......,.. 87
96 1., 1994,,, 1990,, 1994,, 1998, 1 2 3, 1989, 1990, 1991,, 1991,, 1996,,,, 1995, A gricultural Cooperativ es in Korea, 1974, S eoul: N ation al A gricultural Cooperativ e, 1996, F ederation 30, 1984, :, 1, 1997, 1, ( ),, 2000, 5, hccho@chosun.com 2., 1991,,, 1999,, 9 10, 1994,,, 1999,, 88
97 , 1997,, 31,, 1999,, 1994,,, 11,, 1989,,, 1996,, 30: , 1998, :, 54: , 1998, :, < >, 54: , 1994,,, 1991,,, 1994,,, 1991,,, , 1992,,, 1991,,, 1995, W T O,, 1992,,, 8, 1986, :,, 1984,, T he Korean Journ al of Cooperativ e Studies, V ol.2, 1990,, : 89
98 I,, 1996,, 14,,,, 1985,,, 1991,,, 1998,, 98,, 1994,,, 1996,, /, 1997,..,, 1997,, ( ), 1985,,, 1986,,, 1990,,, 1993,,, 1987,,, 1994,, 1986,,, :, 1987,,, 1986, :, 21, 1 63, 1990a,,,, :, 1990b,,,, 4,, 1993, 14,, 1998,, 90
99 I,, 1996,, 14,, 1992,,, 1999, 3,,, 1987,,, 1987,,,, 1994,,, 1991,,, 1984,,, 1981,,, 95 (81.11): , 1989,, 9 (89.12): 15 26, 1986,,, 1976,,, 1988,, 8 (1), 29, 1994,, 11,, 1991,,, 1997,,, 1997, 1997, " ' ' : ",, (3 )., 1998, " ' ' IMF ",, (6 ), 1990,,, I, 8, 21, 1987,,, 1979,, :, 1981,, :, 1989, :, 91
100 : 21, 1997, 21, 11 4, 1996,, 14,, 1991,,, 1996,,, 14,, 2000,, 1987,, 1993,,,,, 1996, ( ), 6, :, 27 2, 1988,,, 8 (1), 29, 1988,,, 1984,,, 2 1,, 1990,,, 1988,, : /, 1998,,,,, 1989, II,, 1983,,, 1992, 21,, 1998, http :/ / suny.y on sei.ac.kr/ ~jont on g/ seas on/ 1998/ 0610.htm l, 1987,, 92
101 3. A.T.M osher, 1966, Gettin g A gricultural M oving : 155 Berger, Guy, 1992, S ocial structure an d rural dev elopm ent in the T hird W orld, Cam bridge Burm eiser, Larry, 1988, Research, Realpolitik, an d Dev elopm ent in Korea : T he St at e and th e Green Rev olution, Boulder Co: W estview Pres s, 1990, St at e, Indu strialization and agricultural policy in Korea, Dev elopm ent and Chan ge, 21: , 1991, Korean agricultural cooperativ es in tran sition : Shiftin g corporatist foun dation s?, A paper present ed at th e Conferen ce on A uthority an d Ex ch ang e in Korea, E ast W est Cent er. January, 1991, 1987, T he S outh Korean green rev olution : in du ced or direct ed inn ov ation, E con om ic Dev elopm ent and Cultural Chan ge Collier, David (ed.), 1979, T he N ew Auth oritarianim in Latin Am erica (Prin cet on ) Gh at ak, Subrat a an d Ken In ger sent, 1984, A griculture and Econ om ic Dev elopm ent, John s Hopkin s Goldsm ith, Arthur, 1980, P opular P articipation an d Rural leader ship in the S aem aul M ov em ent T ow ard a New Com m unity Life ' Ichim ura, Shinichi, 1998, P olitical E con om y of Japan ese an d A sian Dev elopm ent, Spring er Kim, Chul Ky oo, 1993, Capit alist Dev elopm ent, the St at e, an d T he Restructuring S ocial Relation s in S outh Korea Lew, S eok Choon, 1999, ' Confucian Capit alism ' an d the IM F Bailout in Korea 93
102 , 1999, An In stitutionalist Reint erpret ation of ' Confu cian Capit alism ' in E ast A sia, 1999, T he Structure of Dom in ation an d Capital A ccumulation in M odern Korea, 1997, Confu cian Capit alism : P ossibilities and Lim it s, Korea F ocu s, 5 (4): Mill. J. S., 1984, A Sy stem of Logic Ratiocin ativ e and inductiv e (London : P eople ' s Edition ) N ational A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation, 1972, An Appraisal, E ast Lan sing : A gricultural E con om ics Research In stitut e Michig an st at e Univ. S chm itt er, Philippe, 1974, Still th e Century of Corporatism, Review of P olitics, 36 (1): St epan, Alfred, 1978, T h e St ate and S ociety : P eru in Com parativ e P er spectiv e (Prin cet on : Prin cet on Univ er sity P ress ) W iarda, H ow ard, 1973, T ow ard a F ram ew ork for the Stu dy of P olitical Ch ang e in the Iberic Latin T radition : the Corporativ e M odel, W orld P olitics, 25 (2) 94
103 A B S T RA CT S tructure and Function of Kore an A g ricultural Cooperativ e F e deration : w ith S pecial referen c e to the relation am ong the St ate, the Peas ant & the Kore an A g ricultural Cooperativ e F ederation Jeon, Ji Yeon Dep. of S ociology T h e Gradu at e S chool Yon sei Univ er sity T his study ex am ines the proces s of dev elopm ent of Korean A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation an d an aly zes th e relation bew een the St at e and the P easant. I w ill com pare the Korean A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation w ith other A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation s around W estern countries ba sed on v olunt arism. W ithin this context, th e interv ention of the St at e play s a m ajor role in controllin g korean econ om ic organization s throu ghout korean hist ory. A nalytical anchor is structure and fun ction of the agricultural cooperativ e federation. On one side, th e Korean A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation is on e of the int erest groups in korea. Gen erally, th e Cooperativ e F ederation m ean s the collectivity of in dividu als w hich is composed of people w ho hav e sh ared goals. My question is w hether the Korean A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation is sim ilar t o the w estern style. On the other side, the Korean A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation is relat ed t o agriculture w hich is inferior part in korean econ om ic dev elopm ent proces s due t o the indu strializin g str at egy of the g ov ernm ent. 95
104 A lthough agriculture is the inferior part in Korea, th e Korean A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation is th e successful organization w hich has big capit al throu gh the int erv ention of the St ate. Ev ery kin d of economic org anization is dom inat ed by S ocial economic and cultural environm ent. S o it is v ery im portant to follow the concrete proces s of the dev elopm ent of the Korean A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation for b ett er study. W hen the Korean A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation w as established in 1961, the P easant s w ere det eriorated by the decline of food self sufficiency and high debt ratio of farm hou seholds. T herefore peasant s h ad no pow er t o m ake th eir ow n organization. Un der this circum st an ces, th e St at e m ade the A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation as an in strum ent for controllin g and protecting the peasant. It w as "T op Bottom " sy stem. Sin ce then, th e g ov ernm ent continuou sly int erv en ed the Kor ean A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation. W e can reidentify this fact from supervising sy st em of the A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation. T hrou gh this process, the gov ernm ent w a s able t o cut the cost u sed to a ssist poor agriculture. T he int eraction bet w een the St at e and Korean A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation is strong each oth er. T h e Koren agricultural Cooperativ e F ederation w as dev eloped by the support and control of the g ov ernm ent. And under this circum st an ces, th e Korean A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation provided infra stru ctur e w hich gav e th e gov ernm ent th e m echanism of controllin g & protecting th e peasant s. In addition, the A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation play ed th e role of providing service. T his stu dy ask s w heth er pluralism and corporatism is th e an sw er for ex plainin g the Korean A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation. Pluralism is a dis sertation which emphasizes voluntarism. But an agriculture 96
105 in k orea is so poor that the peasant didn 't hav e any pow er t o collect their comm on m in d. T h erefore this m odel is n ot proper for Korean agricultural F ederation. Corporatism is based on the cath olic m ind w hich argues balance and harm ony. S o this dissert ation is also not good t o ex plain korean circum st ances brin ging unbalanced dev elopm ent bet w een inferior agriculture and superior other indu stries. T his stu dy aim s t o under st an d th e Korean economic environm ent as it is. S o I do try to find the proper theory w hich can ex plain th e Kor ean A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation an d the relation b etw een the State an d the P easant s. key w ords : st ate, the A gricultural Cooperativ e F ederation, P easant, interest group, pluralism, corporatism, confu cian capit alism, n eo in stitution al econom ics, regim e legitimization, infrastru cture, service providin g, protection & control 97
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